[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.00,0:00:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you've heard of your IQ,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.58,0:00:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your general intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.02,0:00:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what's your Psy-Q?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.56,0:00:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much do you know\Nabout what makes you tick,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.75,0:00:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how good are you\Nat predicting other peoples' behavior
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.52,0:00:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even your own?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.27,0:00:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how much about what you think\Nyou know about psychology is wrong?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.58,0:00:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's find out by counting down\Nthe top 10 myths of psychology.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.18,0:00:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you've probably heard it said\Nthat when it comes to their psychology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.34,0:00:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,man and women are very different.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.55,0:00:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's almost as if men are from Mars\Nand women are from Venus.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.56,0:00:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how different\Nare men and women really?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.57,0:00:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to find out, let's start by looking\Nat something on which men and women
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.18,0:00:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really do differ
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.46,0:00:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and plotting some psychological\Ngender differences on the same scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.80,0:00:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one thing that men and women
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.27,0:00:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do really differ on is how far\Nthey can throw a ball.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.76,0:00:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we look at the data for men here,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.64,0:00:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see what is called\Na normal distribution curve.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.98,0:00:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few men can throw a ball really far,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.88,0:00:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a few men not far at all,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.36,0:01:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most a kind of average distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.10,0:01:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And women share\Nthe same distribution as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.29,0:01:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually there's\Nquite a big difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.48,0:01:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the average man\Ncan throw a ball further
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.78,0:01:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than about 98 percent of all women.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.52,0:01:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now let's look at what\Nsome psychological gender differences
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.50,0:01:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look like on the same standardized scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.86,0:01:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So any psychologist will tell you\Nthat men are better
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.67,0:01:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at spacial awareness than women,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.34,0:01:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so things like map-reading, for example,\Nand it's true,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.04,0:01:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let's have a look\Nat the size of this difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.55,0:01:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's tiny: the lines are so close together\Nthat they almost overlap.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.70,0:01:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the average woman is better\Nthan 33 percent of all men,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.42,0:01:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course, if that was 50 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.53,0:01:34.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the two genders\Nwould be exactly equal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.93,0:01:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's worth bearing in mind that this and\Nthe next difference I'm going to show you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.76,0:01:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are pretty much the biggest\Npsychological gender differences
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.54,0:01:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ever discovered in psychology.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.05,0:01:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the next one.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.29,0:01:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any psychologist will tell you\Nthat women are better
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.78,0:01:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with language and grammar than men.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.50,0:01:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's performance\Non the standardized grammar test.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.12,0:01:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There go the women. There go to the men.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.10,0:01:56.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, yes, women are better on average,\Nbut the lines are so close
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.29,0:01:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that 33 percent of men
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.58,0:02:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are better than the average woman,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.38,0:02:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and again, if it was 50 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.14,0:02:04.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would represent\Ncomplete gender equality.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.83,0:02:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not really\Na case of Mars and Venus.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.17,0:02:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's more a case of, if anything,\NMars and Snickers:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.71,0:02:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically the same, but, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.38,0:02:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one's maybe slightly\Nnuttier than the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.23,0:02:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I won't say which.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.24,0:02:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right. Now we've got you warmed up.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.92,0:02:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's psychoanalyze you using\Nthe famous Rorschach inkblot test.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.23,0:02:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can probably see, I don't know,\Ntwo bears or two people or something.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.94,0:02:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what do you think they're doing?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.76,0:02:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Put your hand up if you think\Nthey're saying hello.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.06,0:02:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not many people. Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.38,0:02:33.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Put your hands up if you think\Nthey are high-fiving.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.100,0:02:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. What if you think they're fighting?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.69,0:02:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only a few people there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.92,0:02:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so if you think they're\Nsaying hello or high-fiving,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.67,0:02:42.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then that means you're a friendly person.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.63,0:02:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think they're fighting,\Nthat means you're a bit more
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.40,0:02:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a nasty, aggressive person.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.89,0:02:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are you a lover or a fighter, basically.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.94,0:02:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about this one?\NThis isn't really a voting one,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.42,0:02:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so on three, everyone\Nshout out what you see.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.54,0:02:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, two, three.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.06,0:02:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audience shouting)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.03,0:02:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I heard hamster. Who said hamster?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.97,0:03:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was very worrying.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.51,0:03:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A guy there said hamster.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.23,0:03:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you should see\Nsome kind of two-legged animal here,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.23,0:03:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the mirror image of them there.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.52,0:03:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you didn't, then this means\Nthat you have difficulty
