[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.92,0:00:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just over a year ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.84,0:00:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the third time in my life,\NI ceased to exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.24,0:00:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was having a small operation,\Nand my brain was filling with anesthetic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.52,0:00:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember a sense\Nof detachment and falling apart
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.88,0:00:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a coldness.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.88,0:00:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I was back,\Ndrowsy and disoriented,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.32,0:00:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but definitely there.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.28,0:00:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when you wake from a deep sleep,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.12,0:00:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might feel confused about the time\Nor anxious about oversleeping,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.40,0:00:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's always a basic sense\Nof time having passed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.16,0:00:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a continuity between then and now.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.40,0:00:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coming round from\Nanesthesia is very different.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.64,0:00:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could have been under\Nfor five minutes, five hours,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.16,0:00:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five years or even 50 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.60,0:00:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I simply wasn't there.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.08,0:00:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was total oblivion.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.24,0:00:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anesthesia --\Nit's a modern kind of magic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.32,0:00:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns people into objects,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.52,0:00:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then, we hope, back again into people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.54,0:00:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this process
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.80,0:00:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the greatest remaining\Nmysteries in science and philosophy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.40,0:00:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does consciousness happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.04,0:00:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somehow, within each of our brains,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.28,0:00:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the combined activity\Nof many billions of neurons,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.20,0:01:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each one a tiny biological machine,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.24,0:01:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is generating a conscious experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.08,0:01:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And not just any conscious experience --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.04,0:01:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your conscious experience\Nright here and right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.44,0:01:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does this happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.56,0:01:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Answering this question is so important
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.64,0:01:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because consciousness\Nfor each of us is all there is.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.52,0:01:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without it there's no world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.40,0:01:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no self,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.80,0:01:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's nothing at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.36,0:01:23.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we suffer, we suffer consciously
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.34,0:01:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it's through\Nmental illness or pain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.40,0:01:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we can experience\Njoy and suffering,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.36,0:01:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what about other animals?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.32,0:01:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Might they be conscious, too?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.76,0:01:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do they also have a sense of self?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.44,0:01:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as computers get faster and smarter,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.60,0:01:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe there will come a point,\Nmaybe not too far away,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.20,0:01:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when my iPhone develops\Na sense of its own existence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.96,0:01:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I actually think the prospects\Nfor a conscious AI are pretty remote.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.96,0:01:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think this because\Nmy research is telling me
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.36,0:01:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that consciousness has less to do\Nwith pure intelligence
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.04,0:01:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more to do with our nature\Nas living and breathing organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.64,0:02:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consciousness and intelligence\Nare very different things.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.36,0:02:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have to be smart to suffer,\Nbut you probably do have to be alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.20,0:02:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the story I'm going to tell you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.92,0:02:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our conscious experiences\Nof the world around us,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.28,0:02:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of ourselves within it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.64,0:02:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are kinds of controlled hallucinations
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.20,0:02:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that happen with, through\Nand because of our living bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.84,0:02:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you might have heard\Nthat we know nothing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.20,0:02:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how the brain and body\Ngive rise to consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.96,0:02:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people even say it's beyond\Nthe reach of science altogether.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.12,0:02:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.36,0:02:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the last 25 years have seen an explosion\Nof scientific work in this area.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.52,0:02:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you come to my lab\Nat the University of Sussex,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.32,0:02:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll find scientists\Nfrom all different disciplines
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.20,0:02:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes even philosophers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.80,0:02:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of us together trying to understand\Nhow consciousness happens
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.80,0:02:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what happens when it goes wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.88,0:02:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the strategy is very simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.04,0:02:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like you to think about consciousness
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.04,0:02:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the way that we've\Ncome to think about life.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.28,0:02:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At one time, people thought\Nthe property of being alive
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.92,0:02:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could not be explained\Nby physics and chemistry --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.56,0:03:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that life had to be\Nmore than just mechanism.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.48,0:03:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But people no longer think that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.40,0:03:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As biologists got on with the job
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.04,0:03:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of explaining the properties\Nof living systems
