[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.03,0:00:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just over a year ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.99,0:00:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the third time in my life,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.41,0:00:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I ceased to exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.56,0:00:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was having a small operation,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.53,0:00:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my brain was filling with anesthetic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.70,0:00:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember a sense\Nof detachment and falling apart
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.68,0:00:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a coldness.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.02,0:00:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I was back,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.30,0:00:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drowsy and disoriented,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.66,0:00:20.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but definitely there.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.51,0:00:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you wake from a deep sleep,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.04,0:00:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might feel confused about the time\Nor anxious about oversleeping,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.41,0:00:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's always a basic sense\Nof time having passed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.45,0:00:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a continuity between then and now.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.58,0:00:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coming out from\Nanesthesia is very different.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.68,0:00:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could have been under for five minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.66,0:00:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five hours,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.66,0:00:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.66,0:00:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even 50 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.66,0:00:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I simply wasn't there.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.72,0:00:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was total obliviion.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.42,0:00:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anesthesia --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.42,0:00:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a modern kind of magic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.77,0:00:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns people into objects,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.77,0:00:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we hope,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.77,0:00:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back again into people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.87,0:00:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this process
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.87,0:00:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the greatest remaining\Nmysteries in science and philosophy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.64,0:00:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does consciousness happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.31,0:00:56.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somehow, within each of our brains,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.41,0:00:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the combined activity\Nof many billions of neurons,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.43,0:01:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each one a tiny biological machine,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.53,0:01:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is generating a conscious experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.30,0:01:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And not just any conscious experience --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.21,0:01:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your conscious experience\Nright here and right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.79,0:01:10.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does this happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.82,0:01:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Answering this question is so important
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.98,0:01:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because consciousness\Nfor each of us is all there is.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.62,0:01:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without it there's no world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.66,0:01:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no self,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.08,0:01:21.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's nothing at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.45,0:01:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we suffer,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.52,0:01:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we suffer consciously
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.68,0:01:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it's through\Nmental illness or pain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.66,0:01:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we can experience\Njoy and suffering,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.61,0:01:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what about other animals?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.64,0:01:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Might they be conscious, too?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.17,0:01:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do they also have a sense of self?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.80,0:01:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as computers get faster and smarter,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.85,0:01:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe there will come a point,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.28,0:01:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe not too far away,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.42,0:01:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when my iPhone develops\Na sense of its own existence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.30,0:01:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I actually think the prospects\Nfor a conscious AI are pretty remote.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.06,0:01:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think this because\Nmy research is telling me
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.43,0:01:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that consciousness has less to do\Nwith pure intelligence
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.07,0:01:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more to do with our nature\Nas living and breathing organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.81,0:02:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consciousness and intelligence\Nare very different things.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.48,0:02:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have to be smart to suffer,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.24,0:02:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you probably do have to be alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.26,0:02:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the story I'm going to tell you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.95,0:02:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our conscious experiences\Nof the world around us,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.24,0:02:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of ourselves within it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.75,0:02:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are kinds of controlled hallucinations
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.50,0:02:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that happen with, through\Nand because of our living bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.04,0:02:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you might have heard\Nthat we know nothing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.41,0:02:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how the brain and body\Ngive rise to consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.20,0:02:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people even say it's beyond\Nthe reach of science all together.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.36,0:02:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.36,0:02:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the last 25 years have seen an explosion\Nof scientific work in this area.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.84,0:02:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you come to my lab \Nat the University of Sussex,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.76,0:02:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll find scientists\Nfrom all different disciplines,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.56,0:02:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes even philosophers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.96,0:02:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of us together trying to understand\Nhow conscioussness happens
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.02,0:02:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what happens when it goes wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.19,0:02:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The strategy is very simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.23,0:02:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like you to think about consciousness
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.18,0:02:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the way that we've\Ncome to think about life.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.38,0:02:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At one time,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.38,0:02:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people thought the property\Nof being alive could not be explained
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.42,0:02:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by physics and chemistry --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.81,0:03:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that life had to be more\Nthan just mechanism.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.78,0:03:04.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But people no longer think that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.65,0:03:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As biologists got on with the job
