[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.16,0:00:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(intro music)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.06,0:00:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi, my name is Monte Johnson.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.65,0:00:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a professor at the University\Nof California, San Diego,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.39,0:00:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and today I want to talk about\Nthe purpose of human life,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.49,0:00:18.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aristotle's Ergon Argument.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.25,0:00:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The word "ergon" in Greek means
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.61,0:00:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"work," or "job," or\N"product," or "function."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.82,0:00:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The term is most clearly used\Nin the context of artifacts
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.92,0:00:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or skills.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.52,0:00:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the ergon of a saw is to cut.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.75,0:00:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ergon of a house is\Nto protect against weather
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.74,0:00:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and intruders.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.22,0:00:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the argon of an\Narchitect is to build houses.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.46,0:00:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A connected term is "arete,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.34,0:00:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means "excellence" or "virtue."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.12,0:00:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The excellence of a saw is sharpness,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.86,0:00:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since its function is to cut.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.52,0:00:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The excellence of a house\Nis stability and security,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.02,0:00:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since its function is protection.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.32,0:00:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the excellence
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.38,0:00:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an architect is the\Nbuilding of good houses.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.54,0:01:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do human beings have\Nan ergon, or a function?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.16,0:01:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if so,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.88,0:01:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do they also have a corresponding\Narete, or excellence?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.56,0:01:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aristotle argues that they do,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.58,0:01:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And his argument can help\Nus think more clearly
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.60,0:01:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the purpose of human life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.64,0:01:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But before we can discuss\Nthe ergon argument itself
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.72,0:01:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to discuss some\Nbackground assumptions
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.84,0:01:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the nature of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.60,0:01:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aristotle recognizes four\Ndistinct classes of living things:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.79,0:01:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plants, animals, humans, and Gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.28,0:01:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we'll set Gods\Naside for a moment here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.47,0:01:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aristotle defines living things by their
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.95,0:01:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,capabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.60,0:01:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plants have the ability to grow,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.46,0:01:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use energy, and reproduce.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.87,0:01:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we talk about a\Nplant doing well or poorly,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.38,0:01:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we refer to these capabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.94,0:01:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus, when a plant is growing properly,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.32,0:01:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deepening its roots, throwing out leaves
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.89,0:01:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and flowers and shoots,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.33,0:01:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fructifying,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.98,0:01:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we say that it is flourishing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.23,0:01:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The opposite happens when a\Nplant's capabilities are stymied,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.88,0:02:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when a tree, for instance, is stunted,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.74,0:02:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or leaves are withering\Nand dying on the vine.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.94,0:02:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Botanists and gardeners know
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.70,0:02:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is good or bad for plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.27,0:02:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.01,0:02:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what kinds of things help
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.12,0:02:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what kinds of things\Nhurt the activities
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.24,0:02:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,related to their capabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.80,0:02:16.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice that it is not a matter of opinion,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.07,0:02:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but of scientific fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.67,0:02:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is good and bad for\Nplants in this respect.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.71,0:02:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Different plants might require\Ndifferent kinds of nutrients
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.00,0:02:26.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or different amounts of shade and water.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.64,0:02:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But every plant is said\Nto do well or poorly
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.12,0:02:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the objective basis
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.38,0:02:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the activities related to\Nits specific capabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.62,0:02:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Animals, in a way, are like\Nsuperpowered plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.10,0:02:41.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They too have the ability to grow,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.50,0:02:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use nutrition, and reproduce.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.68,0:02:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These things are just\Nas objectively important
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.65,0:02:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for animals as they are for plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.65,0:02:49.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as veterinarians and\Nzoologists can tell you.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.53,0:02:53.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But animals also have other\Nand higher capabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.01,0:02:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example animals, unlike plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.19,0:02:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can move themselves around in space.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.07,0:03:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Animals that cannot do so,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.59,0:03:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether because of a birth\Ndefect or because they're encaged,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.83,0:03:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot be said to be doing well.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.49,0:03:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is why animal rights activists
