[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just over a year ago,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the third time in my life,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I seized to exist.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was having a small operation,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my brain was filling with anesthetic.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember a sense of detachment\Nand falling apart
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a coldness.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I was back,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drowsy and disoriented,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but definitely there.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you wake from a deep sleep,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might feel confused about the time\Nor anxious about oversleeping,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's always a basic sense\Nof time having passed,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a continuity between then and now.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coming out from\Nanesthesia is very different.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could have been under for five minute,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five hours,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five years,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even 50 years.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I simply wasn't there.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was total obliviion.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anesthesia --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a modern kind of magic.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns people into objects --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we hope --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back again into people.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this process
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the greatest remaining\Nmysteries in science and philosophy.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does consciousness happen?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somehow, within each or our brains,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the combined activity\Nof many billions of neurons,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each one a tiny biological machine,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is generating a conscious experience.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And not just any conscious experience --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your conscious experience\Nright here and right now.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does this happen?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Answering this question is so important
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because consciousness\Nfor each of us is all there is.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without it, there's no world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no self,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's nothing at all.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we suffer,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we suffer conciously,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it's through mental\Nillness or pain.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we can experience\Njoy and suffering,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what about other animals?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Might they be conscious, too?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do they also have a sense of self?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as computers get faster and smarter,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe there will come a point,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe not too far away,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when my iPhone develops a sense\Nof its own existence.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I actually think the prospects\Nfor a conscious AI are pretty remote.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think this because\Nmy research is telling me
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that consciousness has less to do\Nwith pure intelligence
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more to do with our nature\Nas living and breathing organisms.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consciousness and intelligence\Nare very different things.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have to be smart to suffer,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you probably do have to be alive.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the story I'm going to tell you,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our conscious experiences\Nof the world around us,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of ourselves within it,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are kinds of controlled hallucinations
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that happen with, through\Nand because of our living bodies.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you might have heard\Nthat we know nothing
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how the brain and body\Ngive rise to consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people even say it's beyond\Nthe reach of science all together.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fact,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the last 25 years have seen an explosion\Nof scientific work in this area.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you come to my lab \Nat the University of Sussex,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll find scientists\Nfrom all different disciplines,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes even philosophers.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of us together trying to understand\Nhow conscioussness happens
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what happens when it goes wrong.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The strategy is very simple.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like you to think about consciousness
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the way that we've\Ncome to think about life.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At one time,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people thought the property\Nof being alive could not be explained
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by physics and chemisty.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That life had to be more\Nthan just mechanism.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But people no longer think that.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As biologists got on with the job
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of explaining the properties\Nof living systems
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of physics and chemistry --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things like metabolism, reproduction,\Nhomeostasis --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the basic mystery of what life is\Nstarted to fade away,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people didn't propose any more\Nmagical solutions,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a force of life or an élan vital.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as with life,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so with consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once we start explaining its properties
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of things happening\Ninside brains and bodies,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the apparently insoluble mystery\Nof what consciousness is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should start to fade away.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least that's the plan.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's get started.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are the properties of consciousness?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What should a science\Nof consciousness try to explain?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, for today I'd just like to think\Nof consciousness in two different ways.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are experiences\Nof the world around us,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full of sights, sounds and smells,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's multisensory, panoramic,\N3D, fully immersive inner movie.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's conscious self.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The specific experience\Nof being you or being me.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The lead character in this inner movie,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probably the aspect of consciousness\Nwe all cling to most tightly.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's start with experiences\Nof the world around us
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the important idea of the brain\Nas a prediction engine.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine being a brain.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're locked inside a bony skull,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to figure out what's\Nout there in the world.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no lights inside the skull.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no sound either.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All you've got to go on is streams\Nof electrical impulses
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are only indirectly related\Nto things in the world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever they may be.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So perception --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figuring out what's there --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has to be a process of informed guess work
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the brain combines\Nthese sensory signals,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with its prior expectations or beliefs\Nabout the way the world is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to form its best guess of what\Ncaused those signals.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain doesn't hear sound or see light.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we perceive is its best guess\Nof what's out there in the world.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you a couple\Nof examples of all this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might have seen this illusion before,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'd like you to think\Nabout it in a new way.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at those two patches, A and B,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they should look to you to be\Nvery different shades of gray, right?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they are in fact\Nexactly the same shade.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I can illustrate this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I put up a second version\Nof the image here,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and join the two patches\Nwith a gray-colored bar,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see there's no difference.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's exactly the same shade of gray.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you still don't believe me,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll bring the bar across\Nand joing them up.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a single colored block of gray,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no difference at all.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this isn't any kind of magic trick.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the same shade of gray,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but take it away again,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it looks different.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's happening here
