[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.10,0:00:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music] Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.25,0:00:23.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: The following program is from NET: \NThe National Educational Television Network. Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.20,0:00:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Debate, James Baldwin Vs William Buckley.\NSubject, "Has the American Dream Been Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.23,0:00:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Achieved at the Expense of the American \NNegro?" Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.87,0:00:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This debate was held recently at the \NCambridge Union, Cambridge University Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.64,0:00:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,England, and was recorded for use by NET.\N Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.03,0:00:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Norman St. John Stevas, M.P: \NWell, here we are in the debating hall Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.04,0:00:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Cambridge Union, hundreds of\Nundergraduates and myself waiting for what Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.92,0:00:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could prove one of the most exciting \Ndebates in the whole 150 years of the Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.86,0:01:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,union history. \NIt really... I don't think I have ever Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.73,0:01:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seen the union so well attended.\NThere are undergraduates everywhere. Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.25,0:01:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're on the benches and on the floor\Nand on the galleries. And there are a lot Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.51,0:01:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more outside clambering to get in.\NWell, the motion that has drawn this huge Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.86,0:01:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crowd tonight is this: That the American\NDream has been achieved at the expense Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.71,0:01:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the American negro. The debate will \Nopen with two undergraduate speakers, Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.98,0:01:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one from each side, and then we shall\Nhave the first distinguished guest, Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.42,0:01:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr James Baldwin. The well-known American\Nnovelist who has achieved a world wide Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.86,0:01:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fame with his novel "Another Country."\NThen opposing the motion will be Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.13,0:01:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. William Buckley, also an American.\NVery well-known as a conservative in the Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.76,0:01:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,United States. I must stress a conservative\Nin the American sense. Author of a book Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.59,0:01:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called "Up from Liberalism" and editor of\Nthe National Review. One of the earliest Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.61,0:01:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reporters of Senator Goldwater.\NWell, this is the setting of the debate, Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.88,0:02:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at any moment now, the president\Nwill be leading in his officers and his Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.72,0:02:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distinguished guests. He will take his \Nchair, and the debate will begin. Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.19,0:02:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[applause] Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.21,0:02:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,President: The motion before the house \Ntonight is "The American Dream at the Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.01,0:02:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Expense of the American Negro." The proposer,\NMr. David Haycock of Pembroke College, Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.04,0:02:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our opposer, Mr. Jeremy Burford of \NEmmanuel College. Mr. James Baldwin Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.34,0:03:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will speak third. Mr William F. Buckley Jr. \Nwill speak fourth. Mr. Heycock has the Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.88,0:03:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ear of the house. Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.02,0:03:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[applause] Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.12,0:03:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,David Heycock: Mr. President, sir, it is\Nthe custom of the house for the first Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.10,0:03:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,speaker in any debate to extend a\Nformal welcome to any visitors to the Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.87,0:03:26.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,house. I can honestly say, however, it is\Na very great honor to be able to welcome Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.93,0:03:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the house this evening Mr. William\NBuckley and Mr. James Baldwin. Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.00,0:03:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. William Buckley has the reputation\Nof possibly being the most articulate Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.10,0:03:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conservative in the United States of\NAmerica. He was a graduate of Yale, Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.24,0:03:42.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he first gained a reputation for\Nhimself by publishing a book entitled Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.61,0:03:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"God and Man at Yale." Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.42,0:03:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[laughter] Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.76,0:03:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since then, he has devoted himself to\Nthe secular, and this has included Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.60,0:03:54.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Norman Mailer, Kenneth Tynan, Mary McCarthy,\Nand Fidel Castro, none of whom have come Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.89,0:03:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of their confrontations unscathed. Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.83,0:03:58.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[laughter] Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.25,0:04:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At present, his principle occupation is\Nediting a right-wing newspaper in the Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.78,0:04:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,United States entitled \N"The National Review." Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.92,0:04:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. James Baldwin is hardly in need of\Nintroduction. His reputation both as a Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.01,0:04:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,novelist and as an advocate of civil rights\Nis international. His third novel Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.88,0:04:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Another Country" has been published as\Na paperback in England today. Mr. Baldwin Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.24,0:04:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Mr. Buckley are both very welcome to \Nthe house this evening. Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.13,0:04:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[applause] Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.97,0:04:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine Mr. President, a society which\Nabove all values freedom and equality. Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.95,0:04:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A society in which artificial barriers to\Nfulfillment and achievement are unheard Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.25,0:04:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of. A society in which a man may begin his\Nlife as a rail splitter and end it as president. Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.09,0:05:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A society in which all men are free in\Nevery sense of the word. Free to live Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.03,0:05:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they choose. Free to work where they\Nchoose. Equal in the eyes of the law and Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.72,0:05:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every public authority. And equal in the eyes\Nof their fellows. A society in fact which Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.26,0:05:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,intollerence and prejudice are meaningless\Nterms. Imagine; however, Mr. President, a Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.74,0:05:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,condition of this utopia has been a \Npersistent and quite deliberate Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.02,0:05:24.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exploitation of one ninth of its \Ninhabitants. That one man in nine has Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.89,0:05:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been denied those rights, which the rest \Nof that society takes for granted. Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.34,0:05:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That one man in nine does not have\Na chance for fulfillment or realization Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.77,0:05:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of his innate potentiality. That one \Nman in nine cannot promise his Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.82,0:05:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children a secure future and unlimited\Nopportunities. Imagine this Mr. President Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.80,0:05:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have, what is in my opinion,\Nthe bitter reality of the American Dream. Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.93,0:05:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few weeks ago Martin Luther King had\Nto hold a non-violent demonstration in Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.09,0:05:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Selma, Alabama in his drive to register \Nnegro voters. By the end of the week Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.72,0:05:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of his demonstrations, he was able to\Nwrite quite accurately in a national Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.38,0:06:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fundraising letter from Selma, Alabama\Njail, "There are more negros in prison Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.80,0:06:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with me than there are on the voting\Nroles." When King wrote that letter, Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.55,0:06:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three-hundred and thirty-five out of \Nthirty-two-thousand-seven-hundred Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.57,0:06:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,negros in Dallas had the vote. \NOne percent of the Dallas population. Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.47,0:06:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After a mass march to the court house,\Ntwo-hundred-and-thirty-seven negros, Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.21,0:06:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,King among them, were arrested.