0:00:01.912,0:00:03.237
Hauwajui.

0:00:04.150,0:00:05.436
Hauwaoni.

0:00:06.405,0:00:08.408
Lakini daima wapo wanazunguka,

0:00:09.404,0:00:11.084
wananong'oneza,

0:00:11.108,0:00:12.922
wakitengeneza mipango ya siri,

0:00:13.700,0:00:17.382
wakijenga jeshi la mamilioni ya wanajeshi.

0:00:18.826,0:00:20.617
Na wanapoamua kushambulia,

0:00:21.435,0:00:23.697
wanashambulia kwa wakati mmoja.

0:00:27.130,0:00:28.909
Ninaongelea kuhusu bakteria.

0:00:28.933,0:00:30.258
(Kicheko)

0:00:30.282,0:00:32.517
Mlidhani ninaongelea kuhusu nani?

0:00:34.401,0:00:37.595
Bakteria wanaishi kwenye jamii[br]kama tu binadamu.

0:00:37.619,0:00:38.892
Wana familia,

0:00:38.916,0:00:40.067
wanaongea,

0:00:40.091,0:00:41.933
na wanapanga shughuli zao.

0:00:41.957,0:00:44.614
Na kama tu binadamu, wanahila, waongo,

0:00:44.638,0:00:46.772
na wengine hata wanadanganyana wenyewe.

0:00:48.127,0:00:51.974
Je kama nikikuambia kua tunaweza[br]kusikiliza mazungumzo ya bakteria

0:00:51.998,0:00:55.572
na kutafsiri taarifa zao za siri[br]kuwa lugha ya binadamu?

0:00:56.255,0:01:01.053
Na kama je nikiwaambia kuwa kutafsiri[br]mazungumzo ya bakteria kutaokoa maisha?

0:01:02.519,0:01:04.290
Nina PhD ya nanofizikia,

0:01:04.314,0:01:08.690
na nimetumia teknolojia ya nano kuunda[br]chombo cha kutafsiri cha muda halisi

0:01:08.714,0:01:11.033
kinachoweza kupeleleza kwenye jamii[br]za bakteria

0:01:11.057,0:01:13.973
na kutupa rekodi za nini[br]bakteria wanafanya.

0:01:16.123,0:01:17.719
Bakteria wanaishi kila sehemu.

0:01:17.743,0:01:20.072
Wako kwenye udongo, kwenye samani zetu

0:01:20.096,0:01:21.407
na ndani ya miili yetu.

0:01:22.083,0:01:26.622
Ki ukweli, asilimia 90 ya seli zote hai[br]kwenye huu ukumbi ni bakteria.

0:01:27.685,0:01:29.514
Baadhi ya bakteria ni wazuri[br]kwetu;

0:01:29.538,0:01:32.750
wanatusaidia kumeng'enya chakula[br]au kutengeneza dawa.

0:01:32.774,0:01:34.866
Na baadhi ya bakteria na wabaya kwetu:

0:01:34.890,0:01:36.784
wanasababisha magonjwa na kifo.

0:01:37.794,0:01:40.210
Kushirikisha kazi zote bakteria[br]walizonazo,

0:01:40.234,0:01:42.306
wanatakiwa wawe na uwezo wa[br]kupanga,

0:01:42.330,0:01:44.371
na wanafanya hivyo kama tu sisi[br]binadamu --

0:01:44.395,0:01:45.554
kwa mawasiliano.

0:01:46.751,0:01:48.226
Lakini badala ya kutumia[br]maneno,

0:01:48.250,0:01:51.192
wanatumia molekuli za ishara[br]kuwasiliana wenyewe kwa wenyewe.

0:01:51.903,0:01:53.340
Bakteria wanapokuwa wachche,

0:01:53.364,0:01:56.107
molekuli za ishara zinatiririka nje,

0:01:56.131,0:01:58.636
kama kelele za mtu peke yake[br]jangwani.

0:01:59.518,0:02:03.510
Lakini kukiwa na bakteria wengi,[br]molekuli za ishara zinajikusanya,

0:02:03.534,0:02:06.526
na bakteria wanaanza kuhisi kuwa[br]hawapo peke yao.

0:02:07.309,0:02:08.643
Wanasikilizana wenyewe.

0:02:09.459,0:02:12.275
Kwa njia hii, wanapima [br]wako wangapi

0:02:12.299,0:02:15.620
na wanapokuwa wengi wa kutosha[br]kuanzisha hatua mpya.

