[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As technology progresses,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.00,0:00:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as it advances,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.00,0:00:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of us assume that these advances
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.00,0:00:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make us more intelligent,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.00,0:00:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make us smarter and more connected to the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.00,0:00:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I'd like to argue
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.00,0:00:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that that's not necessarily the case,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.00,0:00:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as progress is simply a word for change,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.00,0:00:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with change you gain something,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.00,0:00:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you also lose something.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.00,0:00:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to really illustrate this point, what I'd like to do
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.00,0:00:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to show you how technology has dealt with
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.00,0:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very simple, a very common, an everyday question.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that question is this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.00,0:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What time is it? What time is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.00,0:00:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you glance at your iPhone, it's so simple to tell the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.00,0:00:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, I'd like to ask you, how would you tell the time
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.00,0:00:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you didn't have an iPhone?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.00,0:00:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How would you tell the time, say, 600 years ago?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.00,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How would you do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.00,0:00:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the way you would do it is by using a device
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.00,0:00:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's called an astrolabe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.00,0:01:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, an astrolabe is relatively unknown in today's world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.00,0:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, at the time, in the 13th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.00,0:01:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was the gadget of the day.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.00,0:01:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the world's first popular computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.00,0:01:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was a device that, in fact, is a model of the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.00,0:01:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the different parts of the astrolabe, in this particular type,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.00,0:01:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rete corresponds to the positions of the stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.00,0:01:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The plate corresponds to a coordinate system.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.00,0:01:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the mater has some scales and puts it all together.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.00,0:01:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were an educated child,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.00,0:01:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would know how to not only use the astrolabe,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.00,0:01:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would also know how to make an astrolabe.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we know this because the first treatise on the astrolabe,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.00,0:01:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first technical manual in the English language,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.00,0:01:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was written by Geoffrey Chaucer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.00,0:01:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, that Geoffrey Chaucer, in 1391,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.00,0:01:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to his little Lewis, his 11-year-old son.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.00,0:01:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this book, little Lewis would know the big idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.00,0:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the central idea that makes this computer work
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.00,0:01:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this thing called stereographic projection.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.00,0:01:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And basically, the concept is,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.00,0:02:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do you represent the three-dimensional image
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.00,0:02:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the night sky that surrounds us
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.00,0:02:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto a flat, portable, two-dimensional surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.00,0:02:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea is actually relatively simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.00,0:02:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine that that Earth is at the center of the universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and surrounding it is the sky projected onto a sphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.00,0:02:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each point on the surface of the sphere
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.00,0:02:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is mapped through the bottom pole,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.00,0:02:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto a flat surface, where it is then recorded.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.00,0:02:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the North Star corresponds to the center of the device.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.00,0:02:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ecliptic, which is the path of the sun, moon, and planets
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.00,0:02:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,correspond to an offset circle.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.00,0:02:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bright stars correspond to little daggers on the rete.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the altitude corresponds to the plate system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the real genius of the astrolabe is not just the projection.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.00,0:02:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The real genius is that it brings together two coordinate systems
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.00,0:02:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they fit perfectly.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is the position of the sun, moon and planets on the movable rete.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.00,0:02:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there is their location on the sky
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.00,0:02:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as seen from a certain latitude on the back plate. Okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.00,0:03:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how would you use this device?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.00,0:03:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let me first back up for a moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.00,0:03:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an astrolabe. Pretty impressive, isn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.00,0:03:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, this astrolabe is on loan from us
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.00,0:03:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Oxford School of -- Museum of History.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.00,0:03:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see the different components.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.00,0:03:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the mater, the scales on the back.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the rete. Okay. Do you see that?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.00,0:03:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the movable part of the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.00,0:03:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the back you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.00,0:03:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a spider web pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.00,0:03:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that spider web pattern corresponds to the local coordinates in the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.00,0:03:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a rule device. And on the back
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.00,0:03:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are some other devices, measuring tools
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.00,0:03:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and scales, to be able to make some calculations. Okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.00,0:03:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, I've always wanted one of these.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.00,0:03:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For my thesis I actually built one of these out of paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.00,0:03:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this one, this is a replica
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.00,0:03:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a 15th-century device.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.00,0:04:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's worth probably about three MacBook Pros.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.00,0:04:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a real one would cost about as much as my house,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the house next to it, and actually every house on the block,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on both sides of the street,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.00,0:04:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe a school thrown in, and some -- you know, a church.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.00,0:04:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are just incredibly expensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.00,0:04:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let me show you how to work this device.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.00,0:04:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's go to step one.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.00,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First thing that you do is you select a star
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.00,0:04:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the night sky, if you're telling time at night.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.00,0:04:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, tonight, if it's clear you'll be able to see the summer triangle.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.00,0:04:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there is a bright star called Deneb. So let's select Deneb.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.00,0:04:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, is you measure the altitude of Deneb.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.00,0:04:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, step two, I hold the device up,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.00,0:04:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then I sight its altitude there