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.07,0:03:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,campaign for larger cages\Nor free ranges for animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.67,0:03:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's obvious that\Nit is better for the animals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.81,0:03:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they are capable
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.71,0:03:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of exercising their capacity\Nfor self-movement fully.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.68,0:03:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.83,0:03:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animals have the capability of perception.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.69,0:03:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can feel
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.67,0:03:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hot and cold, smell, taste, hear, and see.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.23,0:03:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some of them can\Ndo all of these things.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.49,0:03:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Animals that are incapable of seeing,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.85,0:03:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though members of\Ntheir species are normally
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.21,0:03:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to do so,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.73,0:03:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are thought not to be doing as well
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.65,0:03:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as their relatives that can.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.42,0:03:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the ability to sense
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.71,0:03:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes the ability to\Nfeel pain and pleasure,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.63,0:03:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thus appetite and aversion.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.07,0:03:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These capabilities are connected with
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.25,0:03:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an animal's capability for self-movement,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.05,0:03:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since they pursue that which
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.60,0:03:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have an appetite for
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.39,0:03:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and avoid things
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.32,0:04:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might interfere with\Ntheir natural activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.67,0:04:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now an animal cannot do\Nwell if it is deficient
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.02,0:04:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with respect to its plant-like\Nor vegetative capabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.34,0:04:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even if it is fine with\Nrespect to those capabilities,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.49,0:04:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it cannot be said to\Nflourish if it is stymied
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.99,0:04:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with respect to\Nself-movement and sensation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.39,0:04:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.14,0:04:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if an animal is in a lot of pain
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.58,0:04:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or is unable to satisfy\Nits desire for food
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.47,0:04:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of injury to\Nits organs of movement,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.22,0:04:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that animal will not be said to do well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.91,0:04:28.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For an animal to flourish,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.35,0:04:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it needs to be able to move around
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.90,0:04:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to sense the world in such a way
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.63,0:04:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that produces, for it, pleasure
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.94,0:04:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at least more pleasure than pain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.06,0:04:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's move on to humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.13,0:04:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's often pointed out\Nthat humans are animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.68,0:04:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animals with superpowers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.65,0:04:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is less often pointed out that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.11,0:04:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are plants too.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.07,0:04:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, we, like other animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.31,0:04:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have the capabilities of plants:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.70,0:04:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,growth, nutrition, and reproduction.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.07,0:04:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we need to exercise these capabilities
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.10,0:04:58.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we are to live.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.84,0:05:00.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And like the other animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.11,0:05:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have the capabilities for\Nself-movement and sensation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.46,0:05:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with these, pleasure and pain,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.02,0:05:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appetite and aversion.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.06,0:05:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All life is deeply connected in this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.45,0:05:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But humans also have unique capabilities
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.40,0:05:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that no other animals have,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.11,0:05:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most importantly the ability\Nto reason and to use language.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.66,0:05:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These capabilities allow\Nus to cultivate friendships
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.46,0:05:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and social relations,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.54,0:05:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,build and contribute to\Npolitical structures,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.03,0:05:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plan for the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.63,0:05:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modify our appetites and desires,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.18,0:05:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,educate our young,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.79,0:05:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,develop music and mathematics,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.88,0:05:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even to contemplate\Nthe nature of the universe
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.98,0:05:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the purpose of human life.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.62,0:05:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If a human does not\Nhave these capabilities,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.87,0:05:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are missing out on part\Nof what it is to be human.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.59,0:05:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if they also lack even\Nthe animal capabilities
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.27,0:05:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we might consider them\Nless than animal,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.57,0:05:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least while they're in what we,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.31,0:05:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for these very reasons,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.61,0:05:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,call a "persistent vegetative state."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.46,0:05:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus, we can determine what is good for us
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.96,0:06:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a parallel fashion to how we determine
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.14,0:06:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is good with respect to the