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.51,0:03:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,processing complex situations
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.39,0:03:14.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where there's a lot going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.37,0:03:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Except, of course,\Nit doesn't mean that at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.76,0:03:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rorschach inkblot tests\Nhave basically no validity
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.28,0:03:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to diagnosing\Npeople's personality
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.70,0:03:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are not used\Nby modern-day psychologists.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.34,0:03:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, one recent study found
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.26,0:03:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when you do try\Nto diagnose people's personality
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.89,0:03:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using Rorschach inkblot tests,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.81,0:03:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,schizophrenia was diagnosed
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.58,0:03:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in about one sixth of apparently\Nperfectly normal participants.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.95,0:03:39.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you didn't do that well on this,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.53,0:03:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe you are not\Na very visual type of person.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.95,0:03:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's do another\Nquick quiz to find out.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.96,0:03:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When making a cake, do you prefer to
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.41,0:03:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- so hands up for each one again -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.18,0:03:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you prefer to use\Na recipe book with pictures?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.66,0:03:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, a few people.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.80,0:03:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have a friend talk you through?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.35,0:03:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or have a go, making it up\Nas you go along?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.81,0:04:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quite a few people there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.18,0:04:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so if you said a,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.93,0:04:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then this means\Nthat you are a visual learner
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.09,0:04:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you learn best when information
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.82,0:04:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is presented in a visual style.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.57,0:04:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you said b, it means\Nyou're an auditory learner,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.05,0:04:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you learn best when information\Nis presented to you in an auditory format,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.86,0:04:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you said c,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.97,0:04:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means that you're\Na kinesthetic learner,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.97,0:04:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you learn best when you get stuck in
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.98,0:04:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do things with your hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.45,0:04:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Except, of course,\Nas you've probably guessed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.71,0:04:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it doesn't, because\Nthe whole thing is a complete myth.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.63,0:04:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Learning styles are made up
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.01,0:04:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are not supported\Nby scientific evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.28,0:04:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we know this because in\Ntightly controlled experimental studies,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.60,0:04:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when learners are given material to learn
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.77,0:04:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either in their preferred style\Nor an opposite style,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.40,0:04:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes no difference at all
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.86,0:04:41.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the amount of information\Nthat they retain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.09,0:04:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you think about it\Nfor just a second,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.20,0:04:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just obvious\Nthat this has to be true.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.29,0:04:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's obvious that\Nthe best presentation format
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.48,0:04:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depends not on you,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.33,0:04:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but on what you're trying to learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.16,0:04:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could you learn to drive a car,\Nfor example,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.29,0:04:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by listening to someone\Ntelling you what to do
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.74,0:04:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with no kinesthetic experience?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.28,0:04:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could you solve simultaneous equations
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.20,0:05:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by talking them through in your head\Nand without writing them down?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.43,0:05:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could you revise\Nfor your architecture exams
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.51,0:05:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using interpretive dance\Nif you're a kinesthetic learner?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.21,0:05:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No. What you need to do is match
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.92,0:05:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the material to be learned\Nto the presentation format,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.54,0:05:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.64,0:05:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I know many of you\Nare A-level students
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.67,0:05:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will have recently gotten\Nyour GCSE results.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.99,0:05:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you didn't quite get\Nwhat you were hoping for,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.49,0:05:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you can't really blame\Nyour learning style,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.78,0:05:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one thing that you might want\Nto think about blaming is your genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.50,0:05:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what this is all about
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.86,0:05:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a recent study\Nat University College London
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.32,0:05:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found that 58 percent of the variation
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.49,0:05:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between different students\Nand their GCSE results
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.70,0:05:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was down to genetic factors.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.66,0:05:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that sounds a very precise figure,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.71,0:05:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so how can we tell?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.15,0:05:44.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, when we want to unpack\Nthe relative contributions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.28,0:05:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of genes and the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.23,0:05:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we can do is do a twin study.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.49,0:05:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So identical twins share 100 percent\Nof their environment