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.24,0:03:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of explaining the properties\Nof living systems
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.95,0:03:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of physics and chemistry --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.75,0:03:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things like metabolism,\Nreproduction, homeostasis --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.83,0:03:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the basic mystery of what life is\Nstarted to fade away,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.72,0:03:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people didn't propose\Nany more magical solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.88,0:03:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a force of life or an élan vital.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.33,0:03:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as with life,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.57,0:03:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so with consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.96,0:03:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once we start explaining its properties
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.45,0:03:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of things happening\Ninside brains and bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.18,0:03:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the apparently insoluble mystery\Nof what consciousness is
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.60,0:03:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should start to fade away.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.40,0:03:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least that's the plan.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.46,0:03:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's get started.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.85,0:03:42.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are the properties of consciousness?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.81,0:03:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What should a science\Nof consciousness try to explain?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.02,0:03:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, for today I'd just like to think\Nof consciousness in two different ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.69,0:03:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are experiences\Nof the world around us,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.34,0:03:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full of sights, sounds and smells,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.45,0:03:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's multisensory, panoramic,\N3D, fully immersive inner movie.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.26,0:04:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's conscious self.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.24,0:04:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The specific experience\Nof being you or being me.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.88,0:04:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The lead character in this inner movie,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.90,0:04:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probably the aspect of consciousness\Nwe all cling to most tightly.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.04,0:04:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's start with experiences\Nof the world around us,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.50,0:04:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with the important idea\Nof the brain as a prediction engine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.35,0:04:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine being a brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.75,0:04:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're locked inside a bony skull,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.46,0:04:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to figure what's\Nout there in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.65,0:04:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are no lights inside the skull.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.43,0:04:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no sound either.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.92,0:04:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All you've got to go on is streams\Nof electrical impulses
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.61,0:04:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are only indirectly related\Nto things in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.77,0:04:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever they may be.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.66,0:04:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So perception --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.66,0:04:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figuring out what's there --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.00,0:04:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has to be a process of informed guess work
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.86,0:04:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the brain combines\Nthese sensory signals
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.96,0:04:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with its prior expectations or beliefs\Nabout the way the world is
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.15,0:04:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to form its best guess of what\Ncaused those signals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.32,0:04:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain doesn't hear sound or see light.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.93,0:04:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we perceive is its best guess\Nof what's out there in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.22,0:05:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you a couple\Nof examples of all this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.52,0:05:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might have seen this illusion before,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.47,0:05:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'd like you to think\Nabout it in a new way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.77,0:05:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at those two patches, A and B,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.98,0:05:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they should look to you to be\Nvery different shades of gray, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.08,0:05:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they are in fact\Nexactly the same shade.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.26,0:05:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I can illustrate this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.61,0:05:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I put up a second version\Nof the image here,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.83,0:05:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and join the two patches\Nwith a gray-colored bar,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.90,0:05:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see there's no difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.52,0:05:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's exactly the same shade of gray.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.30,0:05:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you still don't believe me,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.05,0:05:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll bring the bar across\Nand join them up.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.84,0:05:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a single colored block of gray,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.22,0:05:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no difference at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.92,0:05:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't any kind of magic trick.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.59,0:05:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the same shade of gray,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.93,0:05:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but take it away again,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.07,0:05:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it looks different.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.37,0:05:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's happening here
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.70,0:05:43.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the brain is using\Nits prior expectations
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.63,0:05:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built deeply into the circuits\Nof the visual cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.83,0:05:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a cast shadow dims\Nthe appearance of a surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.48,0:05:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we see B as lighter\Nthan it really is.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.10,0:05:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's one more example,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.54,0:05:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which shows just how quickly\Nthe brain can use new predictions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.62,0:06:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to change what we consciously experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.89,0:06:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have a listen to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.63,0:06:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[(Distorted voice)]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.40,0:06:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounded strange, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.25,0:06:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have a listen again and see\Nif you can get anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.01,0:06:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,([Distorted voice])