\NThe following day, four-hundred-and Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.09,0:06:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seventy children, who had deserted \Ntheir classrooms to protest against Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.42,0:06:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,King's arrest, were charged with juvenile\Ndelinquency. Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.67,0:06:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[laughter] Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.76,0:06:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thirty-six adults on the same day were\Ncharged with contempt of court for Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.93,0:06:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,picketing the court house while \Nstate circuit court was in session. Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.16,0:06:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the following day, a hundred-and\Neleven people were arrested on the Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.61,0:06:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,same charge despite their claim that \Nthey merely wanted to see the voting Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.99,0:06:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,registrar. Four-hundred students were\Narrested and taken to the armory, Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.14,0:06:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where many of them spent the night\Non a cold cement floor. The following Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.57,0:07:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,date the demonstrations spread to \NMarion, Alabama. In Marion, negros Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.72,0:07:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outnumbered whites by eleven-and\Na-half thousand to six-thousand people Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.09,0:07:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet, only three hundred are registered\Nto vote. Negros in Marion were anxious Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.76,0:07:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to test the public accommodations section\Nof the civil rights law. They entered a Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.92,0:07:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drug store and there they were served \Nwith Coca Cola laced with salt and were Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.27,0:07:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,told that hamburgers had risen to five \Ndollars each. After the arrest of fifteen Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.77,0:07:28.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,negros for protesting against this\Ntreatment, seven hundred negros Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.35,0:07:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boycotted their classes the next day\Nand marched in orderly fashion to the Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.08,0:07:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,jail. There, they sang civil rights songs\Nuntil they were warned by a state trooper Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.69,0:07:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they would be arrested if they sung\None more song. Of course, they sung Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.39,0:07:45.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another song, and of course, all seven \Nhundred were arrested. American Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.43,0:07:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,society has felt fit to use negro labor.\NIt has felt fit to use the blood of the Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.10,0:07:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,negro in two world wars. It has felt fit to\Nlisten to his music. It has felt fit to laugh Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.60,0:07:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at his jokes, and yet, as far as I am\Nconcerned, it has never felt fit to Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.90,0:08:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give the American negro a fair deal;\Nand for this reason Mr. President, Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.07,0:08:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will beg leave to propose the motion\Nthat the American dream is at the expense Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.94,0:08:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the American negro. Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.70,0:08:17.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[applause] Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.63,0:08:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,President: I now call Mr. Jeremy Burford of Emmanuel College to oppose the motion. Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.95,0:08:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[applause] Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.57,0:08:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Now, we have Mr. Jeremy \NBurford of Emmanuel College who Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.75,0:08:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the first undergraduate opposing\Nthe motion. Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.34,0:08:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jeremy Burford: James Baldwin is well \Nknown as one of the most vivid and Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.50,0:08:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,articulate writers about the negro\Nproblem in America. Mr. Baldwin Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.49,0:08:50.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a difficult childhood, and he \Nhas personally himself suffered Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.33,0:08:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discrimination and ill treatment \Nof a sort in America, and I would Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.84,0:09:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like to say at this time that it is\Nnot the purpose of this side of Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.78,0:09:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the house to condone that in any\Nway at all. It is not our purpose to Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.92,0:09:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oppose civil rights. It is our purpose\Nto oppose this motion. [audience: here here] Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.51,0:09:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[laughter] Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.82,0:09:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you, sir. Come and collect \Nyour fee afterwards. Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.98,0:09:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[laughter and applause] Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.92,0:09:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This side of the house denies that the\NAmerican dream has in any way been Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.81,0:09:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helped by this undoubted inequality \Nand suffering of the negro. Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.09,0:09:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We maintain that in fact this has hindered\Nthe American Dream, and if there had Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.30,0:09:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been equality, if there had been true \Nfreedom of opportunity, the American Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.27,0:09:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dream would be very much more advance\Nthan it is now. If the American dream has Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.73,0:09:54.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made any progress, and I think it has, \Nit has been made in spite of the suffering Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.76,0:10:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inequality of the American negro and\Nnot because of it. Now it is also implied Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.88,0:10:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this motion that the American Dream is\Nencouraging and worsening the suffering Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.91,0:10:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the American negro. This is emphatically\Nnot the case. The American Dream, Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.04,0:10:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the American economic prosperity and\Nrespect for civil liberties has been the Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.03,0:10:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,main factor in bringing about the undoubted\Nimprovement in race relations in America Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.39,0:10:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the last twenty years; and Professor \NArnold Rose who was the author of the "Negro Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.40,0:10:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in America," which is perhaps the definitive\Nwork on the subject, who is also a Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.46,0:10:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contributor of what is called "The Freedom\NPamphlet". So I should imagine if he has Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.75,0:10:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any bias at all, it is in favor of the negro.\NHe's said that this improvement in race Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.14,0:10:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relations will be seen in years to come as\Nremarkably quick, and he has put it down Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.24,0:10:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to three main causes: increased\Nindustrialization and technical advance, Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.72,0:10:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the increased social mobility of the\NAmerican people, and the economic Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.02,0:11:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prosperity. And I would put it to this\Nhouse that that industrialization and Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.30,0:11:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,economic prosperity are two of the main\Ningredients of the American dream and Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.66,0:11:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the same time--again, I do not want to\Nsay that the negro in America is treated Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.23,0:11:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fairly--but at the same time, the average\Nper capita income of negros in America Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.34,0:11:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is exactly the same as the average per\Ncapita income of people in Great Britain. Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.77,0:11:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I found that absolutely amazing.\N[laughter] Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.97,0:11:36.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[laughter]\NI understand that some of you do as well; Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.41,0:11:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I've got the reference here from the\NUnited States News and World Report Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.43,0:11:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of July the 22nd 1963, in which it points\Nout- [Man in the audience interrupts] Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.58,0:11:47.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This will have to be the last interruption \NI take because time is running short. Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.59,0:11:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Audience member: Mr. President. Now a\Npoint of information, is this being a talking Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.78,0:11:57.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of real income or money income? \N[Audience: here here, applause.] Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.99,0:12:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am talking of money income. I would not\Nwish to disguise that. I would also say that Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.45,0:12:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of this, there are only five \Ncountries in the world where the income\N Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.66,0:12:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is higher than that of the American negro,\Nand they do not include countries like Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.70,0:12:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,West Germany and France and Japan.\NNow, there are in America thirty-five Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.08,0:12:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,negro millionaires. There are negro six thousand\Ndoctors and so on. Now I do not by saying Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.54,0:12:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this wish to emphasize that the negro is\Nfairly treated. I merely wish to try and Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.06,0:12:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,convey a more realistic and objective\Naccount of the situation of the negro. Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.62,0:12:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I agree that there are negros who are\Nvery poor indeed, such as the old Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.42,0:12:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gentlemen in the south who was talking\Nabout some of his wealthier brethren and Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.56,0:12:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was saying "Yes. Some of these rich \Nnegros they put on airs like the bottom Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.54,0:12:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figure of a fetch, and the bigger they try\Nto be, the smaller they really are." Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.24,0:13:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would repeat Mr. President, sir, in the \Nlast minute I have that this debate Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.66,0:13:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not whether civil rights should be\Nextended to American negros or not; Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.29,0:13:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it were, it would be a very easy \Nmotion to argue for and a very easy Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.14,0:13:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,motion to vote for. The debate tonight\Nconcerns whether the American Dream Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.96,0:13:22.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is at the expense of the American negro.\NThat is where the American negro has paid Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.69,0:13:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the American dream with a suffering\Nor whether the American dream has Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.00,0:13:31.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,furthered negro inequality, and\NI would deny those things to precept. Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.29,0:13:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would say that negro inequality has\Nhindered the American dream, and Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.92,0:13:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would say that the American dream\Nhas been very important indeed in Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.18,0:13:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,furthering civil rights and in furthering\Nfreedom for the American negro. Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.44,0:13:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. President, sir, I beg to oppose \Nthe motion. Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.02,0:13:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[applause] Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.16,0:14:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,President: It is now with very\Ngreat pleasure and a very great sense of Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.06,0:14:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,honor that I call Mr. James Baldwin\Nto speak third to this motion. Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.07,0:14:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[applause] Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.66,0:14:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Now we have Mr. James Baldwin,\Nthe star of the evening, who has been \N Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.30,0:14:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sitting, listening attentively and getting\Na wonderful reception here in the Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.77,0:14:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cambridge Union. From members, enthusiasm from all sides of the house for Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.56,0:14:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. Baldwin, who has been listening to the arguments. Now will bring the voice of actual Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.96,0:14:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experience to the debate. Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.06,0:14:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,James Baldwin: Good evening. Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.10,0:14:40.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[laughter] Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.03,0:14:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I find myself, not for the first time, in \Nthe position of a kind of Jeremiah. Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.89,0:15:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, I don’t disagree with \NMr. Burford that the inequality Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.73,0:15:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suffered by the American Negro \Npopulation of the United States has hindered Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.07,0:15:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the American dream. Indeed, it has. Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.73,0:15:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I quarrell with some other things he \Nhas to say. The other, deeper, element of Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.42,0:15:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a certain awkwardness I feel has to do \Nwith one’s point of view. Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.65,0:15:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to put it that way – one’s sense, \None’s system of reality. Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.19,0:15:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would seem to me the proposition \Nbefore the House, and I would put it Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.76,0:15:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that way, is the American Dream at the \Nexpense of the American Negro, Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.30,0:15:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the American Dream {\i1}is{\i0} at \Nthe expense of the American Negro. Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.07,0:15:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is a question hideously loaded, \Nand then one’s response to that question Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.51,0:15:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,– one’s reaction to that question – \Nhas to depend on effect and, in effect, Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.52,0:15:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you find yourself in the world, \Nwhat your sense of reality is, Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.75,0:16:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what your system of reality is. \NThat is, it depends on assumptions which Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.07,0:16:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we hold so deeply as to \Nbe scarcely aware of them. Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.07,0:16:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are white South African or \NMississippi sharecropper, or Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.81,0:16:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mississippi sheriff, or a Frenchman \Ndriven out of Algeria, all have, at bottom, Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.57,0:16:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a system of reality which compels \Nthem to, for example, in the case of the Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.62,0:16:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,French exile from Algeria, to offend \NFrench reasons from having ruled Algeria. Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.10,0:16:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Mississippi or Alabama sheriff, \Nwho really does believe, when he’s facing Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.40,0:16:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Negro boy or girl, that this woman, \Nthis man, this child must be insane to Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.60,0:16:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attack the system to which he owes \Nhis entire identity. Of course, to Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.03,0:16:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such a person, the proposition which \Nwe are trying to discuss here tonight Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.84,0:17:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does not exist. And on the other hand, \NI, have to speak as one of the people Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.59,0:17:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who’ve been most attacked by what \Nwe must now here call the Western or Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.28,0:17:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,European system of reality. What white \Npeople in the world, what we call Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.63,0:17:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,white supremacy – I hate to say it here \N– comes from Europe. Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.45,0:17:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how it got to America. Beneath \Nthen, whatever one’s reaction to this Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.01,0:17:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proposition is, has to be the question \Nof whether or not civilizations can Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.28,0:17:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be considered, as such, equal, or \Nwhether one’s civilization has the right Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.28,0:17:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to overtake and subjugate, and, in fact, \Nto destroy another. Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.02,0:17:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what happens when that happens. \NLeaving aside all the physical facts which Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.89,0:17:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one can quote. Leaving aside rape \Nor murder. Leaving aside the bloody Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.33,0:17:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,catalog of oppression, which we \Nare in one way too familiar with already, Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.65,0:18:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what this does to the subjugated, \Nthe most private, the most serious Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.82,0:18:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thing this does to the subjugated, \Nis to destroy his sense of reality. Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.99,0:18:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It destroys, for example, his father’s \Nauthority over him. His father can no Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.28,0:18:19.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,longer tell him anything, because \Nthe past has disappeared, and his Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.79,0:18:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,father has no power in the world. \NThis means, in the case of an Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.24,0:18:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,American Negro, born in that \Nglittering republic, and the moment you Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.60,0:18:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are born, since you don’t \Nknow any better, Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.08,0:18:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every stick and stone and \Nevery face is white. Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.01,0:18:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And since you have not yet seen \Na mirror, you suppose that you Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.61,0:18:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are, too. It comes as a great shock \Naround the age of 5, or 6, or 7, to Dialogue: 0,0:18:47.54,0:18:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discover the flag to which \Nyou have pledged allegiance, along with Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.16,0:18:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everybody else, has not pledged \Nallegiance to you. It comes as a Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.01,0:18:59.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,great shock to discover that Gary \NCooper killing off the Indians, when you Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.23,0:19:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were rooting for Gary Cooper, \Nthat the Indians were you. It comes as a Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.50,0:19:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,great shock to discover the \Ncountry which is your birthplace and to Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.17,0:19:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you owe your life and your identity,\Nhas not, in its whole system of reality, Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.08,0:19:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evovled any place for you. The \Ndisaffection, the demoralization, and the Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.59,0:19:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gap between one person and another \Nonly on the basis of the color of their Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.79,0:19:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,skin, begins there and accelerates \N– accelerates throughout a whole lifetime Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.98,0:19:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,– to the present when you realize \Nyou’re thirty and are having a terrible Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.34,0:19:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time managing to trust your \Ncountrymen. By the time you are thirty, Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.18,0:19:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have been through a certain \Nkind of mill. And the most serious effect Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.65,0:19:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the mill you’ve been through is, \Nagain, not the catalog of disaster, Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.84,0:20:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the policemen, the taxi drivers, \Nthe waiters, the landlady, the landlord, Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.14,0:20:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the banks, the insurance companies, \Nthe millions of details, twenty four Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.45,0:20:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hours of every day, which spell \Nout to you that you are a worthless Dialogue: 0,0:20:17.49,0:20:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human being. It is not that. It’s by \Nthat time you’ve begun to see Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.18,0:20:28.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it happening, in your daughter or your \Nson, or your niece or your nephew. Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.37,0:20:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are thirty by now and nothing you \Nhave done has helped you to Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.37,0:20:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,escape the trap. But what is worse \Nthan that, is that nothing you Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.13,0:20:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have done, and as far as you can tell, \Nnothing you can do, will save your Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.08,0:20:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,son or your daughter from meeting \Nthe same disaster and not Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.72,0:20:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,impossibly coming to the same \Nend. Now, we’re speaking about Dialogue: 0,0:20:58.96,0:21:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expense. I suppose there are \Nseveral ways to address oneself, Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.19,0:21:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to some attempt to find what that \Nword means here. Let me put it Dialogue: 0,0:21:15.71,0:21:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this way, that from a very literal \Npoint of view, the harbors and the Dialogue: 0,0:21:23.04,0:21:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ports, and the railroads of the \Ncountry–the economy, Dialogue: 0,0:21:30.99,0:21:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially of the Southern \Nstates–could not conceivably be Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.97,0:21:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it has become, if they had \Nnot had, and do not still have, Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.64,0:21:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indeed, for so long, for many generations,\Ncheap labor. I am stating very Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.22,0:22:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seriously, and this is not an \Noverstatement: {\i1}I{\i0} picked the cotton, Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.75,0:22:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and {\i1}I{\i0} carried it to the market, \Nand {\i1}I{\i0} built the railroads under Dialogue: 0,0:22:13.25,0:22:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone else’s whip for nothing. \NFor nothing. Dialogue: 0,0:22:19.74,0:22:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Southern oligarchy, which has \Nstill today so much power in Dialogue: 0,0:22:26.82,0:22:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Washington, and therefore some \Npower in the world, was created Dialogue: 0,0:22:31.38,0:22:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by my labor and my sweat, and the \Nviolation of my women and the murder of Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.22,0:22:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my children. This, in the land of \Nthe free, and the home of the brave. Dialogue: 0,0:22:45.36,0:22:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And no one can challenge that statement. \NIt is a matter of historical record. Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.60,0:22:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In another way, this dream, and we’ll \Nget to the dream in a moment, Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.64,0:23:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is at the expense of the American \NNegro. You watched this in the Deep South Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.58,0:23:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in great relief. But not only in the \NDeep South. In the Deep South, you Dialogue: 0,0:23:15.43,0:23:17.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are dealing with a sheriff or a \Nlandlord, or a landlady or the Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.100,0:23:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,girl of the Western Union desk, and \Nshe doesn’t know quite who she’s Dialogue: 0,0:23:28.20,0:23:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dealing with, by which I mean, \Nthat if you’re not a part of the town, Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.67,0:23:38.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you are a Nothern Nigger, \Nit shows in millions of ways. Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.51,0:23:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So she simply knows that it’s an \Nunknown quantity, and she wants to Dialogue: 0,0:23:43.55,0:23:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have nothing to do with it because \Nshe won’t talk to you, you have Dialogue: 0,0:23:46.73,0:23:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to wait for a while to get your \Ntelegram. OK, we all know this. Dialogue: 0,0:23:49.79,0:23:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've been through it and, by the \Ntime you get to be a man, it’s very easy Dialogue: 0,0:23:54.00,0:23:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deal with. But what is happening in \Nthe poor woman, the poor man’s mind is Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.68,0:24:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this: they’ve been raised to believe, \Nand by now they helplessly believe, Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.47,0:24:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that no matter how terrible their lives \Nmay be, and their lives have been Dialogue: 0,0:24:11.74,0:24:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite terrible, and no matter how \Nfar they fall, no matter what disaster Dialogue: 0,0:24:17.15,0:24:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overtakes them, they have one \Nenormous knowledge in Dialogue: 0,0:24:19.99,0:24:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consolation, which is like a heavenly \Nrevelation: at least, they are not Black. Dialogue: 0,0:24:24.86,0:24:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I suggest that of all the terrible \Nthings that can happen to a Dialogue: 0,0:24:33.50,0:24:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human being, that is one of the worst. \NI suggest that what has happened Dialogue: 0,0:24:37.84,0:24:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to white Southerners, is in some ways, \Nafter all, much worse than Dialogue: 0,0:24:42.04,0:24:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what has happened to Negroes \Nthere, because Sheriff Clark in Dialogue: 0,0:24:51.62,0:24:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Selma, Alabama, cannot be considered \N– you know, no one can be Dialogue: 0,0:24:58.93,0:25:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dismissed as a total monster. Dialogue: 0,0:25:00.73,0:25:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m sure he loves his wife, his children. \NI’m sure, you know, he likes to Dialogue: 0,0:25:05.50,0:25:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get drunk. You know, after all, one’s got \Nto assume he is visibly a man like me. Dialogue: 0,0:25:11.58,0:25:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he doesn’t know what drives \Nhim to use the club, to menace with the Dialogue: 0,0:25:21.35,0:25:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gun, and to use the cattle prod. \NSomething awful must have happened to Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.22,0:25:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a human being to be able to put \Na cattle prod against a Dialogue: 0,0:25:28.79,0:25:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,woman’s breasts, for example. \NWhat happens to the woman is ghastly. Dialogue: 0,0:25:32.46,0:25:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens to the man who \Ndoes it is in some ways much, much worse. Dialogue: 0,0:25:37.93,0:25:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is being done, after all, not a \Nhundred years ago, but in 1965, in a Dialogue: 0,0:25:47.47,0:25:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,country which is blessed with what we call\Nprosperity, a word we won’t examine Dialogue: 0,0:25:51.88,0:25:59.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,too closely; with a certain kind of \Nsocial coherence, which calls itself a Dialogue: 0,0:25:59.19,0:26:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,civilized nation, and which espouses \Nthe notion of the freedom of the Dialogue: 0,0:26:04.66,0:26:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world. And it is perfectly true from \Nthe point of view now Dialogue: 0,0:26:10.47,0:26:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply of an American Negro. Any American \NNegro watching this, no matter Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.34,0:26:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he is, from the vantage point of \NHarlem, which is another terrible Dialogue: 0,0:26:19.50,0:26:24.