[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.54,0:00:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.48,0:00:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm Joan Roughgarden\Nand I'm a biologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.40,0:00:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm here to talk about the evolution\Nof gender and sexuality.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.59,0:00:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, the reason I'm doing this is \Nthat I attended my first Gay Pride Parade
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.68,0:00:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in San Francisco \Nabout 12 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.12,0:00:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I was there I noticed\Nthis huge number of people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.04,0:00:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of whom, biology said \Nwere somehow defective.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.03,0:00:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought that maybe it's not the people \Nthat are defective,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.23,0:01:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is biology that's defective.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.14,0:01:05.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, that began an investigation
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.07,0:01:08.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the extent of variation \Nin gender and sexuality
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.20,0:01:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which appeared in Evolution's Rainbow\Nthe first of the two books
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.01,0:01:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are on the screen here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.25,0:01:20.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the issue \Nfrom a biologist point of view
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.15,0:01:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the diversity\Nin gender and sexuality
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.51,0:01:28.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it leads to challenges in what \Nwe teach in our ordinary curriculum.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.84,0:01:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, this is a very unpleasant\Ndevelopment,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.32,0:01:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the existence of gender \Nand sexuality variation is problematic
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.04,0:01:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for biology and as you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.66,0:01:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's also problematic\Nin the political sector
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.27,0:01:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the religious sector as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.89,0:01:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, for biology specifically,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.84,0:01:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the problem concerns \Nan area of evolution
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.34,0:01:56.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called Darwin's Sexual Selection Theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.11,0:01:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll tell you what that's about
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.14,0:02:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then show you \Nthat it's pretty obviously incorrect.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.56,0:02:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first proposition\Nthat Darwin utters is that\N
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.19,0:02:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Males of almost all animals\Nhave stronger passions than females"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.10,0:02:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, we have the phrase 'passionate male' \Ntracing back to Darwin.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.46,0:02:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, furthermore,\Nhe says that the female,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.23,0:02:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the rarest of exceptions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.93,0:02:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is less eager than the male, \Nshe is coy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.11,0:02:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have the phrase 'coy female'.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.72,0:02:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, in today's jargon 'passionate male' \Nis replaced with 'promiscuous male'
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.03,0:02:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 'coy female' \Nwith 'constrained female'.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.32,0:02:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the third premise from Darwin \Nis the most problematic.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.10,0:02:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It pertains to characters \N
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.56,0:02:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the peacock's tail \Nand the antler on a deer,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.02,0:02:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is that females...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.48,0:02:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so Darwin was asking
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.46,0:02:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why does the peacock have the tail \Nand does the deer have the antler?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.96,0:03:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And his answer \Nis that females choose mates
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.54,0:03:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are more attractive, \Nvigorous and well-armed,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.57,0:03:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just as men can give beauty \Nto his male [unclear].
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.81,0:03:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, he's invisioning that females\Nare breeding males
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.88,0:03:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have the traits that they have.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.95,0:03:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, why, you might ask, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.10,0:03:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would females be chosing\Nmales with ornaments?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.14,0:03:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea is that the females \Nhave expensive eggs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.85,0:03:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the males, on the other hand, \Nhave cheap sperm
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.03,0:03:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so males are capable\Nin principle of ranging far and wide
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.37,0:03:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inseminating anything \Nthey come accross.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.85,0:03:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And females are necessarily obligated
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.38,0:03:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to defend \Ntheir expensive investment in eggs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.94,0:03:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore, the female is forced \Nto be coy and choosy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.08,0:03:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the male \Npassionate or promiscuous.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.64,0:03:59.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the party line
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.69,0:04:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's currently taught \Nin biology curricula worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.13,0:04:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a nice story,\Nin a sense, at least it's a story.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.55,0:04:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the question is whether it's true.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.100,0:04:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let me show you some examples\Nof diversity in gender and sexuality
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.19,0:04:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make these propositions \Nalmost useless.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.99,0:04:21.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one thing I need to emphasize\Nis that the two intial premises
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.100,0:04:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the passionate male \Nand the coy female,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.17,0:04:27.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are asserted as empirical generalizations.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.05,0:04:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you go outside and you pick up \Na random bird or a random butterfly,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.22,0:04:34.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or any organism at random,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.33,0:04:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the male is supposed to be passionate \Nand the female coy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.26,0:04:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with very, very rare exceptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.83,0:04:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it will be obvious that the exceptions\Nare far from rare.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.89,0:04:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first issue is that the assignement
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.26,0:04:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a sex, as male or female, \Nis neither stable nor exclusive.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.97,0:04:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you go diving on a coral reef,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.32,0:04:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about a third of the species \Nthat you see there
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.21,0:05:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consist of individuals\Nwho are both sexes at the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.48,0:05:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or at different times during their life.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.69,0:05:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in the case of these species\Nright here,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.56,0:05:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the individuals change from female\Nto male, that is a kind of wrasse.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.52,0:05:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of this species right here