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.64,0:03:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of physics and chemistry --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.48,0:03:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things like metabolism,\Nreproduction, homeostasis --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.56,0:03:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the basic mystery of what life is\Nstarted to fade away,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.40,0:03:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people didn't propose\Nany more magical solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.48,0:03:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a force of life or an élan vital.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.08,0:03:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as with life, so with consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.76,0:03:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once we start explaining its properties
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.08,0:03:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of things happening\Ninside brains and bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.80,0:03:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the apparently insoluble mystery\Nof what consciousness is
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.24,0:03:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should start to fade away.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.00,0:03:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least that's the plan.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.28,0:03:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's get started.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.56,0:03:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are the properties of consciousness?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.56,0:03:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What should a science\Nof consciousness try to explain?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.96,0:03:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, for today I'd just like to think\Nof consciousness in two different ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.68,0:03:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are experiences\Nof the world around us,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.08,0:03:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full of sights, sounds and smells,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.32,0:03:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's multisensory, panoramic,\N3D, fully immersive inner movie.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.00,0:04:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's conscious self.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.08,0:04:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The specific experience\Nof being you or being me.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.56,0:04:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The lead character in this inner movie,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.60,0:04:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probably the aspect of consciousness\Nwe all cling to most tightly.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.84,0:04:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's start with experiences\Nof the world around us,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.32,0:04:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with the important idea\Nof the brain as a prediction engine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.08,0:04:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine being a brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.60,0:04:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're locked inside a bony skull,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.28,0:04:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to figure\Nwhat's out there in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.52,0:04:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no lights inside the skull.\NThere's no sound either.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.56,0:04:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All you've got to go on\Nis streams of electrical impulses
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.36,0:04:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are only indirectly related\Nto things in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.56,0:04:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever they may be.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.52,0:04:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So perception --\Nfiguring out what's there --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.68,0:04:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has to be a process of informed guesswork
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.56,0:04:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the brain combines\Nthese sensory signals
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.72,0:04:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with its prior expectations or beliefs\Nabout the way the world is
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.80,0:04:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to form its best guess\Nof what caused those signals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.96,0:04:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain doesn't hear sound or see light.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.68,0:04:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we perceive is its best guess\Nof what's out there in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.04,0:04:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you a couple\Nof examples of all this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.40,0:05:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might have seen this illusion before,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.40,0:05:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'd like you to think\Nabout it in a new way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.68,0:05:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at those two patches, A and B,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.76,0:05:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they should look to you to be\Nvery different shades of gray, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.04,0:05:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they are in fact\Nexactly the same shade.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.04,0:05:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I can illustrate this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.40,0:05:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I put up a second version\Nof the image here
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.64,0:05:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and join the two patches\Nwith a gray-colored bar,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.68,0:05:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see there's no difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.36,0:05:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's exactly the same shade of gray.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.16,0:05:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you still don't believe me,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.84,0:05:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll bring the bar across\Nand join them up.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.68,0:05:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a single colored block of gray,\Nthere's no difference at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.76,0:05:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't any kind of magic trick.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.48,0:05:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the same shade of gray,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.92,0:05:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but take it away again,\Nand it looks different.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.24,0:05:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's happening here
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.52,0:05:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the brain\Nis using its prior expectations
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.36,0:05:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built deeply into the circuits\Nof the visual cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.48,0:05:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a cast shadow dims\Nthe appearance of a surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.20,0:05:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we see B as lighter\Nthan it really is.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.92,0:05:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's one more example,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.20,0:05:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which shows just how quickly\Nthe brain can use new predictions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.40,0:06:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to change what we consciously experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.72,0:06:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have a listen to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.44,0:06:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Distorted voice)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.32,0:06:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounded strange, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.92,0:06:11.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have a listen again\Nand see if you can get anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.76,0:06:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Distorted voice)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.88,0:06:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still strange.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.16,0:06:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now listen to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.92,0:06:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Recording) Anil Seth: I think Brexit\Nis a really terrible idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.00,0:06:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.36,0:06:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which I do.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.60,0:06:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you heard some words there, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.44,0:06:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now listen to the first sound again.\NI'm just going to replay it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.56,0:06:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Distorted voice)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.64,0:06:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah? So you can now hear words there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.16,0:06:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once more for luck.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.04,0:06:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Distorted voice)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.00,0:06:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so what's going on here?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.28,0:06:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The remarkable thing is the sensory\Ninformation coming into the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.88,0:06:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hasn't changed at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.68,0:06:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All that's changed\Nis your brain's best guess