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.74,0:06:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other kinds of living things.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.46,0:06:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those things that allow us\Nto engage in the activities
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.82,0:06:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that exercise our capacities are good,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.54,0:06:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those that impede\Nor prevent this are bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.89,0:06:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that we have that background in place,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.37,0:06:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we should be in a good position to answer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.49,0:06:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What, for Aristotle,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.07,0:06:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"is the ergon of a human being?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.18,0:06:23.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be odd if the\Npurpose of human life
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.73,0:06:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was related to our lowest\Nvegetative capabilities,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.44,0:06:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless we aspire to being a good plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.90,0:06:34.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus, the exercise of our\Ncapabilities for reproduction,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.13,0:06:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,growth and stature, and even nutrition,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.15,0:06:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,however important for us,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.79,0:06:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot be the ultimate purpose of our life
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.24,0:06:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any more than it could\Nbe for a brute animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.35,0:06:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similarly, mere sensation, pleasure,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.59,0:06:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and satisfaction of our bodily appetites
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.09,0:06:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot, as they are for brute animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.65,0:06:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be the purpose of our life.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.11,0:06:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes cows and pigs flourish
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.24,0:06:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can no more make a human flourish
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.13,0:07:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than what makes oaks and vine flourish
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.75,0:07:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can do so for cows and pigs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.21,0:07:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if those lower\Nvegetative capabilities
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.34,0:07:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,must be in a satisfactory condition
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.12,0:07:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order for the higher\Nones to do their work.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.92,0:07:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus, by a process of elimination,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.92,0:07:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we arrive at the capabilities\Nto use reason and language.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.38,0:07:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the capabilities that define us,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.78,0:07:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is why Aristotle\Ndefined the human being
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.92,0:07:25.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a rational animal,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.24,0:07:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is reflected in the\Nmodern name for our species,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.88,0:07:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Homo sapiens."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.84,0:07:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus, the forming of friendships\Nand social relations,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.96,0:07:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the controlling of our\Nappetites and emotions,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.60,0:07:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cultivation of moral\Nand intellectual virtues,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.33,0:07:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the observing of the cosmos
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.12,0:07:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our place in it
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.20,0:07:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the activities that,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.96,0:07:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they correspond with our highest
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.92,0:07:46.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most unique capabilities,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.97,0:07:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give meaning to human life
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.52,0:07:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and represent the flourishing\Nof our kind of living thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.78,0:07:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The things that are good for us
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.52,0:07:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,follow from this,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.69,0:07:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thus can be determined
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.70,0:07:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the same degree of\Nobjectivity that gardeners
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.08,0:08:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and botanists can for plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.75,0:08:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and veterinarians and\Nzoologists can for animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.20,0:08:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These arts and sciences\Ncan objectively determine
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.78,0:08:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is good and bad for\Nthose kind of living things,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.55,0:08:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so anthropology and\Nphilosophy can determine
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.07,0:08:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is good and bad for\Nour kind of living thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.97,0:08:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.82,0:08:18.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the very highest activity,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.66,0:08:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one that Aristotle calls godlike,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.12,0:08:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is philosophy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.74,0:08:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this involves
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.27,0:08:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pure exercise of reason and thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.40,0:08:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just as the Gods constantly engage in,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.52,0:08:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,according to Aristotle.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.06,0:08:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And philosophy engages\Nin reason and thought
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.44,0:08:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only in order to serve our\Nvegetative and animal needs,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.100,0:08:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just for its own sake as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.54,0:08:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the sake of living a human life.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.78,0:08:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For this reason, Aristotle\Nthought that doing philosophy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.56,0:08:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the ultimate end of human existence.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.81,0:08:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In conclusion,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.01,0:08:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should be happy that\Nyou're watching this video,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.24,0:08:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I have just shown\Nhow you are now engaging
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.45,0:08:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the exercise of your highest
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.23,0:08:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most godlike capabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.59,0:08:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good work.