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.00,0:04:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I can see it clearly now.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.00,0:04:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I measure its altitude.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.00,0:04:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's about 26 degrees. You can't see it from over there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.00,0:04:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Step three is identify the star on the front of the device.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.00,0:04:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Deneb is there. I can tell.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.00,0:04:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Step four is I then move the rete,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.00,0:04:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,move the sky, so the altitude of the star
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.00,0:05:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,corresponds to the scale on the back.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.00,0:05:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so when that happens
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.00,0:05:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything lines up.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.00,0:05:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have here a model of the sky
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.00,0:05:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that corresponds to the real sky. Okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.00,0:05:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it is, in a sense,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,holding a model of the universe in my hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.00,0:05:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then finally, I take a rule,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.00,0:05:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and move the rule to a date line
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.00,0:05:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which then tells me the time here.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.00,0:05:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right. So, that's how the device is used.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.00,0:05:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.00,0:05:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I know what you're thinking:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.00,0:05:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"That's a lot of work, isn't it? Isn't it a ton of work to be able to tell the time?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.00,0:05:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you glance at your iPod to just check out the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.00,0:05:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is a difference between the two, because with your iPod
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.00,0:05:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can tell -- or your iPhone, you can tell exactly
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.00,0:05:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the time is, with precision.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.00,0:05:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way little Lewis would tell the time
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.00,0:05:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is by a picture of the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.00,0:05:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would know where things would fit in the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.00,0:05:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would not only know what time it was,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.00,0:05:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he would also know where the sun would rise,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.00,0:06:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how it would move across the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.00,0:06:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would know what time the sun would rise, and what time it would set.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.00,0:06:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he would know that for essentially every celestial object
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.00,0:06:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the heavens.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.00,0:06:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in computer graphics
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.00,0:06:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and computer user interface design,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.00,0:06:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a term called affordances.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.00,0:06:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, affordances are the qualities of an object
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.00,0:06:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allow us to perform an action with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.00,0:06:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what the astrolabe does is it allows us,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.00,0:06:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it affords us, to connect to the night sky,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.00,0:06:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look up into the night sky and be much more --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.00,0:06:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see the visible and the invisible together.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.00,0:06:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that's just one use. Incredible,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.00,0:06:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is probably 350, 400 uses.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.00,0:06:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, there is a text, and that has over a thousand uses
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.00,0:06:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this first computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.00,0:06:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the back there is scales and measurements
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.00,0:06:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for terrestrial navigation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.00,0:06:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can survey with it. The city of Baghdad was surveyed with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.00,0:06:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can be used for calculating mathematical equations of all different types.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.00,0:06:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it would take a full university course to illustrate it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.00,0:07:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Astrolabes have an incredible history.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.00,0:07:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are over 2,000 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.00,0:07:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The concept of stereographic projection
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.00,0:07:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,originated in 330 B.C.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.00,0:07:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the astrolabes come in many different
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.00,0:07:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sizes and shapes and forms.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.00,0:07:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is portable ones. There is large display ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.00,0:07:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think what is common to all astrolabes
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.00,0:07:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they are beautiful works of art.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.00,0:07:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a quality of craftsmanship and precision
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.00,0:07:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is just astonishing and remarkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.00,0:07:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Astrolabes, like every technology, do evolve over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.00,0:07:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the earliest retes, for example, were very simple and primitive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.00,0:07:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And advancing retes became cultural emblems.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.00,0:07:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one from Oxford.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.00,0:07:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I find this one really extraordinary because the rete pattern
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.00,0:07:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is completely symmetrical,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.00,0:07:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it accurately maps a completely asymmetrical, or random sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.00,0:07:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How cool is that? This is just amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.00,0:07:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, would little Lewis have an astrolabe?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.00,0:07:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably not one made of brass. He would have one made out of wood,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.00,0:07:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or paper. And the vast majority of this first computer
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.00,0:07:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a portable device
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.00,0:08:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you could keep in the back of your pocket.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.00,0:08:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what does the astrolabe inspire?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.00,0:08:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I think the first thing is that
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.00,0:08:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it reminds us just how resourceful people were,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.00,0:08:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our forebears were, years and years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.00,0:08:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just an incredible device.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.00,0:08:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every technology advances.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.00,0:08:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every technology is transformed and moved by others.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.00,0:08:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we gain with a new technology, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.00,0:08:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is precision and accuracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.00,0:08:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we lose, I think, is
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.00,0:08:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an accurate -- a felt sense
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.00,0:08:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the sky, a sense of context.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.00,0:08:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Knowing the sky, knowing your relationship with the sky,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.00,0:08:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the center of the real answer
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.00,0:08:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to knowing what time it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.00,0:08:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's -- I think astrolabes are just remarkable devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.00,0:08:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, what can you learn from these devices?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.00,0:08:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, primarily that there is a subtle knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.00,0:08:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can connect with the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.00,0:08:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And astrolabes return us to this subtle sense
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.00,0:09:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how things all fit together,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.00,0:09:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also how we connect to the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.00,0:09:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.00,0:09:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)