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.10,0:06:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still strange.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.25,0:06:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now listen to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.11,0:06:22.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recording: I think breakfast\Nis a really terrible idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.65,0:06:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.65,0:06:24.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which I do.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.65,0:06:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you heard some words there, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.45,0:06:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now listen to the first sound again.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.16,0:06:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm just going to replay it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.57,0:06:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,([Distrorted voice])
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.84,0:06:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.98,0:06:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can now hear words there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.57,0:06:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once more for luck.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.22,0:06:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,([Distorted voice])
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.20,0:06:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so what's going on here?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.95,0:06:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The remarkable thing is the sensory\Ninformation coming into the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.30,0:06:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hasn't changed at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.87,0:06:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All that's changed is your\Nbrain's best guess
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.49,0:06:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the causes of that sensory information.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.50,0:06:56.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that changes\Nwhat you consciously hear.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.86,0:06:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All this puts the brain\Nbasis of perception
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.99,0:07:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a bit of a different light.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.43,0:07:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of perception depending largely\Non signals coming into the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.56,0:07:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the outside world,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.25,0:07:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it depends as much,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.39,0:07:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if not more,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.52,0:07:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on perceptual predictions flowing\Nin the opposite direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.21,0:07:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't just passively\Nperceive the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.22,0:07:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actively generate it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.08,0:07:20.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world we experience\Ncomes as much if not more
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.85,0:07:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the inside out
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.27,0:07:23.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as from the outside in.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.95,0:07:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you one more\Nexample of perception
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.22,0:07:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as this active, constructive process.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.90,0:07:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we've combined immersive\Nvirtual reality with image processing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.82,0:07:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to simulate the effects of overly\Nstrong perceptual predictions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.82,0:07:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.19,0:07:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this panoramic video,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.38,0:07:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've tranformed the world --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.12,0:07:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is in this case Sussex campus --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.09,0:07:45.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a psychedilic playground.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.100,0:07:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've processed the footage using\Nan alogrithm based on Google's Deep Dream
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.97,0:07:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to simulate the effects of overly strong\Nperceptual predictions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.91,0:07:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, to see dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.80,0:07:57.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see this is a very strange thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.77,0:08:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When perceptual\Npredictions are too strong,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.12,0:08:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they are here,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.41,0:08:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the result looks very much like the kinds\Nof hallucinations people might report
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.47,0:08:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in altered states,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.47,0:08:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or perhaps even in psychosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.40,0:08:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about this for a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.33,0:08:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If hallucination is a kind\Nof uncontrolled perception,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.47,0:08:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then perception right here and right now\Nis also a kind of hallucination,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.99,0:08:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a controlled hallucination
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.14,0:08:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the brain's predictions\Nare being reigned in
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.05,0:08:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by sensory information from the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.36,0:08:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we're all\Nhallucinating all the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.47,0:08:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.87,0:08:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just that when we agree\Nabout our hallucinations,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.82,0:08:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we call that reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.77,0:08:39.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.48,0:08:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm going to tell you that your\Nexperience of being a self,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.92,0:08:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the specific experience of being you,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.73,0:08:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is also a controlled hallucination\Ngenerated by the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.18,0:08:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This seems a very strange idea, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.30,0:08:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, visual illusions\Nmight deceive my eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.42,0:08:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how could I be deceived\Nabout what it means to be me?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.35,0:08:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.35,0:09:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the experience of being a person\Nis so familiar, so unified
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.11,0:09:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so continuous
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.41,0:09:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's difficult not\Nto take it for granted.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.63,0:09:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we shouldn't take it for granted.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.40,0:09:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are in fact many different ways\Nwe experience being a self.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.76,0:09:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's the experience of having a body
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.92,0:09:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of being a body.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.39,0:09:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are experiences\Nof perceiving the world
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.49,0:09:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a first person point of view.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.47,0:09:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are experiences\Nof intending to do things
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.70,0:09:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of being the cause of things\Nthat happen in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.96,0:09:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are experiences of being\Na continuous and distinctive person
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.76,0:09:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over time,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.20,0:09:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built from a rich set of memories\Nand social interactions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.32,0:09:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many experiments show,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.81,0:09:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and psychiatrists and\Nneurologists know very well
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.10,0:09:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these different ways in which\Nwe experience being a self
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.01,0:09:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can all come apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.83,0:09:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What this means is the basic\Nbackground experience