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.24,0:06:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the causes of that sensory information.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.32,0:06:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that changes\Nwhat you consciously hear.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.56,0:06:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All this puts the brain\Nbasis of perception
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.72,0:07:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a bit of a different light.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.20,0:07:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of perception depending largely\Non signals coming into the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.24,0:07:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the outside world,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.80,0:07:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it depends as much, if not more,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.32,0:07:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on perceptual predictions\Nflowing in the opposite direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.16,0:07:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't just passively\Nperceive the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.24,0:07:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actively generate it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.96,0:07:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world we experience\Ncomes as much, if not more,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.60,0:07:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the inside out
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.96,0:07:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as from the outside in.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.64,0:07:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you\None more example of perception
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.84,0:07:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as this active, constructive process.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.40,0:07:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we've combined immersive\Nvirtual reality with image processing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.56,0:07:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to simulate the effects\Nof overly strong perceptual predictions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.56,0:07:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.92,0:07:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this panoramic video,\Nwe've transformed the world --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.84,0:07:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is in this case Sussex campus --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.76,0:07:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a psychedelic playground.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.76,0:07:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've processed the footage using\Nan algorithm based on Google's Deep Dream
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.64,0:07:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to simulate the effects\Nof overly strong perceptual predictions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.76,0:07:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, to see dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.40,0:07:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see\Nthis is a very strange thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.56,0:07:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When perceptual\Npredictions are too strong,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.68,0:08:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they are here,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.08,0:08:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the result looks very much\Nlike the kinds of hallucinations
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.00,0:08:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people might report in altered states,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.04,0:08:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or perhaps even in psychosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.12,0:08:10.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, think about this for a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.16,0:08:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If hallucination is a kind\Nof uncontrolled perception,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.28,0:08:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then perception right here and right now\Nis also a kind of hallucination,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.76,0:08:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a controlled hallucination
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.80,0:08:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the brain's predictions\Nare being reined in
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.72,0:08:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by sensory information from the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.20,0:08:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we're all\Nhallucinating all the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.20,0:08:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.60,0:08:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just that when we agree\Nabout our hallucinations,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.44,0:08:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we call that reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.28,0:08:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.24,0:08:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm going to tell you\Nthat your experience of being a self,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.60,0:08:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the specific experience of being you,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.44,0:08:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is also a controlled hallucination\Ngenerated by the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.96,0:08:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This seems a very strange idea, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.00,0:08:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, visual illusions\Nmight deceive my eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.16,0:08:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how could I be deceived\Nabout what it means to be me?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.20,0:08:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.44,0:09:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the experience of being a person
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.04,0:09:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is so familiar, so unified\Nand so continuous
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.16,0:09:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's difficult\Nnot to take it for granted.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.40,0:09:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we shouldn't take it for granted.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.24,0:09:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are in fact many different ways\Nwe experience being a self.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.48,0:09:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's the experience of having a body
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.60,0:09:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of being a body.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.08,0:09:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are experiences\Nof perceiving the world
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.24,0:09:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a first person point of view.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.24,0:09:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are experiences\Nof intending to do things
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.48,0:09:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of being the cause of things\Nthat happen in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.64,0:09:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.92,0:09:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being a continuous\Nand distinctive person over time,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.84,0:09:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built from a rich set\Nof memories and social interactions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.20,0:09:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many experiments show,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.52,0:09:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and psychiatrists\Nand neurologists know very well,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.88,0:09:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these different ways\Nin which we experience being a self
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.80,0:09:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can all come apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.52,0:09:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What this means is\Nthe basic background experience