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,place, has to say to himself, in spite of \Nwhat the government says Dialogue: 0,0:26:24.49,0:26:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,– the government says we can’t do \Nanything about it – but if those were Dialogue: 0,0:26:29.49,0:26:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,white people being murdered in \NMississippi work farms, being carried Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.96,0:26:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off to jail, if those were white children \Nrunning up and down the streets, Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.78,0:26:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the government would find some \Nway of doing something about it. Dialogue: 0,0:26:41.30,0:26:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a civil rights bill now \Nwhere an amendment, the Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.46,0:26:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fifteenth amendment, nearly a hundred \Nyears ago – I hate to sound again Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.44,0:26:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like an Old Testament prophet – \Nbut if the amendment was not Dialogue: 0,0:26:52.44,0:26:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,honored then, I would have any \Nreason to believe in the civil rights Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.65,0:26:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bill will be honored now. Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.29,0:27:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after all one’s been there, since \Nbefore, you know, a lot of other Dialogue: 0,0:27:02.42,0:27:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people got there. If one has got to \Nprove one’s title to the land, isn’t Dialogue: 0,0:27:10.12,0:27:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four hundred years enough? Four \Nhundred years? At least three wars? Dialogue: 0,0:27:17.04,0:27:20.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The American soil is full of the \Ncorpses of my ancestors. Dialogue: 0,0:27:20.63,0:27:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is my freedom or my citizenship, \Nor my right to live there, how Dialogue: 0,0:27:25.77,0:27:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is it conceivably a question now? \NAnd I suggest further, and in the Dialogue: 0,0:27:31.74,0:27:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,same way, the moral life of Alabama \Nsheriffs and poor Alabama ladies Dialogue: 0,0:27:37.33,0:27:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,– white ladies – their moral lives \Nhave been destroyed by the Dialogue: 0,0:27:41.73,0:27:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plague called color, that the American \Nsense of reality has been corrupted by it. Dialogue: 0,0:27:47.32,0:27:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the risk of sounding excessive, \Nwhat I always felt, when I finally Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.37,0:27:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,left the country, and found myself abroad, \Nin other places, and watched Dialogue: 0,0:27:58.37,0:28:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Americans abroad – and these are \Nmy countrymen – and I do Dialogue: 0,0:28:03.41,0:28:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,care about them, and even if I didn’t, \Nthere is something between us. Dialogue: 0,0:28:08.12,0:28:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the same shorthand, I know, \Nif I look at a boy or a girl from Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.82,0:28:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tennessee, where they came from in \NTennessee, and what that means. Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.16,0:28:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No Englishman knows that. No Frenchmen.\NNo one in the world knows that except Dialogue: 0,0:28:21.96,0:28:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another black man who comes \Nfrom the same place. Dialogue: 0,0:28:25.26,0:28:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One watches these lonely people.\NDenying the only kin they have. Dialogue: 0,0:28:32.85,0:28:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We talk about integration in America\Nas thought it were some great new \N Dialogue: 0,0:28:36.43,0:28:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conundrum. The problem in America\Nis that we have been integrated for Dialogue: 0,0:28:40.62,0:28:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very long time. Put me next to any \NAfrican and you will see what I mean. Dialogue: 0,0:28:46.72,0:28:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My grandmother was not a racist.\NWhat we are not facing ... Dialogue: 0,0:28:54.65,0:28:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the results of what we've done. Dialogue: 0,0:28:58.73,0:29:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What one begs the American people to do\Nfor all our sakes is simply to Dialogue: 0,0:29:04.95,0:29:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accept our history. Dialogue: 0,0:29:07.54,0:29:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was there not only as a slave\Nbut also as a concubine. \N Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.07,0:29:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One knows the power afterall which \Ncan be used against another person Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.79,0:29:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who has absolute power over \Nthat person. Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.87,0:29:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seemed to me when I watched \NAmericans in Europe what they Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.78,0:29:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn’t know about Europeans was \Nwhat they didn’t know about me. Dialogue: 0,0:29:30.86,0:29:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They weren’t trying, for example, to be \Nnasty to the French girl, or Dialogue: 0,0:29:34.54,0:29:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rude to the French waiter. They \Ndidn’t know they hurt their feelings. Dialogue: 0,0:29:39.31,0:29:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn’t have any sense this \Nparticular woman, this particular man, Dialogue: 0,0:29:43.72,0:29:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though they spoke another language \Nand had different manners Dialogue: 0,0:29:46.25,0:29:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ways, was a human being. And \Nthey walked over them, the same kind Dialogue: 0,0:29:51.28,0:29:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of bland ignorance, condescension, \Ncharming and cheerful with which Dialogue: 0,0:29:59.63,0:30:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they’ve always patted me on the head \Nand called me Shine and were upset Dialogue: 0,0:30:03.83,0:30:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I was upset. What is relevant \Nabout this is that whereas forty years ago Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.74,0:30:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I was born, the question of having \Nto deal with what is unspoken Dialogue: 0,0:30:22.55,0:30:28.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the subjugated, what is never said \Nto the master, of ever Dialogue: 0,0:30:28.05,0:30:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having to deal with this reality \Nwas a very remote possibility. Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.46,0:30:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was in no one’s mind. When I was\Ngrowing up, I was taught in Dialogue: 0,0:30:35.40,0:30:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,American history books, that Africa had\Nno history, and neither did I. Dialogue: 0,0:30:39.66,0:30:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That I was a savage about whom the less \Nsaid, the better, who had been Dialogue: 0,0:30:47.90,0:30:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saved by Europe and brought to America. \NAnd, of course, I believed it. Dialogue: 0,0:30:55.59,0:31:01.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn’t have much choice. \NThose were the only books there were. Dialogue: 0,0:31:01.29,0:31:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone else seemed to agree. Dialogue: 0,0:31:05.32,0:31:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you walk out of Harlem, ride out \Nof Harlem, downtown, the world Dialogue: 0,0:31:09.84,0:31:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agrees what you see is much bigger, \Ncleaner, whiter, richer, safer Dialogue: 0,0:31:15.40,0:31:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than where you are. They collect \Nthe garbage. People obviously can Dialogue: 0,0:31:21.62,0:31:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pay their life insurance. Their children \Nlook happy, safe. You’re not. Dialogue: 0,0:31:25.31,0:31:31.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you go back home, and it would \Nseem that, of course, that it’s an act Dialogue: 0,0:31:31.29,0:31:38.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of God that this is true! That you \Nbelong where white people have put you. Dialogue: 0,0:31:38.53,0:31:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is only since the Second World War, \Nthat there’s been a Dialogue: 0,0:31:45.40,0:31:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,counter-image in the world. And that \Nimage did not come about through Dialogue: 0,0:31:48.87,0:31:53.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any legislation or part of any\NAmerican government, but through Dialogue: 0,0:31:53.81,0:32:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fact that Africa was suddenly \Non the stage of the world, and Africans Dialogue: 0,0:32:01.78,0:32:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had to be dealt with in a way they’d \Nnever been dealt with before. Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.20,0:32:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This gave an American Negro for \Nthe first time a sense of himself Dialogue: 0,0:32:09.69,0:32:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond the savage or a clown. It has \Ncreated and will create a great Dialogue: 0,0:32:19.73,0:32:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many conundrums. One of the great \Nthings that the white world Dialogue: 0,0:32:24.81,0:32:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does not know, but I think I do know, \Nis that Black people are just like Dialogue: 0,0:32:29.62,0:32:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everybody else. One has used the \Nmyth of Negro and the myth of color Dialogue: 0,0:32:34.39,0:32:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pretend and to assume that you \Nwere dealing with, essentially, Dialogue: 0,0:32:39.29,0:32:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with something exotic, bizarre, \Nand practically, according to human laws, Dialogue: 0,0:32:43.76,0:32:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unknown. Alas, it is not true. \NWe’re also mercenaries, Dialogue: 0,0:32:49.07,0:32:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dictators, murderers, liars. \NWe are human too. Dialogue: 0,0:32:54.66,0:33:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is crucial here is that unless \Nwe can manage to accept, establish Dialogue: 0,0:33:01.28,0:33:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some kind of dialog between those \Npeople whom I pretend have paid Dialogue: 0,0:33:08.42,0:33:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the American dream and those \Nother people who have not achieved it, Dialogue: 0,0:33:14.79,0:33:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will be in terrible trouble. I want \Nto say, at the end, the last, is that is Dialogue: 0,0:33:23.36,0:33:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is what concerns me most. We are \Nsitting in this room, and we are all, Dialogue: 0,0:33:28.34,0:33:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least I’d like to think we are, \Nrelatively civilized, and we can talk to Dialogue: 0,0:33:32.35,0:33:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each other at least on certain levels \Nso that we could walk out of here Dialogue: 0,0:33:38.72,0:33:43.