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.67,0:09:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being a unified self is a rather\Nfragile construction of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.59,0:09:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.78,0:09:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which just like all others,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.14,0:09:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,requires explanation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.89,0:09:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's return to the bodily self.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.88,0:09:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does the brain generate\Nthe experience of being a body
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.65,0:09:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of having a body?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.90,0:10:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, just the same principles apply.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.81,0:10:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain makes its best guess
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.26,0:10:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what is and what is not\Npart of its body.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.19,0:10:08.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a beautiful experiment\Nin neuroscience to illustrate this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.93,0:10:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And unlike most neuroscience experiments,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.91,0:10:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is one you can do at home.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.41,0:10:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All you need is one of these.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.52,0:10:15.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.63,0:10:17.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a couple of paint brushes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.02,0:10:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the rubber hand illusion,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.38,0:10:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a person's real hand is hidden from view,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.49,0:10:25.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that fake rubber hand\Nis placed in front of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.07,0:10:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then both hands are simultaneously\Nstroked with a paintbrush
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.58,0:10:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the person stares at the fake hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.54,0:10:32.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now for most people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.61,0:10:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after a while,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.62,0:10:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this leads to the very uncanny sensation
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.86,0:10:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the fake hand is\Nin fact part of their body.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.79,0:10:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea is that the congruence\Nbetween seeing touch and feeling touch
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.22,0:10:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on an object that looks like hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.43,0:10:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is roughly where a hand should be,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.49,0:10:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is enough evidence for the brain\Nto make its best guess
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.36,0:10:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the fake hand is in fact\Npart of the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.92,0:10:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.43,0:11:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can measure\Nall kinds of clever things.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.70,0:11:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like you can measure skin conductants
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.04,0:11:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and [startle] responses,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.22,0:11:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's no need.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.22,0:11:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's clear the guy in blue\Nhas assimilated the fake hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.38,0:11:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means that even experiences\Nof what our body is
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.80,0:11:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is kind of best guessing --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.38,0:11:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a kind of controlled\Nhallucination by the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.81,0:11:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's one more thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.33,0:11:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't just experience our bodies\Nas objects in the world from the outside,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.01,0:11:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we also experience them from within.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.95,0:11:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all experience the sense\Nof being a body from the inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.18,0:11:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sensory signals coming from\Nthe inside of the body
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.83,0:11:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are continually telling the brain\Nabout the state of the internal organs,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.94,0:11:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how the heart is doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.19,0:11:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the blood pressure is like,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.73,0:11:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lots of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.73,0:11:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This kind of perception,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.92,0:11:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we call interoception,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.17,0:11:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is rather overlooked.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.24,0:11:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's critically important
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.64,0:11:55.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because perception and regulation\Nof the internal state of the body --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.21,0:11:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, that's what keeps us alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.57,0:11:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another version\Nof the rubber hand illusion.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.98,0:12:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is from our lab at Sussex.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.64,0:12:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, people see a virtual\Nreality version of their hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.09,0:12:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which flashes [red and back]
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.50,0:12:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either in time or out of time\Nwith their heartbeat.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.61,0:12:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when it's flashing in time\Nwith their heartbeat,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.04,0:12:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people have a stronger sense\Nthat it's in fact part of their body.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.01,0:12:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So experiences of having a body\Nare deeply grounded
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.48,0:12:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in perceiving our bodies from within.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.74,0:12:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's one last thing I want\Nto draw your attention to,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.47,0:12:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that experiences of the body\Nfrom the inside are very different
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.48,0:12:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from experiences of the world around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.40,0:12:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I look around me,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.48,0:12:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world seems full of objects --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.12,0:12:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tables, chairs, rubber hands,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.37,0:12:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.36,0:12:39.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[you lot] --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.37,0:12:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even my own body in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.20,0:12:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can perceive it as an object\Nfrom the outside,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.44,0:12:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but my experiences\Nof the body from within,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.46,0:12:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not like that at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.85,0:12:48.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't perceive my kidneys here,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.97,0:12:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my liver here,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.52,0:12:51.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my spleen ...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.83,0:12:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know where my spleen is,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.64,0:12:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.19,0:12:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't perceive my insides as objects.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.24,0:13:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, I don't experience them\Nmuch at all unless they go wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.72,0:13:03.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is important I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.75,0:13:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perception of the internal\Nstate of the body