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.44,0:09:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being a unified self is a rather\Nfragile construction of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.04,0:09:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another experience,\Nwhich just like all others,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.72,0:09:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,requires explanation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.72,0:09:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's return to the bodily self.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.52,0:09:57.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does the brain generate\Nthe experience of being a body
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.28,0:09:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of having a body?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.56,0:10:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, just the same principles apply.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.44,0:10:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain makes its best guess
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.92,0:10:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what is and what is not\Npart of its body.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.88,0:10:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a beautiful experiment\Nin neuroscience to illustrate this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.64,0:10:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And unlike most neuroscience experiments,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.64,0:10:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is one you can do at home.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.16,0:10:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All you need is one of these.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.08,0:10:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.36,0:10:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a couple of paintbrushes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.88,0:10:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the rubber hand illusion,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.28,0:10:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a person's real hand is hidden from view,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.28,0:10:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that fake rubber hand\Nis placed in front of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.92,0:10:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then both hands are simultaneously\Nstroked with a paintbrush
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.20,0:10:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the person stares at the fake hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.32,0:10:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, for most people, after a while,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.32,0:10:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this leads to the very uncanny sensation
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.44,0:10:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the fake hand\Nis in fact part of their body.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.64,0:10:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea is that the congruence\Nbetween seeing touch and feeling touch
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.84,0:10:48.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on an object that looks like hand\Nand is roughly where a hand should be,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.24,0:10:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is enough evidence for the brain\Nto make its best guess
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.04,0:10:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the fake hand\Nis in fact part of the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.28,0:10:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.24,0:11:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can measure\Nall kinds of clever things.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.52,0:11:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can measure skin conductance\Nand startle responses,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.84,0:11:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's no need.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.12,0:11:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's clear the guy in blue\Nhas assimilated the fake hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.08,0:11:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means that even experiences\Nof what our body is
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.52,0:11:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a kind of best guessing --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.08,0:11:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a kind of controlled\Nhallucination by the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.48,0:11:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's one more thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.12,0:11:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't just experience our bodies\Nas objects in the world from the outside,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.80,0:11:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we also experience them from within.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.56,0:11:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all experience the sense\Nof being a body from the inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.00,0:11:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sensory signals\Ncoming from the inside of the body
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.60,0:11:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are continually telling the brain\Nabout the state of the internal organs,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.68,0:11:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how the heart is doing,\Nwhat the blood pressure is like,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.36,0:11:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lots of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.60,0:11:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This kind of perception,\Nwhich we call interoception,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.84,0:11:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is rather overlooked.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.12,0:11:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's critically important
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.56,0:11:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because perception and regulation\Nof the internal state of the body --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.92,0:11:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, that's what keeps us alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.40,0:11:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another version\Nof the rubber hand illusion.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.84,0:12:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is from our lab at Sussex.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.36,0:12:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, people see\Na virtual reality version of their hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.80,0:12:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which flashes red and back
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.20,0:12:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either in time or out of time\Nwith their heartbeat.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.48,0:12:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when it's flashing\Nin time with their heartbeat,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.96,0:12:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people have a stronger sense\Nthat it's in fact part of their body.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.72,0:12:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So experiences of having a body\Nare deeply grounded
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.24,0:12:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in perceiving our bodies from within.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.68,0:12:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's one last thing\NI want to draw your attention to,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.36,0:12:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that experiences of the body\Nfrom the inside are very different
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.04,0:12:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from experiences of the world around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.12,0:12:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I look around me,\Nthe world seems full of objects --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.84,0:12:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tables, chairs, rubber hands,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.04,0:12:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people, you lot --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.80,0:12:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even my own body in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.80,0:12:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can perceive it\Nas an object from the outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.08,0:12:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But my experiences\Nof the body from within,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.16,0:12:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not like that at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.60,0:12:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't perceive my kidneys here,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.68,0:12:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my liver here,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.28,0:12:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my spleen ...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.56,0:12:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know where my spleen is,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.48,0:12:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.88,0:12:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't perceive my insides as objects.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.80,0:13:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, I don't experience them\Nmuch at all unless they go wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.40,0:13:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is important, I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.60,0:13:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perception of the internal\Nstate of the body
