[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.78,0:00:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ever since I can remember,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.70,0:00:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,African elephants have filled me\Nwith a sense of complete awe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.53,0:00:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are the largest land mammal\Nalive today on planet Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.09,0:00:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weighing up to seven tons,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.28,0:00:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,standing three and a half meters\Ntall at the shoulder.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.54,0:00:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can eat up to 400 kilos\Nof food in a day,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.01,0:00:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they disperse vital plant seeds\Nacross thousands of kilometers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.57,0:00:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during their 50-to-60-year life span.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.53,0:00:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Central to their compassionate\Nand complex society are the matriarchs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.25,0:00:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These female, strong leaders\Nnurture the young
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.62,0:00:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and navigate their way\Nthrough the challenges of the African bush
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.71,0:00:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find food, water and security.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.55,0:00:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their societies are so complex,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.42,0:00:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're yet to still fully tease apart
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.74,0:00:48.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they communicate,\Nhow they verbalize to each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.36,0:00:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how their dialects work.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.01,0:00:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we don't really understand yet\Nhow they navigate the landscape,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.10,0:00:57.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remembering the safest places\Nto cross a river.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.73,0:00:59.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm pretty sure that like me,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.51,0:01:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of you in this room\Nhave a similar positive emotional response
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.27,0:01:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to these most magnificent of all animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.12,0:01:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really hard not to have\Nwatched a documentary,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.56,0:01:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learned about their intelligence
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.12,0:01:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, if you've been lucky,\Nto see them for yourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.77,0:01:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on safari in the wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.08,0:01:16.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I wonder how many of you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.55,0:01:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been truly,\Nutterly terrified by them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.48,0:01:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was lucky to be brought up\Nin Southern Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.77,0:01:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by two teacher parents
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.26,0:01:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had long holidays\Nbut very short budgets.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.90,0:01:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we used to take\Nour old Ford Cortina Estate,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.34,0:01:35.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with my sister, we'd pile in the back,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.40,0:01:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take our tents and go camping\Nin the different game reserves
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.24,0:01:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Southern Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.52,0:01:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It really was heaven for a young,\Nbudding zoologist like myself.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.40,0:01:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I remember even at that young age
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.77,0:01:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I found the tall electric fences\Nblocking off the game parks
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.45,0:01:50.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite divisive.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.08,0:01:53.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sure, they were keeping elephants\Nout of the communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.78,0:01:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they also kept communities\Nout of their wild spaces.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.24,0:02:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It really was quite a challenge to me\Nat that young age.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.13,0:02:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was only when I moved to Kenya\Nat the age of 14,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.38,0:02:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I got to connect to the vast,\Nwild open spaces of East Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.12,0:02:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is here now\Nthat I feel truly, instinctively,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.90,0:02:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really at home.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.90,0:02:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I spent many, many happy years\Nstudying elephant behavior in a tent,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.61,0:02:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Samburu National Reserve,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.64,0:02:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the guideship of professor\NFritz Vollrath and Iain Douglas-Hamilton,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.90,0:02:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,studying for my PhD and understanding\Nthe complexities of elephant societies.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.79,0:02:35.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now, in my role as head\Nof the human-elephant coexistence program
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.75,0:02:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Save the Elephants,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.10,0:02:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're seeing so much change\Nhappening so fast
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.24,0:02:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's urged a change\Nin some of our research programs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.46,0:02:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No longer can we just sit\Nand understand elephant societies
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.98,0:02:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or study just how to stop the ivory trade,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.81,0:02:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is horrific and still ongoing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.27,0:02:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're having to change\Nour resources more and more
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.05,0:03:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look at this rising problem\Nof human-elephant conflict,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.21,0:03:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as people and pachyderms compete\Nfor space and resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.54,0:03:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was only as recently as the 1970s
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.61,0:03:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we used to have 1.2 million elephants\Nroaming across Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.93,0:03:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we're edging closer\Nto only having 400,000 left.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.09,0:03:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the same time period,\Nthe human population has quadrupled,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.39,0:03:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the land is being\Nfragmented at such a pace
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.73,0:03:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's really hard to keep up with.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.67,0:03:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Too often, these migrating elephants\Nend up stuck inside communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.38,0:03:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking for food and water