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.14,0:05:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 100 percent of their genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.15,0:05:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas non-identical twins\Nshare 100 percent of their environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.43,0:05:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just like any brother and sister,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.20,0:06:00.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,share only 50 percent of their genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.99,0:06:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So by comparing how similar GCSE\Nresults are in identical twins
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.67,0:06:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus non-identical twins,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.19,0:06:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and doing some clever math,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.80,0:06:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can an idea of how much variation\Nand performance is due to the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.76,0:06:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how much is due to genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.67,0:06:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turns out that it's about\N58 percent due to genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.90,0:06:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this isn't to undermine the hard work\Nthat you and your teachers here put in.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.57,0:06:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you didn't quite get the GCSE results\Nthat you were hoping for,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.66,0:06:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you can always try blaming\Nyour parents, or at least their genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.40,0:06:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing that you shouldn't blame
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.34,0:06:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is being a left brained\Nor right brained learner,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.97,0:06:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because again, this is a myth.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.75,0:06:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the myth here\Nis that the left brain is logical,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.20,0:06:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's good with equations like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.06,0:06:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the right brain is more creative,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.85,0:06:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the right brain is better at music.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.70,0:06:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But again, this is a myth\Nbecause nearly everything that you do
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.68,0:06:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involves nearly all parts\Nof your brain talking together,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.40,0:06:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even just the most mundane thing\Nlike having a normal conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.10,0:06:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, perhaps one reason\Nwhy this myth has survived
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.04,0:07:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that there is\Na slight grain of truth to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.27,0:07:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a related version of the myth
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.25,0:07:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that left-handed people are more\Ncreative than right-handed people,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.53,0:07:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which kind of makes sense because\Nyour brain controls the opposite hands,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.65,0:07:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so left-handed people,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.81,0:07:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the right side of the brain\Nis slightly more active
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.22,0:07:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the left hand side of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.96,0:07:18.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the idea is the right-hand side\Nis more creative.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.37,0:07:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it isn't true per se
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.69,0:07:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that left-handed people are more creative\Nthan right-handed people.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.77,0:07:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is true that ambidextrous people,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.67,0:07:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or people who use both hands\Nfor different tasks,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.42,0:07:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are more creative thinkers\Nthan one-handed people,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.03,0:07:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because being ambidextrous involves
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.66,0:07:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having both sides of the brain\Ntalk to each other a lot,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.34,0:07:39.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which seems to be involved\Nin creative and flexible thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.27,0:07:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The myth of the creative left-hander
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.41,0:07:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arises from the fact\Nthat being ambidextrous
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.50,0:07:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is more common amongst left-handers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.56,0:07:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than right handers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.79,0:07:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so a grain of truth in the idea\Nof the creative left-hander,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.66,0:07:52.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not much.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.46,0:07:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A related myth that you've\Nprobably heard of
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.57,0:07:56.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we only use\N10 percent of our brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.100,0:07:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is, again, a complete myth.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.79,0:08:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nearly everything that we do,\Neven the most mundane thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.50,0:08:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uses nearly all of our brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.02,0:08:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That said, it is of course true
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.65,0:08:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that most of us don't use our brainpower
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.17,0:08:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite as well as we could\Nmost of the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.46,0:08:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what could we do\Nto boost our brain power?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.22,0:08:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe we could listen\Nto a nice bit of Mozart.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.47,0:08:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So have you heard of the idea\Nof the Mozart effect?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.90,0:08:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the idea is that listening to Mozart
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.89,0:08:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes you smarter and improves\Nyour performance on IQ tests.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.74,0:08:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now again, what's interesting\Nabout this myth
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.91,0:08:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that although it's basically a myth,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.77,0:08:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a grain of truth to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.42,0:08:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the original study found
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.57,0:08:37.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that participants who were played\NMozart music for a few minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.15,0:08:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did better on a subsequent IQ test
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.18,0:08:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than participants who simply\Nsat in silence.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.67,0:08:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a follow-up study recruited\Nsome people who liked Mozart music
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.22,0:08:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then another group of people
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.76,0:08:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were fans of the horror stories\Nof Stephen King.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.44,0:08:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they played the people\Nthe music or the stories.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.17,0:08:56.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people who preferred\NMozart music to the stories