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.81,0:13:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't about figuring out what's there,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.92,0:13:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's about control and regulation --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.01,0:13:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keeping the physiological variables\Nwithin the tight bounds
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.91,0:13:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are compatible with survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.89,0:13:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the brain uses predictions\Nto figure out what's there,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.92,0:13:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see objects\Nas the causes of sensations.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.93,0:13:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the brain uses predictions\Nto control and regulate things,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.48,0:13:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we experience how well\Nor how badly that control is going.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.98,0:13:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our most basic experiences\Nof being a self,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.04,0:13:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being an embodied organism,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.18,0:13:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are deeply grounded in the biological\Nmechanisms that keep us alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.94,0:13:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we follow this idea\Nall the way through,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.47,0:13:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can start to see that all\Nof our conscious experiences,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.11,0:13:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since they all depend on the same\Nmechanisms of predictive perception,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.81,0:13:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all stem from this basic\Ndrive to stay alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.30,0:13:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We experience the world and ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.02,0:14:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with, through and because of\Nour living bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.79,0:14:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me bring things together step-by-step.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.78,0:14:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we consciously see depends\Non the brain's best guess
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.46,0:14:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what's out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.85,0:14:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our experienced world\Ncomes from the inside out,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.21,0:14:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just the outside in.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.81,0:14:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rubber hand illusion shows\Nthat this applies to our experienes
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.15,0:14:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what is and what is not our body.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.78,0:14:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these self-related predictions\Ndepend critically on sensory signals
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.45,0:14:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming from deep inside the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.62,0:14:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.62,0:14:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experiences of being an embodied self\Nare more about control and regulation
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.34,0:14:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than figuring out what's there.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.99,0:14:36.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our experiences of the world\Naround us and ourselves within it --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.19,0:14:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, they're kinds\Nof controlled hallucinations
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.45,0:14:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have been shaped\Nover millions of years of evolution
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.59,0:14:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep us alive in worlds\Nfull of danger and opportunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.96,0:14:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We predict ourselves into existence.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.63,0:14:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I leave you with three\Nimplications of all this.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.70,0:14:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, just as we can\Nmisperceive the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.06,0:14:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can misperceive ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.81,0:14:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the mechanisms\Nof prediction go wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.24,0:15:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Understanding this opens many new\Nopportunities in psychiatry and neurology,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.33,0:15:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we can finally\Nget at the mechanisms
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.04,0:15:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than just treating the symptoms
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.90,0:15:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in conditions like\Ndepression and schizophrenia.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.94,0:15:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.09,0:15:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it means to be me cannot be\Nreduced to or uploaded to
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.09,0:15:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a software program running on a robot,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.48,0:15:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,however smart or sophisticated.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.54,0:15:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are biological, flesh-and-blood animals
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.27,0:15:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose conscious experiences\Nare shaped at all levels
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.56,0:15:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the biological mechanisms\Nthat keep us alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.53,0:15:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just making computers smarter\Nis not going to make the sentient.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.19,0:15:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.71,0:15:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our own individual inner universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.58,0:15:38.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our way of being conscious,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.11,0:15:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just one possible\Nway of being conscious.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.96,0:15:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even human consciousness generally --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.94,0:15:48.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just a tiny region in a vast space\Nof possible consciousnesses.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.15,0:15:51.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our individual self and worlds\Nare unique to each of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.83,0:15:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're all grounded
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.82,0:15:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in biological mechanisms shared\Nwith many other living creatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.09,0:16:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, these are fundamental changes\Nin how we understand ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.19,0:16:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think they should be celebrated,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.02,0:16:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because as so often in science,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.50,0:16:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Copernicus --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.50,0:16:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're not at the center\Nof the universe --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.48,0:16:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Darwin --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.62,0:16:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're related to all other creatures --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.10,0:16:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the present day.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.62,0:16:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a greater sense of understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.26,0:16:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes a greater sense of wonder,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.82,0:16:27.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a greater realization that we\Nare part of and not apart from
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.17,0:16:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rest of nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.04,0:16:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And ...
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.95,0:16:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the end of consciousness comes,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.46,0:16:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's nothing to be afraid of.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.81,0:16:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.76,0:16:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.96,0:16:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)