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.70,0:03:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but ending up breaking open water tanks,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.28,0:03:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breaking pipes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.46,0:03:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, of course, breaking\Ninto food stores for food.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.41,0:03:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really a huge challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.97,0:03:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you imagine the terror
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.52,0:03:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an elephant literally\Nripping the roof off your mud hut
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.13,0:03:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the middle of the night
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.45,0:03:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and having to hold your children away
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.54,0:03:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the trunk reaches in,\Nlooking for food in the pitch dark?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.58,0:03:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These elephants\Nalso trample and eat crops,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.34,0:03:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is traditionally eroding away
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.63,0:04:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that tolerance that people\Nused to have for elephants.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.05,0:04:06.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sadly, we're losing\Nthese animals by the day
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.87,0:04:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, in some countries, by the hour --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.88,0:04:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to not only ivory poaching
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.28,0:04:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this rapid rise\Nin human-elephant conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.92,0:04:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they compete for space and resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.95,0:04:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a massive challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.18,0:04:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, how do you keep\Nseven-ton pachyderms,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.16,0:04:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that often come in groups of 10 or 12,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.27,0:04:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of these very small rural farms
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.74,0:04:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you're dealing with people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.28,0:04:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are living\Non the very edge of poverty?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.40,0:04:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't have big budgets.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.82,0:04:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you resolve this issue?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.16,0:04:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, one issue is, you can just start\Nto build electric fences,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.78,0:04:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is happening across Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.55,0:04:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're seeing this more and more.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.18,0:04:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they are dividing up areas\Nand blocking corridors.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.85,0:04:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm telling you, these elephants\Ndon't think much of it either,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.28,0:04:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly if they're blocking\Na really special water hole
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.19,0:04:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they need water,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.40,0:04:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if there's a very attractive\Nfemale on the other side.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.13,0:04:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't take long\Nto knock down one of these poles.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.68,0:05:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as soon as there's a gap in the fence,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.76,0:05:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they go back, talk to their mates
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.45,0:05:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and suddenly they're all through,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.36,0:05:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now you have 12 elephants\Non the community side of the fence.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.88,0:05:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now you're really in trouble.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.06,0:05:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People keep trying to come up\Nwith new designs for electric fences.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.42,0:05:17.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, these elephants\Ndon't think much of those either.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.76,0:05:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.30,0:05:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So rather than having these hard-line,\Nstraight, electric,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.46,0:05:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really divisive migratory-blocking fences,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.15,0:05:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there must be other ways\Nto look at this challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.78,0:05:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm much more interested in holistic\Nand natural methods
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.64,0:05:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep elephants and people\Napart where necessary.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.18,0:05:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simply talking to people,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.85,0:05:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talking to rural pastoralists\Nin northern Kenya
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.13,0:05:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have so much knowledge about the bush,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.70,0:05:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we discovered this story that they had\Nthat elephants would not feed on trees
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.70,0:05:52.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had wild beehives in them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.59,0:05:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this was an interesting story.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.64,0:05:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the elephants\Nwere foraging on the tree,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.67,0:06:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would break branches\Nand perhaps break open a wild beehive.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.29,0:06:03.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those bees would fly out\Nof their natural nests
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.68,0:06:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sting the elephants.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.37,0:06:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if the elephants got stung,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.98,0:06:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps they would remember\Nthat this tree was dangerous
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.65,0:06:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they wouldn't come back\Nto that same site.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.86,0:06:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems impossible that they could be\Nstung through their thick skin --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.34,0:06:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,elephant skin is around\Ntwo centimeters thick.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.73,0:06:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it seems that they sting them\Naround the watery areas,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.52,0:06:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the eyes, behind the ears,\Nin the mouth, up the trunk.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.95,0:06:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can imagine they would\Nremember that very quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.21,0:06:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not really one sting\Nthat they're scared of.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.10,0:06:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,African bees have a phenomenal ability:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.09,0:06:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they sting in one site,\Nthey release a pheromone
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.89,0:06:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that triggers the rest of the bees\Nto come and sting the same site.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.13,0:06:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not one beesting\Nthat they're scared of --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.49,0:06:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's perhaps thousands of beestings,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.39,0:06:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming to sting in the same area --\Nthat they're afraid of.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.96,0:06:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, a good matriarch