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assuming that the measure of our \Nenlightenment, or at least, our Dialogue: 0,0:33:43.21,0:33:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,politeness, has some effect on \Nthe world. It may not. Dialogue: 0,0:33:46.66,0:33:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember, for example, when the \Nex Attorney General, Mr. Robert Kennedy, Dialogue: 0,0:33:53.30,0:34:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said that it was conceivable that in \Nforty years, in America, we might have Dialogue: 0,0:34:01.24,0:34:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Negro president. That sounded \Nlike a very emancipated statement, Dialogue: 0,0:34:08.08,0:34:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I suppose, to white people. They were \Nnot in Harlem when this statement Dialogue: 0,0:34:14.01,0:34:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was first heard. And did not hear, \Nand possibly will never hear the laughter Dialogue: 0,0:34:19.65,0:34:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the bitterness, and the scorn \Nwith which this statement was greeted. Dialogue: 0,0:34:22.13,0:34:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the point of view of the man \Nin the Harlem barber shop, Bobby Kennedy Dialogue: 0,0:34:25.86,0:34:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only got here yesterday, and he’s \Nalready on his way to the presidency. Dialogue: 0,0:34:32.51,0:34:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We’ve been here for four hundred \Nyears and now he tells us that maybe Dialogue: 0,0:34:36.84,0:34:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in forty years, if you’re good, \Nwe may let you become president. Dialogue: 0,0:34:42.54,0:34:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is dangerous here is the turning \Naway from – the turning away from Dialogue: 0,0:34:52.92,0:34:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,– anything any white American says. \NThe reason for the political hesitation, Dialogue: 0,0:34:59.50,0:35:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in spite of the Johnson landslide is \Nthat one has been betrayed by American Dialogue: 0,0:35:03.69,0:35:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,politicians for so long. And I am a \Ngrown man and perhaps I can be Dialogue: 0,0:35:08.71,0:35:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reasoned with. I certainly hope I can be. \NBut I don’t know, and neither does Dialogue: 0,0:35:16.77,0:35:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Martin Luther King, none of us know \Nhow to deal with those other people Dialogue: 0,0:35:21.25,0:35:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whom the white world has so long \Nignored, who don’t believe anything Dialogue: 0,0:35:24.19,0:35:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the white world says and don’t entirely \Nbelieve anything I or Martin is saying. Dialogue: 0,0:35:30.69,0:35:34.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one can’t blame them. You watch \Nwhat has happened to them in less than Dialogue: 0,0:35:34.89,0:35:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,twenty years. It seems to me that the\NCity of New York, for example- this is Dialogue: 0,0:35:42.25,0:35:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my last point – It’s had Negroes\Nin it for a very long time. Dialogue: 0,0:35:49.74,0:35:55.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the city of New York were able, as it \Nhas indeed been able, in the last fifteen Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.89,0:36:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,years to reconstruct itself, tear down \Nbuildings and raise great new ones, Dialogue: 0,0:36:01.03,0:36:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,downtown and for money, and has \Ndone nothing whatever except build Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.83,0:36:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,housing projects in the ghetto for the \NNegroes. And of course, Negroes hate it. Dialogue: 0,0:36:15.30,0:36:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Presently the property does indeed \Ndeteriorate because the children Dialogue: 0,0:36:18.84,0:36:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot bear it. They want to get out \Nof the ghetto. If the American pretensions Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.94,0:36:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were based on more solid, a more \Nhonest assessment of life and of Dialogue: 0,0:36:33.62,0:36:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,themselves, it would not mean for Negroes \Nwhen someone says “Urban Renewal,” Dialogue: 0,0:36:39.09,0:36:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Negroes can simply be thrown\Nout into the streets. Dialogue: 0,0:36:41.86,0:36:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is just what it does mean now. \NThis is not an act of God. We’re Dialogue: 0,0:36:45.34,0:36:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dealing with a society made and ruled \Nby men. Had the American Negro had not Dialogue: 0,0:36:52.49,0:36:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been present in America, I am convinced \Nthe history of the American labor Dialogue: 0,0:36:56.40,0:36:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,movement would be much \Nmore edifying than it is. Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.18,0:37:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a terrible thing for an entire \Npeople to surrender to the notion Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.78,0:37:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that one-ninth of its population is \Nbeneath them. And until that moment, Dialogue: 0,0:37:12.06,0:37:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the moment comes when we, the \NAmericans, we, the American people, Dialogue: 0,0:37:18.28,0:37:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are able to accept the fact, that I have \Nto accept, for example, that my ancestors Dialogue: 0,0:37:23.30,0:37:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are both White and Black. That on that \Ncontinent we are trying to forge a new Dialogue: 0,0:37:28.62,0:37:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,identity for which we need each other \Nand that I am not a ward of America. Dialogue: 0,0:37:34.81,0:37:40.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am not an object of missionary\Ncharity. I am one of the people who built Dialogue: 0,0:37:40.51,0:37:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the country–until this moment, there is \Nscarcely any hope for the American dream, Dialogue: 0,0:37:46.77,0:37:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the people who are denied \Nparticipation in it, by their very Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.50,0:37:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,presence, will wreck it. And if that \Nhappens, it is a very grave moment for Dialogue: 0,0:37:59.88,0:38:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the West. Thank you. Dialogue: 0,0:38:00.90,0:38:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[standing ovation, loud applause] Dialogue: 0,0:38:22.27,0:38:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Members. Moving moment now.\NThe whole of the union standing and\N Dialogue: 0,0:38:28.72,0:38:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,applauding this magnificent speech of\NJames Baldwin. Never seen this happen Dialogue: 0,0:38:34.94,0:38:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before in the union in all the years\Nthat I have known it. Baldwin smiling, Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.02,0:38:46.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obviously delighted by his reception,\Ntremendously moved by it. Dialogue: 0,0:38:46.49,0:39:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[applause] Dialogue: 0,0:39:05.10,0:39:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,President: I am now very grateful \Nand very pleased to be Dialogue: 0,0:39:07.78,0:39:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to call Mr. William F Buckley Jr. to \Nspeak forth to this motion. Dialogue: 0,0:39:11.24,0:39:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[applause] Dialogue: 0,0:39:20.38,0:39:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Now we have Mr. William \NBuckley, who will need all his skill to Dialogue: 0,0:39:24.13,0:39:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,establish ascendancy over his audience, \Nwhich has clearly been so deeply Dialogue: 0,0:39:27.86,0:39:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moved by the eloquence and personal \Nexperience of the preceding speaker. Dialogue: 0,0:39:31.56,0:39:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,William Buckley: Thank you Mr. President, \NBaldwin, Heycock, Burford, gentlemen. Dialogue: 0,0:39:39.39,0:39:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems to me that of all the indictments\NMr. Baldwin has made of America\N Dialogue: 0,0:39:47.40,0:39:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here tonight and in his copious literature\Nof protest, the one that is of most Dialogue: 0,0:39:58.89,0:40:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,striking, involves in effect, the refusal\Nof the American community to treat Dialogue: 0,0:40:11.51,0:40:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,him other than as a negro. The \NAmerican community has refused to Dialogue: 0,0:40:19.65,0:40:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do this. The American community\Nalmost everywhere he goes treats Dialogue: 0,0:40:27.53,0:40:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,him with a kind of unction, of\Na kind of satisfaction at posturing Dialogue: 0,0:40:36.06,0:40:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carefully for his flagellation of \Nour civilization. That indeed, our Dialogue: 0,0:40:44.65,0:40:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,white populi commands the contempt\Nwhich he so eloquently showers upon us. Dialogue: 0,0:40:52.10,0:40:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is impossible in my judgment to deal\Nwith the indictment of Mr. Baldwin Dialogue: 0,0:40:57.96,0:41:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless one is prepared to deal with him as\Na white man. Unless one is prepared to Dialogue: 0,0:41:03.49,0:41:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say to him the fact that your skin is \Nblack is utterly irrelevant to the Dialogue: 0,0:41:08.42,0:41:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arguments that you raised or the \Nfact that you sit here as is your Dialogue: 0,0:41:14.30,0:41:20.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rhetorical devise and lay the entire\Nwaves of the negro ordeal on your Dialogue: 0,0:41:20.37,0:41:26.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,own shoulders is irrelevant to the\Nargument that we are here to discuss. Dialogue: 0,0:41:29.07,0:41:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bravanmon of Mr. Baldwin's charges \Nagainst America are not so much that our Dialogue: 0,0:41:36.30,0:41:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,civilization has failed him or/and his \Npeople. That our ideals are Dialogue: 0,0:41:41.74,0:41:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,insufficient or that we have no \Nideals. That our ideals are rather Dialogue: 0,0:41:48.77,0:41:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some sort of a superficial coating\Nof which we come up with at any Dialogue: 0,0:41:54.37,0:41:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,given moment in order to justify\Nour whatever commercial and Dialogue: 0,0:41:58.76,0:42:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agnoxious experiment we are engaged\Nin. Of us, Mr. Baldwin can write his Dialogue: 0,0:42:04.44,0:42:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,book "The Fire Next Time," in which\Nhe threatens America. He didn't Dialogue: 0,0:42:10.38,0:42:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in writing that book speak with a\NBritish accent that he used Dialogue: 0,0:42:14.19,0:42:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exclusively tonight, in which he \Nthreatened America with a Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.70,0:42:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,necessity for us to jettison...\Nfor us to jettison our entire Dialogue: 0,0:42:27.43,0:42:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,civilization, the only thing that the\Nwhite man has that the negro should Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.00,0:42:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,want, he said is power. Dialogue: 0,0:42:36.52,0:42:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he is treated from coast to coast of \Nthe United States with a kind of unctuous Dialogue: 0,0:42:42.06,0:42:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Narrator speaking over him: inaudible] Dialogue: 0,0:42:46.66,0:42:49.