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the brain is using\Nits prior expectations
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built deeply into the circuits\Nof the visual cortex
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a cast shadow dims\Nthe appearance of a surface,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we see B as lighter\Nthan it really is.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's one more example,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which shows just how quickly\Nthe brain can use new predictions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to change what we consciously experience.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have a listen to this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,([Sound])
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounded strange, right?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have a listen again and see\Nif you can get anything.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,([Sound])
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still strange.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now listen to this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recording: I think breakfast\Nis a really terrible idea.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which I do.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you heard some words there, right?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now listen to the first sound again.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm just going to replay it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,([Recording])
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can now hear words there.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One more more for luck.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,([Recording])
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so what's going on here?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The remarkable thing is the sensory\Ninformation coming into the brain
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hasn't changed at all.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All that's changed is your\Nbrain's best guess
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the causes of that sensory information.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that changes what you\Nconsciously hear.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All this puts the brain\Nbasis of perception
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a bit of a different light.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of perception depending largely\Non signals coming into the brain
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the outside world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it depends as much,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if not more,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on perceptual predictions flowing\Nin the opposite direction.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't just passively\Nperceive the world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actively generate it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world we experience comes\Nas much if not more
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the inside out
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as from the outside in.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you one more\Nexample of perception
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as this active, constructive process.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we've combined immersive\Nvirtual reality with image processing
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to simulate the effects of overly\Nstrong perceptual predictions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our experience.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this panoramic video,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've tranformed the world --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is in this case Sussex Campus --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a psychedilic playground.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've processed the footage using\Nan alogrithm based on Google's Deep Dream
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to simulate the effects of overly strong\Nperceptual predictions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, to see dogs.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see this\Nis a very strange thing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When perceptual\Npredictions are too strong,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they are here,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the result looks very much like the kinds\Nof hallucinations people might report
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in altered states,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or perhaps even psychosis.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about this for am minute.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If hallucination is a kind\Nof uncontrolled perception,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then perception right here and right now\Nis also a kind of hallucination,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a controlled hallucination
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the brain's predictions\Nare being reigned in
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by sensory information from the world.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we're all\Nhallucinating all the time,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including right now,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just that when we agree\Nabout our hallucinations,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we call that reality.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm going to tell you that your\Nexperience of being a self,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the specific experience of being you,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is also a controlled hallucination\Ngenerated by the brain.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This seems a very strange idea, right?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, visual illusions\Nmight deceive my eyes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how could I be deceived\Nabout what it means to be me?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most of us,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the experience of being a person\Nis so familiar, so unified
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so continuous
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's difficult not\Nto take it for granted.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we shouldn't take it for granted.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are in fact many different way\Nwe experience being a self.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's the experience of having a body
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of being a body.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are experiences\Nof perceiving the world
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a first person point of view.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are experiences\Nof intending to do things
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of being the cause of things\Nthat happen in the world.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are experiences of being\Na continuous and distinctive person
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over time,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built from a rich set of memories\Nand social interactions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many experiments show,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and psychiatrists and\Nneurologists know very well
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these different ways in which\Nwe experience being a self
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can all come apart.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What this means is the basic\Nbackground experience
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being a unified self is a rather\Nfragile construction of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another experience,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which just like all others,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,requires explanation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's return to the bodily self.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does the brain generate\Nthe experience of being a body
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and having a body?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, just the same principles apply.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain makes its best guess
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what is and what is not\Npart of its body.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a beautiful experiment\Nin neuroscience to illustrate this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And unlike most neuroscience experiments,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is one you can do at home.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All you need is one of these.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a couple of paint brushes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the rubber hand illusion,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a person's real hand is hidden from view.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that fake rubber hand\Nis placed in front of them.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then both hands are simultaneously\Nstroked with a paintbrush
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the person stares at the fake hand.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now for most people,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after a while,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this leads to the very uncanny sensation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the fake hand is\Nin fact part of their body.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea is that the congruence\Nbetween seeing touch and feeling touch