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.62,0:06:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would always keep her young\Naway from such a threat.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.57,0:06:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Young calves have much thinner skins,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.53,0:06:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's potential\Nthat they could be stung
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.60,0:06:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through their thinner skins.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.95,0:07:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for my PhD,\NI had this unusual challenge
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.47,0:07:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of trying to work out
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.87,0:07:07.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how African elephants\Nand African bees would interact,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.84,0:07:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the theory was\Nthat they wouldn't interact at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.74,0:07:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How was I going to study this?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.80,0:07:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what I did was I took the sound\Nof disturbed African honey bees,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.80,0:07:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I played it back to elephants\Nresting under trees
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.24,0:07:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through a wireless speaker system,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.96,0:07:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I could understand how they would react\Nas if there were wild bees in the area.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.47,0:07:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turns out that they react\Nquite dramatically
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.58,0:07:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the sound of African wild bees.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.99,0:07:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we are, playing the bee sounds\Nback to this amazing group of elephants.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.64,0:07:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see the ears going up, going out,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.39,0:07:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're turning their heads\Nfrom side to side,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.86,0:07:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one elephant is flicking her trunk\Nto try and smell.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.05,0:07:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's another elephant\Nthat kicks one of calves on the ground
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.11,0:07:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tell it to get up\Nas if there is a threat.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.21,0:07:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one elephant triggers a retreat,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.85,0:07:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and soon the whole family of elephants\Nare running after her
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.93,0:08:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the savannah in a cloud of dust.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.15,0:08:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Sound of bees buzzing)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.39,0:08:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Sound of bees ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.70,0:08:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I've done this experiment\Nmany, many times,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.05,0:08:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the elephants almost always flee.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.73,0:08:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only do they run away,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.50,0:08:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they dust themselves\Nas they're running,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.61,0:08:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as if to knock bees out of the air.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.51,0:08:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we placed infrasonic microphones\Naround the elephants
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.02,0:08:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we did these experiments.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.79,0:08:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turns out they're communicating\Nto each other in infrasonic rumbles
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.47,0:08:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to warn each other of the threat of bees
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.43,0:08:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to stay away from the area.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.04,0:08:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these behavioral discoveries
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.69,0:08:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really helped us understand\Nhow elephants would react
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.21,0:08:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should they hear or see bee sounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.58,0:08:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This led me to invent a novel design\Nfor a beehive fence,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.73,0:08:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we are now building around small,\None-to-two-acre farms
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.23,0:08:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the most vulnerable\Nfrontline areas of Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.96,0:08:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where humans and elephants\Nare competing for space.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.26,0:08:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These beehive fences\Nare very, very simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.37,0:09:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use 12 beehives and 12 dummy hives
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.65,0:09:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect one acre of farmland.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.07,0:09:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now a dummy hive\Nis simply a piece of plywood
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.39,0:09:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we cut into squares, paint yellow
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.65,0:09:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hang in between the hives.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.33,0:09:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're basically tricking the elephants
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.30,0:09:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into thinking there are more beehives\Nthan there really are.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.15,0:09:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, it literally\Nhalves the cost of the fence.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.01,0:09:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's a hive and a dummy hive
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.70,0:09:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a beehive and now dummy hive,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.47,0:09:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every 10 meters\Naround the outside boundary.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.97,0:09:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're held up by posts
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.62,0:09:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a shade roof to protect the bees,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.77,0:09:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're interconnected\Nwith a simple piece of plain wire,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.94,0:09:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which goes all the way around,\Nconnecting the hives.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.40,0:09:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if an elephant tries to enter the farm,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.88,0:09:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he will avoid the beehive at all cost,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.75,0:09:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he might try and push through\Nbetween the hive and the dummy hive,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.08,0:09:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing all the beehives to swing\Nas the wire hits his chest.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.45,0:09:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as we know from our research work,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.43,0:09:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this will cause the elephants\Nto flee and run away --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.37,0:09:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hopefully remember\Nnot to come back to that risky area.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.13,0:09:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bees swarm out of the hive,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.89,0:09:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they really scare the elephants away.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.50,0:10:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These beehive fences we're studying\Nusing things like camera traps
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.100,0:10:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help us understand\Nhow elephants are responding