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.72,0:13:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't about figuring out what's there,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.60,0:13:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's about control and regulation --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.76,0:13:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keeping the physiological variables\Nwithin the tight bounds
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.68,0:13:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are compatible with survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.64,0:13:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the brain uses predictions\Nto figure out what's there,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.52,0:13:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we perceive objects\Nas the causes of sensations.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.64,0:13:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the brain uses predictions\Nto control and regulate things,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.28,0:13:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we experience how well\Nor how badly that control is going.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.88,0:13:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our most basic experiences\Nof being a self,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.72,0:13:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being an embodied organism,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.80,0:13:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are deeply grounded in the biological\Nmechanisms that keep us alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.76,0:13:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we follow this idea\Nall the way through,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.12,0:13:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can start to see\Nthat all of our conscious experiences,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.84,0:13:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since they all depend on the same\Nmechanisms of predictive perception,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.60,0:13:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all stem from this basic\Ndrive to stay alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.04,0:13:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We experience the world and ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.68,0:14:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with, through and because of\Nour living bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.56,0:14:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me bring things together step-by-step.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.56,0:14:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we consciously see depends
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.16,0:14:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the brain's best guess\Nof what's out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.48,0:14:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our experienced world\Ncomes from the inside out,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.88,0:14:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just the outside in.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.60,0:14:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rubber hand illusion shows\Nthat this applies to our experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.88,0:14:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what is and what is not our body.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.56,0:14:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these self-related predictions\Ndepend critically on sensory signals
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.16,0:14:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming from deep inside the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.40,0:14:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.64,0:14:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experiences of being an embodied self\Nare more about control and regulation
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.04,0:14:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than figuring out what's there.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.84,0:14:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our experiences of the world\Naround us and ourselves within it --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.08,0:14:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, they're kinds\Nof controlled hallucinations
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.36,0:14:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have been shaped\Nover millions of years of evolution
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.28,0:14:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep us alive in worlds\Nfull of danger and opportunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.48,0:14:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We predict ourselves into existence.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.52,0:14:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I leave you with three\Nimplications of all this.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.64,0:14:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, just as we can\Nmisperceive the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.88,0:14:55.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can misperceive ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.68,0:14:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the mechanisms\Nof prediction go wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.84,0:15:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Understanding this opens many new\Nopportunities in psychiatry and neurology,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.08,0:15:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we can finally\Nget at the mechanisms
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.72,0:15:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than just treating the symptoms
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.64,0:15:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in conditions like\Ndepression and schizophrenia.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.72,0:15:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.96,0:15:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it means to be me\Ncannot be reduced to or uploaded to
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.80,0:15:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a software program running on a robot,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.20,0:15:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,however smart or sophisticated.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.44,0:15:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are biological, flesh-and-blood animals
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.08,0:15:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose conscious experiences\Nare shaped at all levels
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.36,0:15:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the biological mechanisms\Nthat keep us alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.36,0:15:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just making computers smarter\Nis not going to make them sentient.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.00,0:15:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.32,0:15:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our own individual inner universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.32,0:15:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our way of being conscious,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.00,0:15:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just one possible\Nway of being conscious.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.84,0:15:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even human consciousness generally --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.84,0:15:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just a tiny region in a vast space\Nof possible consciousnesses.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.84,0:15:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our individual self and worlds\Nare unique to each of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.52,0:15:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're all grounded\Nin biological mechanisms
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.76,0:15:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shared with many other living creatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.92,0:16:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, these are fundamental changes
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.76,0:16:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in how we understand ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.04,0:16:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think they should be celebrated,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.92,0:16:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because as so often in science,\Nfrom Copernicus --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.32,0:16:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're not at the center of the universe --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.34,0:16:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Darwin --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.60,0:16:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're related to all other creatures --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.84,0:16:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the present day.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.32,0:16:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a greater sense of understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.08,0:16:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes a greater sense of wonder,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.52,0:16:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a greater realization
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.40,0:16:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are part of\Nand not apart from the rest of nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.92,0:16:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And ...
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.72,0:16:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the end of consciousness comes,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.12,0:16:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's nothing to be afraid of.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.56,0:16:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.48,0:16:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.72,0:16:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)