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on an object that looks like hand,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is roughly where a hand should be,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is enough evidence for the brain\Nto make its best guess
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the fake hand is in fact\Npart of the body.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can measure\Nall kinds of clever things.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like you can measure skin conductants
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and start and responses,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's no need.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's clear the guy in blue\Nhas assimilated the fake hand.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means that even experiences\Nof what our body is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is kind of best guessing --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a kind of controlled\Nhallucination by the brain.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's one more thing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't just experience our bodies\Nas objects in the world from the outside,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we also experience them from within.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all experience the sense\Nof being a body from the inside.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sensory signals coming from\Nthe inside of the body
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are continually telling the brain\Nabout the state of the internal organs,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how the heart is doing,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the blood pressure is like,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lots of things.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this kind of perception,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we call intereception,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is rather over-looked.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's critically important
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because perception and regulation\Nof the internal state of the body --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, that's what keeps us alive.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another version of the\Nrubber hand illusion.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is from our lab at Sussex.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, people see a virtual\Nreality version of their hand,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which flashes red and back
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either in time or out of time\Nwith their heartbeat.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when it's flashing in time\Nwith their heartbeat,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people have a strong sense that it's\Nin fact part of their body.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So experiences of having a body\Nare deeply grounded
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in perceiving our bodies from within.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's one last thing I want\Nto draw your attention to,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that experiences of the body\Nfrom the inside are very different
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from experiences of the world around us.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I look around me,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world seems full of objects --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tables, chairs , rubber hands,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[you lot] --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even my own body in the world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can perceive it as an object\Nfrom the outside,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but my experiences of my body from within,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not like that at all.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't perceive my kidneys here,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my liver here,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my spleen ...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know where my spleen is,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't perceive my insides as objects.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact I don't experience them much\Nat all unless they go wrong.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is important I think.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perception of the internal\Nstate of the body
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't about figuring out what's there,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's about control and regulation --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keeping the physiological variables\Nwithin the tight bounds
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are compatible with survival.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the brain uses predictions\Nto figure out what's there,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see objects\Nas the causes of sensations.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the brain uses predictions\Nto control and regulate things,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we experience how well\Nor how badly that control is going.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So out most basic experiences\Nof being a self,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being a body organism,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are deeply grounded in the biological\Nmechanisms that keep us alive.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we follow this idea\Nall the way through,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can start to see that all\Nof our conscious experiences,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since they all depend on the same\Nmechanisms of predictive perception,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all stem from this basic\Ndrive to stay alive.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We experience the world and ourselves
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with, through and because of\Nour living bodies.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me bring things together step by step.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we consciously see depends\Non the brain's best guess
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what's out there.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our experienced world\Ncomes from the inside out,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just the outside in.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rubber hand illusion shows\Nthat this applies to our experienes
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what is and what is not our body.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these self related predictions\Ndepend critically on sensory signals
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming from deep inside the body.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experiences of being an embodied self\Nare more about control and regulation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than figuring out what's there.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our experiences of the world\Naround us and ourselves within it --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, they're kinds\Nof controlled hallucinations
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have been shaped\Nover millions of years of evolution
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep us alive in worlds\Nfull of danger and opporunity.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We predict ourselves into existence.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I leave you with three\Nimplications of all this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, just as we can\Nmisperceive the world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can misperceive ourselves
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the mechanisms\Nof prediction go wrong.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Understanding this opens many new\Nopportunities in psychiatry and neurology,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we can finally\Nget at the mechanisms
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than just treating the symptoms
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in conditions like\Ndepression and schizophrenia.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it means to be me cannot be\Nreduced to or uploaded to
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a software program running on a robot,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,however smart or sophisticated.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are biological, flesh-and-blood animals
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose conscious experiences\Nare shaped at all levels
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the biological mechanisms\Nthat keep us alive.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just making computers smarter\Nis not going to make the sentient.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our own individual inner universe,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our way of being conscious,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just one possible\Nway of being conscious.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even human consciousness generally --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just a tiny region in a vast space\Nof possible consciousnesses.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our individual self and worlds\Nare unique to each of us,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're all grounded
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in biological mechanisms shared\Nwith many other living creatures.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, these are fundamental changes\Nin how we understand ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think they should be celebrated,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because as so often in science,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Copernicus --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're not at the center\Nof the universe --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Darwin --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're related to all other creatures --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the present day.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a greater sense of understanding
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes a greater sense of wonder,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a greater realization that we\Nare part of and not apart from
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rest of nature.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when the end of consciousness comes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's nothing to be afraid of.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing at all.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)