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.38,0:10:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to them at night time,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.61,0:10:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is when most\Nof the crop raiding occurs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.89,0:10:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we found in our study farms
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.24,0:10:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're keeping\Nup to 80 percent of elephants
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.98,0:10:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outside of the boundaries of these farms.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.97,0:10:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the bees and the beehive fences\Nare also pollinating the fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.74,0:10:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're having a great reduction\Nboth in elephant crop raids
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.43,0:10:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a boost in yield\Nthrough the pollination services
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.12,0:10:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the bees are giving\Nto the crops themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.58,0:10:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The strength of the beehive fences\Nis really important --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.28,0:10:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the colonies have to be very strong.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.22,0:10:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're trying to help farmers\Ngrow pollinator-friendly crops
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.20,0:10:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to boost their hives,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.24,0:10:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boost the strength of their bees
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.90,0:10:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, of course, produce\Nthe most amazing honey.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.79,0:10:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This honey is so valuable as an extra\Nlivelihood income for the farmers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.24,0:10:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a healthy alternative to sugar,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.30,0:10:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in our community,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.04,0:10:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a very valuable present\Nto give a mother-in-law,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.58,0:10:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which makes it almost priceless.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.49,0:10:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.94,0:11:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now bottle up this honey,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.63,0:11:05.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've called this wild beautiful honey\NElephant-Friendly Honey.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.76,0:11:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a fun name,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.93,0:11:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it also attracts\Nattention to our project
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.15,0:11:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and helps people understand\Nwhat we're trying to do
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.58,0:11:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to save elephants.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.75,0:11:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're working now with so many women
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.52,0:11:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in over 60 human-elephant conflict sites
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.13,0:11:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 19 countries in Africa and Asia
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.66,0:11:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build these beehive fences,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.71,0:11:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working very, very closely\Nwith so many farmers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.16,0:11:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but particularly now with women farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.47,0:11:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helping them to live better\Nin harmony with elephants.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.62,0:11:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things we're trying to do\Nis develop a toolbox of options
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.08,0:11:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to live in better harmony\Nwith these massive pachyderms.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.25,0:11:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of those issues\Nis to try and get farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.43,0:11:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and women in particular,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.67,0:11:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think different\Nabout what they're planting
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.89,0:11:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside their farms as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.21,0:11:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're looking at planting crops
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.88,0:11:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that elephants don't particularly\Nwant to eat, like chillies,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.79,0:11:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ginger, Moringa, sunflowers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.08,0:11:53.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, the bees and the beehive\Nfences love these crops too,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.33,0:11:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they have beautiful flowers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.14,0:11:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of these plants\Nis a spiky plant called sisal --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.86,0:11:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you may know this here as jute.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.08,0:12:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this amazing plant\Ncan be stripped down
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.62,0:12:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turned into a weaving product.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.98,0:12:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're working with these amazing women now
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.08,0:12:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who live daily with\Nthe challenges of elephants
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.77,0:12:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to use this plant to weave into baskets
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.76,0:12:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to provide an alternative income for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.70,0:12:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've just started construction\Nonly three weeks ago
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.20,0:12:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a women's enterprise center
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.26,0:12:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we're going to be working\Nwith these women
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.60,0:12:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only as expert beekeepers
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.14,0:12:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as amazing basket weavers;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.82,0:12:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're going to be processing\Nchili oils, sunflower oils,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.96,0:12:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making lip balms and honey,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.93,0:12:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're somewhere on our way\Nto helping these participating farmers
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.20,0:12:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,live with better eco-generating projects\Nthat live and work better
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.62,0:12:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with living with elephants.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.48,0:12:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So whether it's matriarchs
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.23,0:12:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or mothers or researchers like myself,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.32,0:12:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do see more women\Ncoming to the forefront now
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.93,0:12:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think differently and more boldly\Nabout the challenges that we face.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.48,0:12:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With more innovation,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.06,0:12:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perhaps with some more empathy\Ntowards each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.53,0:13:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do believe we can move\Nfrom a state of conflict with elephants
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.97,0:13:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to true coexistence.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.34,0:13:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.52,0:13:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)