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.77,0:08:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got a bigger IQ boost\Nfrom the Mozart than the stories,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.62,0:09:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the people who preferred\Nthe stories to the Mozart music
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.54,0:09:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got a bigger IQ boost
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.70,0:09:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from listening to the Stephen King stories\Nthan the Mozart music.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.81,0:09:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the truth is that listening\Nto something that you enjoy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.58,0:09:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perks you up a bit\Nand gives you a temporary IQ boost
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.49,0:09:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a narrow range of tasks.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.29,0:09:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no suggestion\Nthat listening to Mozart
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.51,0:09:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or indeed Stephen King stories
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.31,0:09:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to make you any smarter\Nin the long run.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.05,0:09:24.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So another version of the Mozart myth
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.61,0:09:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that listening to Mozart can make you\Nnot only cleverer but healthier, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.51,0:09:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, this doesn't seem\Nto be true
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.92,0:09:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of someone who listened\Nto the music of Mozart almost every day,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.95,0:09:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mozart himself,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.30,0:09:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who suffered from gonorrhea,\Nsmallpox, arthritis,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.66,0:09:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what most people think\Neventually killed him in the end,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.52,0:09:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,syphilis.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.52,0:09:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This suggests that Mozart\Nshould have bit more careful, perhaps,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.55,0:09:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when choosing his sexual partners.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.81,0:09:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how do we choose a partner?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.86,0:09:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a myth, but I have to say\Nis sometimes spread a bit by sociologists
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.36,0:09:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that our preferences\Nin a romantic partner
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.54,0:10:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are a product of our culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.12,0:10:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they're very culturally specific,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.96,0:10:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in fact, the data don't back this up.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.91,0:10:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a famous study surveyed people from\N32 different cultures across the globe,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.30,0:10:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Americans to Zulus,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.61,0:10:12.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on what they look for in a partner.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.100,0:10:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in every single culture\Nacross the globe,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.26,0:10:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men placed more value\Non physical attractiveness in a partner
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.85,0:10:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than did women,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.13,0:10:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in every single culture, too,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.73,0:10:23.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women placed more importance than did men
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.71,0:10:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on ambition and high earning power.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.33,0:10:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In every culture, too,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.84,0:10:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men preferred women\Nwho were younger than themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.42,0:10:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an average of I think it was 2.66 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.22,0:10:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in every culture, too,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.84,0:10:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women preferred men\Nwho were older than them,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.48,0:10:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so an average of 3.42 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.04,0:10:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is why we've got here\N"Everybody Needs A Sugar Daddy."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.65,0:10:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So moving on from trying\Nto score with a partner
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.92,0:10:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to trying to score in basketball\Nor football or whatever your sport is.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.45,0:10:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the myth here is that sportsmen
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.44,0:10:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go through hot hand streaks,\NAmericans call them,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.94,0:10:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or purple patches,\Nwe sometimes say in England,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.14,0:10:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they just can't miss,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.46,0:10:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this guy here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.74,0:11:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fact, what happens is\Nthat if you analyze the pattern
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.53,0:11:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of hits and misses statistically,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.18,0:11:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it turns out that it's\Nnearly always at random.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.64,0:11:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your brain creates patterns\Nfrom the randomness.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.01,0:11:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you toss a coin, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.91,0:11:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a streak of heads or tails is going to\Ncome out somewhere in randomness,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.33,0:11:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and becomes the brain likes\Nto see patterns where there are none,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.35,0:11:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we look at these streaks\Nand attribute meaning to them
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.90,0:11:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, "Yeah he's really on form today,"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.96,0:11:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas actually you would\Nget the same pattern
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.21,0:11:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you were just getting\Nhits and misses at random.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.84,0:11:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So an exception to this, however,\Nis penalty shootouts.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.85,0:11:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A recent study looking\Nat penalty shootouts in football
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.32,0:11:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shows that players who represent countries
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.52,0:11:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a very bad record\Nin penalty shootouts,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.90,0:11:42.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, for example, England,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.63,0:11:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tend to be quicker to take their shots\Nthan countries with a better record,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.20,0:11:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and presumably as a result,\Nthey're more likely to miss.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.65,0:11:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which raises the question
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.06,0:11:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of if there's any way that we could\Nimprove people's performance,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.42,0:11:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one thing you might think about doing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.43,0:11:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is punishing people for their misses