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... that goes beyond anything that was\Never expected from some of the most Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.85,0:42:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,servile negro creature by a southern\Nfamily. I propose to pay him the honor Dialogue: 0,0:42:54.10,0:43:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this night of saying to him, Mr. Baldwin,\NI am going to speak to you without any Dialogue: 0,0:43:00.71,0:43:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reference whatever to those surrounding\Nprotections which you are used to Dialogue: 0,0:43:08.04,0:43:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in virtue of the fact that you are a\Nnegro. Here we need to ask the question, Dialogue: 0,0:43:12.67,0:43:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what in fact shall we do about it,\NMr. President? What shall we in America Dialogue: 0,0:43:17.13,0:43:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,try to do? For instance, to eliminate \Nthose psychic humiliations which I join Dialogue: 0,0:43:25.32,0:43:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. Baldwin in believing are the very\Nworst aspects of this discrimination. Dialogue: 0,0:43:30.05,0:43:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You found it a source of considerable\Nmerth to laugh away these statistics Dialogue: 0,0:43:35.34,0:43:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of my colleague, Mr. Burford. I don't \Nthink they are insignificant. They Dialogue: 0,0:43:39.82,0:43:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certainly are not insignificant in a world\Nwhich attaches a considerable importance Dialogue: 0,0:43:45.01,0:43:53.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to material progress. It is in fact the case\Nthat seven-tenths of the white income Dialogue: 0,0:43:53.25,0:43:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the United States is equal to the \Nincome that is made by the average Dialogue: 0,0:43:57.36,0:44:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,negro. I don't think this is an irrelevant \Nstatistic, ladies and gentleman. It takes Dialogue: 0,0:44:02.86,0:44:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the capitalization of fifteen, sixteen,\Nseventeen thousand dollars per job in the Dialogue: 0,0:44:06.80,0:44:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,United States. This is capitalization that\Nwas not created exclusively as a result Dialogue: 0,0:44:12.39,0:44:17.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of negro travail. My great grand parents\Nworked too, presumably yours worked Dialogue: 0,0:44:17.66,0:44:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also. I don't know of anything that has \Never been created without the expense Dialogue: 0,0:44:21.34,0:44:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of something. All of you who hope for a\Ndiploma here are going to do that at the Dialogue: 0,0:44:25.53,0:44:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expense of a considerable amount of \Neffort. And I would thank you to please Dialogue: 0,0:44:30.11,0:44:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to deny the fact that a considerable\Namount of effort went into the production Dialogue: 0,0:44:35.13,0:44:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a system which grants a greater degree\Nof material well being to the American Dialogue: 0,0:44:40.03,0:44:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,negro. Other than that, that is enjoyed\Nby 95% of the other peoples' of the human Dialogue: 0,0:44:44.13,0:44:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,race. But even so, to the extent that \Nyour withering laughter suggested that Dialogue: 0,0:44:51.40,0:44:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you found this a contemptible \Nobservation.I agree. I don't think it Dialogue: 0,0:44:56.97,0:45:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,matters that there are thirty-five \Nmillionaires among the negro community Dialogue: 0,0:45:01.53,0:45:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if there were thirty-five, if there were \Ntwenty million millionaires among Dialogue: 0,0:45:05.78,0:45:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the negro community of the United States,\NI would still agree with you that we Dialogue: 0,0:45:10.28,0:45:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a dastardly situation. But I am \Nasking you not to make politics as Dialogue: 0,0:45:16.93,0:45:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the crow flies, to use the fleeted phrase \Nof Professor Oakshock. Rather consider Dialogue: 0,0:45:22.51,0:45:26.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what in fact is that we Americans ought \Nto do? What are your instructions that Dialogue: 0,0:45:26.93,0:45:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am to take back to the United States\Nmy friend? I want to know what it is Dialogue: 0,0:45:31.23,0:45:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we should do and especially, I want \Nto know whether it is time in fact Dialogue: 0,0:45:37.28,0:45:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to abandon the American Dream as it \Nhas been defined by Mr. Heycock and Dialogue: 0,0:45:41.04,0:45:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. Burford. What in fact is it we\Nought to do; for instance, to avoid Dialogue: 0,0:45:48.19,0:45:55.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two humiliations mentioned by Mr. Baldwin \Nas being a part of his own experience Dialogue: 0,0:45:55.21,0:46:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during his lifetime. At the age of twelve,\Nyou will find on reading his book, Dialogue: 0,0:46:00.87,0:46:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he trespassed outside the ghetto of \NHarlem and was taken by the scruff of the Dialogue: 0,0:46:06.92,0:46:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neck by a policeman on forty-second \Nstreet, Madison Avenue and said, "Here, Dialogue: 0,0:46:11.14,0:46:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you nigger, go back to where you belong.\N"Fifteen, twenty years later he goes in Dialogue: 0,0:46:17.45,0:46:24.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and asks for a scotch whiskey at the \Nairport at Chicago and is told by the Dialogue: 0,0:46:24.47,0:46:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,white woman that he is obviously under-age\Nand under the circumstances, can't be \N Dialogue: 0,0:46:30.33,0:46:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,served. I know. I know from your faces \Nthat you share with me the feeling of Dialogue: 0,0:46:35.02,0:46:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compassion and the feeling of outraged\Nthat this kind of thing should have Dialogue: 0,0:46:39.90,0:46:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happened. What in fact are we going to \Ndo to this policeman and what in fact are Dialogue: 0,0:46:44.18,0:46:52.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we going to do to this barman? How are we \Ngoing to avoid the kind of humiliations Dialogue: 0,0:46:52.13,0:46:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are perpetually visited on members\Nof the minority race. Obviously, the first Dialogue: 0,0:46:58.41,0:47:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,element is concern. We've got to\Ncare that it happens. We've got to Dialogue: 0,0:47:03.95,0:47:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do what we can to change the warp\Nand woof of moral thought in society Dialogue: 0,0:47:09.39,0:47:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in such fashion as to try to make it \Nhappen less and less. Let me urge this Dialogue: 0,0:47:15.93,0:47:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,point to you which I can do with \Nauthority, my friends. The only thing that Dialogue: 0,0:47:19.95,0:47:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can tonight, and that is to tell you \Nthat in the United States there is a Dialogue: 0,0:47:25.83,0:47:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concern for the negro problem. Now\Nif you get up to me and Dialogue: 0,0:47:28.74,0:47:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say- [laughter] Dialogue: 0,0:47:32.85,0:47:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you get up to me and say, \N"Well is there now the kind of Dialogue: 0,0:47:36.56,0:47:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concern that we, students of Cambridge, \Nwould show if the problem were our Dialogue: 0,0:47:40.92,0:47:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,own?" All I can say is I don't know. \NIt may very well be that there has Dialogue: 0,0:47:47.04,0:47:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been some sort of a sunburst of \Nmoral enlightenment that has hit this Dialogue: 0,0:47:54.60,0:47:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,community so as to make it predictable \Nthat if you were the Dialogue: 0,0:47:57.68,0:48:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,governors of the United States,\Nthe situation would change overnight. Dialogue: 0,0:48:01.22,0:48:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am prepared to grant this as a \Nform of courtesy, Mr. President, but Dialogue: 0,0:48:07.72,0:48:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meanwhile, I am saying to you that the \Nengines of concern in the United States Dialogue: 0,0:48:13.79,0:48:19.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are working. The presence of Mr. Baldwin \Nhere tonight is in part a reflection of Dialogue: 0,0:48:19.100,0:48:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that concern. [audience members \Nyells out] You cannot go to a Dialogue: 0,0:48:24.40,0:48:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,university in the United States, a \Nuniversity in the United States presumably Dialogue: 0,0:48:29.35,0:48:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also governed by the lord spiritual as \Nyou are, in which Mr. Baldwin is not the Dialogue: 0,0:48:34.98,0:48:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,toast of the town. You cannot go to a \Nuniversity of the United States in which Dialogue: 0,0:48:40.19,0:48:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,practically all other problems of public\Npreempted by the primary policy of concern Dialogue: 0,0:48:46.12,0:48:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the negro. I challenge you to name\Nanother civilization any time Dialogue: 0,0:48:50.77,0:48:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anywhere in the history of the world \Nin which the problems of the minority, Dialogue: 0,0:48:55.47,0:49:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which have been showing considerable\Nmaterial and political advancement is as Dialogue: 0,0:49:00.57,0:49:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much a subject of dramatic concern as it \Nis in the United States, but let me just Dialogue: 0,0:49:06.48,0:49:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say finally, ladies and gentlemen, this. \NThere is no instant cure for the race Dialogue: 0,0:49:15.52,0:49:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problem in America and anybody who tells\Nthere is, is a charlatan and a boring man Dialogue: 0,0:49:21.76,0:49:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Boring precisely because he is then\Nspeaking the kind of abstractions that Dialogue: 0,0:49:27.74,0:49:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do not relate to the human experience.\NThe trouble in America where the negro Dialogue: 0,0:49:33.43,0:49:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,community is concerned is a very\Ncomplicated one. I urge those of you Dialogue: 0,0:49:38.71,0:49:44.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have an actual rather than a \Npurely ideologized interest in the Dialogue: 0,0:49:44.43,0:49:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problem to read the book "Beyond\Nthe Melting Pot" by Professor Glazer, Dialogue: 0,0:49:50.51,0:49:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also co-author of the "The Lonely Proud"\Na prominent Jewish intellectual who Dialogue: 0,0:49:56.83,0:50:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,points at the fact that the situation in\NAmerica where the negros are concerned Dialogue: 0,0:50:02.16,0:50:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is extremely complex as the result of an\Nunfortunate conjunction of two factors. Dialogue: 0,0:50:08.62,0:50:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is the dreadful efforts to perpetuate\Ndiscrimination by many individual American Dialogue: 0,0:50:15.93,0:50:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,citizens as a result of their lack of that\Nfinal and ultimate concern which some Dialogue: 0,0:50:21.91,0:50:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people truly find agitate the other or is\Nas a result of a failure of the negro Dialogue: 0,0:50:27.32,0:50:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,community itself to make certain exertions\Nwhich were made by other minority groups Dialogue: 0,0:50:35.03,0:50:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the American experience. If you can\Nstand a statistic not of my own making, Dialogue: 0,0:50:40.43,0:50:45.