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.19,0:05:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they change from a male to female.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.87,0:05:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as I say, 30% of the species,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.30,0:05:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you simply go snorkeling \Non a coral reef,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.41,0:05:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see this all around you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.93,0:05:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's just simply not true
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.49,0:05:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the categories of males and females \Nare stable or comprehensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.49,0:05:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, another important issue is called \N'Sex-Role Reversal' by biologists.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.49,0:05:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this pertains to males \Nwho do all the parental care\N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.53,0:05:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and females \Nwho have to hustle around
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.78,0:05:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find a male \Nwho is interested in them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.47,0:05:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the popular examples \Nof this are the seahorses.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.77,0:06:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in fish, the parental care \Nis usually provided by the male.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.00,0:06:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in birds, \Nit's about 50/50 male and female
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.60,0:06:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in mammals \Nis usually initially by the female.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.98,0:06:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fish, the style of parental care \Nvaries from species
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.66,0:06:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in many cases the males \Nwill glue the eggs to their tummy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.69,0:06:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is true of... darn!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.98,0:06:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's true of this species\Nin the middle here which is a pipefish.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.19,0:06:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the seahorses \Nare related to pipefish
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.96,0:06:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that they have \Na big skin-flap on their tummy
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.51,0:06:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the females deposit eggs \Ninto the males' tummy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.82,0:06:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the males become, \Nin a sense, pregnant.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.85,0:06:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is a male seahorse \Nreceiving eggs from that female.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.86,0:06:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what happens in this situation
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.26,0:06:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that you can get more females \Nhanging around
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.42,0:07:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking for males to receive their eggs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.21,0:07:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in that situation then \Nthe males are in the position to decide
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.05,0:07:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what female they want to allow \Nto deposit eggs in their skin-flap.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.46,0:07:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the exactly the reverse \Nof the Darwinian story
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.64,0:07:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's females\Nwho are choosing males,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.32,0:07:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here it's males\Nwho are choosing females.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.77,0:07:25.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that shows that the size of the sperm\Nor the egg can't be important
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.12,0:07:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or definitive in determining \Nthe sex-role of the animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.28,0:07:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because male seahorses \Nmake tiny sperm
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.85,0:07:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but yet they are nonetheless the ones\Nwho wind up doing all the parental care.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.61,0:07:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many species \Nthere are several genders of males.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.49,0:07:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this species called the ruff
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.88,0:07:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one on the left \Nis a male with a black collar around it
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.42,0:07:53.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one at the top has a white collar,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.75,0:07:58.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the one on the far right\Nhas no collar.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.79,0:08:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the black colored males,\Nat the time of mating,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.87,0:08:05.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go into an area which is called a 'lek'
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.29,0:08:08.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is basically \Na red light district of males.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.74,0:08:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, when the females \Nare foraging by themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.32,0:08:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they want some sex,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.71,0:08:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they just go and fly over to the lek
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.59,0:08:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where all the black colored males \Nare hanging out
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.92,0:08:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the males try to attract them \Ninto mating with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.56,0:08:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the plot thickens,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.33,0:08:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this white colored male\Nat the top,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.34,0:08:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hangs out with the females\Nfor a little while and gets to know them,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.08,0:08:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he leaves those females \Nbefore they approach the lek
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.26,0:08:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he goes to the lek\Nwhere the black colored males are,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.50,0:08:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the black colored males court him\Nand ask him to join them.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.32,0:08:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, when the females arrive
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.15,0:08:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they find some territories\Nwith two colors, two styles of males,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.74,0:09:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the females prefer to mate \Nwith the pair of males of the two colors
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.85,0:09:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than with the males \Nwith one color by itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.80,0:09:09.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, I conjecture that the reason\Nfor that is that the white colored mates
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.90,0:09:11.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get to know the females
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.46,0:09:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can serve, so to speak, \Nas marriage brokers,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.26,0:09:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the females\Nfly into the black colored males
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.23,0:09:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can make introductions \Nand invite specific females to join them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.01,0:09:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In any case,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.31,0:09:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the existence of multiple types of males \Nalso contradicts the Darwinian story
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.44,0:09:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which all males are of one type \Nand all females another.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.72,0:09:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, we get to the question \Nof homosexuality.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.68,0:09:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a lot of mating that takes place\Nbetween animals of the same sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.72,0:09:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are elephants right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.45,0:09:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are big horn sheep from Montana.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.19,0:09:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are primates, \Nour closest relatives.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.66,0:09:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's well over 300 species\Nof vertebrates alone