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.26,0:12:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seeing if that improves things.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.06,0:12:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This idea, the effect that punishment\Ncan improve performance,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.71,0:12:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what participants\Nthought they were testing
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.91,0:12:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Milgram's famous learning\Nand punishment experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.48,0:12:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you've probably heard about\Nif you're a psychology student.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.55,0:12:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The story goes that participants\Nwere prepared to give
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.20,0:12:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they believed to be fatal\Nelectric shocks to a fellow participant
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.01,0:12:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they got a question wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.13,0:12:24.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just because someone\Nin a white coat told them too.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.61,0:12:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this story is a myth\Nfor three reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.24,0:12:30.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Firstly and most crucially,\Nthe lab coat wasn't white.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.17,0:12:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was, in fact, grey.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.59,0:12:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, the participants\Nwere told before the study
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.72,0:12:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reminded any time\Nthey raised a concern,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.20,0:12:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that although the shocks were painful,\Nthey were not fatal
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.14,0:12:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indeed caused\Nno permanent damage whatsoever.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.96,0:12:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thirdly, participants\Ndidn't give the shocks
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.25,0:12:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just because someone\Nin the coat told them to.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.92,0:12:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they were interviewed\Nafter the study,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.97,0:12:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the participants said\Nthat they firmly believed
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.37,0:12:58.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the learning and punishment study\Nserved a worthy scientific purpose
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.03,0:13:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would have\Nenduring gains for science
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.28,0:13:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as opposed to the momentary\Nnon-fatal discomfort
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.40,0:13:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caused to the participants.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.14,0:13:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so I've been talking\Nfor about 12 minutes now,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.07,0:13:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you've probably been sitting there
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.92,0:13:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,listening to me, analyzing\Nmy speech patterns and body language
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.98,0:13:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trying to work out if you should\Ntake any notice of what I'm saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.43,0:13:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether I'm telling the truth\Nor whether I'm lying,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.88,0:13:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if so you've\Nprobably completely failed,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.97,0:13:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because although we all think\Nwe can catch a liar
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.29,0:13:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from their body language\Nand speech patterns,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.44,0:13:31.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hundreds of psychological tests\Nover the years have shown
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.15,0:13:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all of us, including\Npolice officers and detectives,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.84,0:13:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are basically at chance when it comes\Nto detecting lies from body language
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.32,0:13:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and verbal patterns.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.58,0:13:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interestingly, there is one exception:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.60,0:13:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TV appeals for missing relatives.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.91,0:13:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's quite easy to predict\Nwhen the relatives are missing
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.12,0:13:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the appealers have in fact\Nmurdered the relatives themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.96,0:13:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So hoax appealers are more likely\Nto shake their heads, to look away,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.73,0:13:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to make errors in their speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.58,0:14:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas genuine appealers are more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.58,0:14:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to express hope that the person\Nwill return safely
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.96,0:14:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to avoid brutal language.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.46,0:14:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, they might say\N"taken from us" rather than "killed."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.40,0:14:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Speaking of which,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.59,0:14:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's about time I killed this talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.22,0:14:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but before I do, I just want to give you
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.13,0:14:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 30 seconds
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.25,0:14:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the overarching myth of psychology.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.28,0:14:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the myth of psychology, as I see,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.32,0:14:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one that I don't think textbooks\Nabout psychology
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.87,0:14:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even university courses\Ndo enough to dispel,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.52,0:14:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the myth is that psychology
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.26,0:14:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just a collection\Nof interesting theories,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.40,0:14:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of which say something useful
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.01,0:14:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of which have something to offer.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.02,0:14:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I hope to have shown you\Nin the past few minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.51,0:14:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that this isn't true.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.74,0:14:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we need to do is assess\Npsychological theories
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.22,0:14:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by seeing what predictions they make,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.02,0:14:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether that is that listening to Mozart\Nmakes you smarter,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.81,0:14:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you learn better when information
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.09,0:14:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is presented in your\Npreferred learning style,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.30,0:14:54.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whatever it is, all of these\Nare testable empirical predictions,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.89,0:14:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the only way we can make progress
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.74,0:14:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to test these predictions\Nagainst the data
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.88,0:15:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in tightly controlled\Nexperimental studies,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.01,0:15:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's only by doing so\Nthat we can hope to discover
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.77,0:15:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which of these theoriesare well-supported,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.71,0:15:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which, like all the ones\NI've told you about today, are myths.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.33,0:15:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.34,0:15:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)