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let me give you one which Professor \NGlazer considers as relevant. He says Dialogue: 0,0:50:45.51,0:50:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for instance, in 1900 there were thirty-\Nfive hundred negro doctors in America. In Dialogue: 0,0:50:51.75,0:50:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1960, there were thirty-nine hundred. An \Nincrease in four hundred. Is this because Dialogue: 0,0:50:57.20,0:51:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were no opportunities, as has been \Nsuggested by Mr. Heycock and also by Dialogue: 0,0:51:02.16,0:51:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. Baldwin implicitly. "No," says\NProfessor Glazer. There are a great many Dialogue: 0,0:51:07.32,0:51:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,medical schools who by no means practice \Ndiscrimination, who are anxious to recieve Dialogue: 0,0:51:13.30,0:51:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the trained negro doctors. There are \Nscholarships available to put them Dialogue: 0,0:51:17.07,0:51:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through, but in fact that particular \Nenergy which he remarks was so noticeable Dialogue: 0,0:51:21.91,0:51:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Jewish community and to a certain \Nand lesser extent in the Italian and Dialogue: 0,0:51:25.90,0:51:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Irish community for some reason is \Nnot there. We should focus on the Dialogue: 0,0:51:31.59,0:51:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,necessity to animate this particular \Nenergy, but he comes to the conclusion Dialogue: 0,0:51:36.09,0:51:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which strikes me as plausible. The people \Nwho can best do it most effectively Dialogue: 0,0:51:39.72,0:51:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are negros themselves. Let me conclude\Nby reminding you, ladies and gentlemen Dialogue: 0,0:51:45.92,0:51:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that where the negro is concerned, the \Ndangers are as far as I can see in this Dialogue: 0,0:51:52.58,0:51:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moment is that they will seek to\Nreach out for some sort of radical Dialogue: 0,0:51:57.88,0:52:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solutions on the basis of which the true \Nproblem is obscured. They have done a Dialogue: 0,0:52:04.73,0:52:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,great deal to focus on the fact of white \Ndiscrimination against negros. They have Dialogue: 0,0:52:10.17,0:52:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,done a great deal to agitate a moral \Nconcern, but where in fact do they go Dialogue: 0,0:52:15.69,0:52:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now? They seem to be slipping, if you read\Ncarefully for instance the words of Mr. Dialogue: 0,0:52:21.04,0:52:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bayard Rustin, toward some sort of a \Nprocrustean formulation which ends up Dialogue: 0,0:52:28.14,0:52:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less urging the advancement of the negro\Nthan the regression of the white people. Dialogue: 0,0:52:32.85,0:52:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fourteen times as many people in New\NYork City born of negros are illegitimate Dialogue: 0,0:52:38.36,0:52:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as of whites. This is a problem. How\Nshould we address it? By seeking out laws Dialogue: 0,0:52:43.69,0:52:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that encourage illegitimacy in white \Npeople? This unfortunately tends to be\N Dialogue: 0,0:52:49.19,0:52:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rhetorical momentum of some of the \Narguments are taking. Audience member:\N Dialogue: 0,0:52:52.86,0:52:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing you might do Mr. Buckley is let\Nthem vote in Mississippi. [applause] Dialogue: 0,0:52:57.12,0:53:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Buckley: I couldn't agree with you more\Nand for, except, lest I appear too Dialogue: 0,0:53:07.24,0:53:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ingratiating which is hardly my objective\Nhere tonight. I think actually what is Dialogue: 0,0:53:12.45,0:53:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wrong in Mississippi, sir, is not that not\Nenough negros are voting but there are Dialogue: 0,0:53:16.75,0:53:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,too many white people are voting. Dialogue: 0,0:53:18.66,0:53:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[laughter] Dialogue: 0,0:53:25.66,0:53:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Booker T. Washington said, "That the\Nimportant thing where negros are Dialogue: 0,0:53:33.32,0:53:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concerned is not that they hold\Npublic office, but they be prepared Dialogue: 0,0:53:37.99,0:53:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hold public office. Not that they vote,\Nbut that they be prepared to vote. Dialogue: 0,0:53:42.42,0:53:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we going to do with the\Nnegros having taught the negros Dialogue: 0,0:53:44.90,0:53:49.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Mississippi to despise Barnett, \NRoss Barnett, shall we then teach Dialogue: 0,0:53:49.93,0:53:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them to emulate their cousins \Nin Harlem and adore Adam Dialogue: 0,0:53:53.72,0:53:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clayton Powell Jr.? It is much more\Ncomplicated, sir, then simply the Dialogue: 0,0:53:58.54,0:54:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,question of giving them the vote.\NIf I were myself a constituent of the Dialogue: 0,0:54:02.83,0:54:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,community of Mississippi at this moment,\Nwhat I would do is vote to lift the Dialogue: 0,0:54:06.81,0:54:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,standards of the vote so as to disqualify \Nsixty-five percent of the white people who Dialogue: 0,0:54:12.12,0:54:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are presently voting, not simply... Dialogue: 0,0:54:14.44,0:54:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[applause] Dialogue: 0,0:54:19.78,0:54:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I say then what we need is a considerable\Namount of frankness that acknowledges Dialogue: 0,0:54:26.37,0:54:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are two sets of difficulties, \Nthe difficulties of the white person who Dialogue: 0,0:54:31.62,0:54:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,acts as white people, as brown people\Nand black people do all over the world to Dialogue: 0,0:54:38.12,0:54:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protect their own vested interests, who\Nhave as all the races in the entire world Dialogue: 0,0:54:42.71,0:54:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have and suffer from a kind of racial \Nnarcissism which tends always to Dialogue: 0,0:54:50.35,0:54:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,convert every contingency in such a way\Nto maximize their own power. That yes Dialogue: 0,0:54:55.14,0:55:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we must do, but we must also reach \Nthrough to the negro people and tell them Dialogue: 0,0:55:00.62,0:55:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that their best chances are in a mobile \Nsociety and the most mobile society Dialogue: 0,0:55:05.98,0:55:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the world today, my friends, is the \NUnited States of America. The most Dialogue: 0,0:55:11.05,0:55:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mobile society in the world is the \NUnited States of America, and it is \N Dialogue: 0,0:55:14.72,0:55:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,precisely that mobility which will give\Nopportunities to the negros which Dialogue: 0,0:55:19.82,0:55:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they must be encouraged to take, but\Nthey must not in the course of their Dialogue: 0,0:55:24.78,0:55:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ordeal be encouraged to adopt the kind\Nof cynicism, the kind of despair, the kind Dialogue: 0,0:55:32.24,0:55:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of iconoclasm that is urged upon them\Nby Mr. Baldwin in his recent works because Dialogue: 0,0:55:38.27,0:55:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one thing I can tell you, I believe with \Nabsolute authority that where the Dialogue: 0,0:55:44.52,0:55:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,United States is concerned, if it ever\Nbecomes a confrontation between a Dialogue: 0,0:55:50.65,0:55:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continuation of our own sort of idealism,\Nthe private start of, which granted like Dialogue: 0,0:55:58.81,0:56:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most people in the world, we tend to \Nlavish only every now and then on Dialogue: 0,0:56:02.28,0:56:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,public enterprises reserving it so often\Nfor our own irritations and pleasures, Dialogue: 0,0:56:06.69,0:56:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the fundamental friend of the negro\Npeople in the United States, is the good Dialogue: 0,0:56:13.76,0:56:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nature and is the generosity and is the\Ngood wishes, is the decency, the Dialogue: 0,0:56:21.00,0:56:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fundamental decency that do lie at the \Npreserves of the spirit of the American Dialogue: 0,0:56:26.91,0:56:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people. These must not be laughed at \Nand under no circumstances must they Dialogue: 0,0:56:31.73,0:56:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be laughed at and under no circumstances\Nmust America be addressed and told that Dialogue: 0,0:56:36.72,0:56:42.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the only alternative to the status \Nquo is to overthrow that civilization Dialogue: 0,0:56:42.09,0:56:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we consider to be the faith\Nof our fathers, the faith indeed of Dialogue: 0,0:56:47.07,0:56:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your fathers. This is what must\Nanimate whatever meliorism that must Dialogue: 0,0:56:52.44,0:56:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come because if it does finally come to \Nconfrontation, a radical confrontation, Dialogue: 0,0:56:58.32,0:57:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between giving up what we understand\Nto be the best features of the American Dialogue: 0,0:57:02.99,0:57:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way of life, which at that level is \Nindistinguishable as far as I can see Dialogue: 0,0:57:06.98,0:57:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the European way of life, then\Nwe will fight the issue and we will Dialogue: 0,0:57:11.32,0:57:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fight the issue not only in the Cambridge\NUnion, but we will fight it as you were Dialogue: 0,0:57:15.56,0:57:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once recently called to do on beaches\Nand on hills and on mountains and Dialogue: 0,0:57:19.88,0:57:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on landing grounds and we will be \Nconvinced that just as you won the Dialogue: 0,0:57:24.66,0:57:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,war against a particular threat to\Ncivilization, you were nevertheless Dialogue: 0,0:57:31.13,0:57:36.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waging a war in favor of and for \Nthe benefit of Germans, your own Dialogue: 0,0:57:36.19,0:57:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enemies, just as we are convinced that if \Nit should ever come to that kind of a Dialogue: 0,0:57:40.55,0:57:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,confrontation, our own determination \Nto win the struggle will be a Dialogue: 0,0:57:45.28,0:57:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,determination to wage a war not only for \Nwhites but also for negros. Dialogue: 0,0:57:49.31,0:58:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[long applause] Dialogue: 0,0:58:20.89,0:58:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,President: Will the tellers take \Ntheir places please. Voted in favor of the Dialogue: 0,0:58:26.45,0:58:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,motion, the motion being the American\NDream at the expense of the Dialogue: 0,0:58:29.72,0:58:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,negro voted in favor of that motion \Nfive-hundred and-forty-four persons Dialogue: 0,0:58:33.99,0:58:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and against, one hundred-and-sixty-four \Npersons. The motion is Dialogue: 0,0:58:37.21,0:58:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,therefore carried by three-hundred-eighty\Nvotes and I declare the house Dialogue: 0,0:58:40.37,0:58:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stand adjourned. [applause]