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.84,0:10:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which same sex sexuality \Nhas been observed in nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.46,0:10:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is quite common.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.71,0:10:10.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And officially observed\Nand published in the primary literature.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.63,0:10:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, these are gorillas on the left,\Nwhich is a male-male interaction
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.96,0:10:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now in the center and right
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.55,0:10:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have a female-female interaction \Nbetween bonobos.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.55,0:10:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And female bonobos, well,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.04,0:10:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mate with one another several times \Nduring the day,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.11,0:10:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a form of networking.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.77,0:10:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what's really going on here
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.47,0:10:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that there's a lot of physical intimacy\Nbetween animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.48,0:10:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only same sex sexuality, \Nbut also multiple grooming,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.32,0:10:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reciprocal grooming, \Nreciprocal preening.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.34,0:10:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all of these forms of behavior \Nare ways of exchanging physical pleasure
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.42,0:10:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with one another.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.48,0:10:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've suggested that the reason
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.43,0:10:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this evolves is as a mechanism \Nto produce bounding
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.60,0:11:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and collaboration between individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.95,0:11:05.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when individuals\Nare physically intimate with one another
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.87,0:11:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're able to coordinate\Ntheir activities
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.39,0:11:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and work toward a common goal
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.89,0:11:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they experience mutual pleasure \Nin achieving a common goal.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.08,0:11:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's actually the realization \Nof the common goal
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.65,0:11:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is pleasurable \Nin these intimate interactions.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.70,0:11:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in light of all of this
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.51,0:11:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the whole idea of sexual selection \Nlooks almost absurd.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.11,0:11:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's incorrect, but it also is irrelevant,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.56,0:11:41.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't even address the degree \Nof diversity that occurs in nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.05,0:11:47.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The issue of collaboration \Nbrings us to the next issue
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.05,0:11:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the one of family.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.68,0:11:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And biologists, I believe, also \Nhave an incorrect account of family life.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.47,0:11:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a quotation \Nfrom Jeff Parker in the U.K.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.69,0:12:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The family is now perceived \Nas a cauldron of conflict,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.94,0:12:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with each of the players \Nhaving different interests...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.75,0:12:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sexual conflict, \Nparent-offspring conflict,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.97,0:12:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sib-conflict simultaneously."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.52,0:12:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this too is taught \Nin the biology curricula.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.33,0:12:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, if it were true, it paints \Na bleak picture of the aspirations
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.82,0:12:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we all share here \Nof building a better life
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.02,0:12:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and founded on collaboration, \Nbut it may not be true.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.74,0:12:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea of biological family
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.94,0:12:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I've been suggesting\Nin the last year,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.56,0:12:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is summarized in this diagram,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.32,0:12:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the parent-parent relatioship \Nis essentially colaborative
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.22,0:12:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the collaboration is realized \Nthrough physical intimacy
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.03,0:12:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that produces cooperation \Nthat resolves genetic conflict.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.42,0:12:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we can't avoid the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.20,0:12:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there is genetic conflict \Nat the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.69,0:12:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it needs to get resolved.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.37,0:12:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, with respect\Nto the parent-offspring relationship,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.13,0:13:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my suggestion is that there is an effect \Nin auction of resources to offspring
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.53,0:13:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that produce an incentive \Nto resolve the genetic conflict.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.50,0:13:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I'm doing here \Nis drawing on the economic theory
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.54,0:13:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the firm from economics.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.84,0:13:22.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And viewing a family as it was a firm\Nor a company whose products is offsprings.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.11,0:13:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And asking whether \Nor not the organization,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.56,0:13:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the economic organization of a firm,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.84,0:13:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could serve as a guide \Nto understanding animal family life.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.25,0:13:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the specifics are \Nthat in the parent-offspring firm,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.81,0:13:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the parent is in the position \Nto give food to the offspring,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.25,0:13:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what the parent does is indicates \Nthe price of the food to the offspring
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.62,0:13:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the offspring pay for this\Nby the quantity
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.76,0:13:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of begging that they carry out.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.29,0:13:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the offspring are able to communicate \Ntheir demand curve to the parent.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.14,0:14:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if the parent knows \Nthe demand curve
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.92,0:14:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can set the price of food \Nthat it charges to the offspring,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.23,0:14:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the offspring honestly communicate\Ntheir needs to the parent.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.96,0:14:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when that happens the family functions\Nas a very efficient unit
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.26,0:14:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the production of offspring.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.26,0:14:21.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therefore we get the formation \Nof collaboration in two ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.100,0:14:26.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Either through collaboration, \Neither through physically intimacy
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.100,0:14:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which produces a collaboration.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.65,0:14:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or through the setting of incentives, \Nand the circumstances differ.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.59,0:14:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I've been blessed in all my work \Nby the help of these collaborators,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.91,0:14:48.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Erol Akçay, who's from Turkey, \Nand Priya Iyer, who's from India.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.32,0:14:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, thank you so much.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.25,0:14:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)