0:02:16.575,0:02:20.432
Na pale molekuli za ishara zinafika[br]kizingiti flani,

0:02:20.456,0:02:23.577
bakteria wote wanahisi kwa mara moja[br]kua wanahitaji kutenda

0:02:23.601,0:02:24.919
kwa tendo hilo hilo.

0:02:25.967,0:02:30.293
Hivyo mazungumzo ya bakteria yanakuwa[br]na mwanzo na jibu,

0:02:30.317,0:02:33.389
uzalishaji wa molekuli[br]na majibu yake.

0:02:35.094,0:02:38.434
Kwenye utafiti wangu, nimelenga kupeleleza[br]kwenye jamii za bakteria

0:02:38.458,0:02:39.861
ndani ya mwili wa binadamu.

0:02:40.343,0:02:41.588
Inafanyaje kazi?

0:02:42.385,0:02:44.300
Tunasampuli kutoka kwa mgonjwa.

0:02:44.324,0:02:46.862
Inaweza kuwa ni sampuli ya damu au mate.

0:02:47.304,0:02:49.841
Tunapiga elektroni ndani ya sampuli,

0:02:49.865,0:02:53.785
elektroni zitaingilia na molekuli[br]zozote za mazungumzo zilizopo,

0:02:53.809,0:02:56.190
na huu muingiliano utatupa[br]taarifa

0:02:56.214,0:02:58.105
ya aina ya bakteria,

0:02:58.129,0:02:59.800
aina ya mawasiliano

0:02:59.824,0:03:02.117
na kiasi gani bakteria wanazungumza.

0:03:04.269,0:03:06.590
Lakini inakuaje pale[br]bakteria wakizungumza?

0:03:07.747,0:03:11.507
Kabla sijaunda chombo cha kutafsiri,

0:03:11.531,0:03:15.377
dhana yangu ya kwanza ilikua bakteria[br]watakua na lugha ya halisi,

0:03:15.401,0:03:18.579
kama vichanga ambao bado hawajaunda[br]maneno na sentensi.

0:03:19.208,0:03:22.129
Wanapocheka, wanafuraha;[br]wanapolia, wanahuzuni.

0:03:22.153,0:03:23.303
Rahisi kama hivyo.

0:03:24.008,0:03:28.123
Lakini bakteria walionekana kutokuwa[br]karibu na halisi kama nilivyodhani.

0:03:28.615,0:03:30.855
Molekuli sio tu molekuli.

0:03:30.879,0:03:33.633
Inaweza kumaanisha vitu tofauti[br]kulingana na muktadha,

0:03:34.404,0:03:37.346
kama tu vilio vya watoto[br]vinavyomaanisha vitu tofauti:

0:03:37.370,0:03:39.140
saa nyingine mtoto ana njaa,

0:03:39.164,0:03:40.358
saa nyingine amelowa,

0:03:40.382,0:03:42.401
saa nyingine ameumia au anaogopa.

0:03:42.425,0:03:44.775
Wazazi wanajua jinsi ya kusoma hivi vilio.

0:03:45.624,0:03:47.506
Na kua chombo kizuri cha kutafsiri,

0:03:47.530,0:03:50.503
kinatakiwa kiwe na uwezo wa kusoma[br]molekuli za ishara

0:03:50.527,0:03:54.588
na kuzitafsiri[br]kulingana na muktadha.

0:03:55.497,0:03:56.648
Na nani anajua?

0:03:56.672,0:03:58.833
Labda Tafsiri ya Google inaweza[br]kuiptisha hii.

0:03:58.857,0:04:01.226
(Kicheko)

0:04:02.386,0:04:04.104
Hebu niwape mfano.

0:04:04.128,0:04:07.717
Nimeleta baadhi ya taarifa za bakteria[br]zinazoweza kuwa ngumu kuelewa

0:04:07.741,0:04:08.892
kama hauna mafunzo,

0:04:08.916,0:04:10.261
lakini jaribu kuangalia.

0:04:11.548,0:04:13.467
(Kicheko)

0:04:14.959,0:04:18.436
Hii ni familia ya bakteria yeye furaha[br]ambayo imemshambulia mgonjwa.

0:04:20.261,0:04:22.294
Wacha tuwaite familia ya Montague.

0:04:23.920,0:04:27.381
Wanatumia wote rasilimali,[br]wanazaliana, wanakua.

0:04:28.294,0:04:30.273
Siku moja, wanapata mgeni mpya,

0:04:32.746,0:04:34.513
familia ya bakteria Capulet.

0:04:34.537,0:04:35.687
(Kicheko)

0:04:36.157,0:04:38.947
Kila kitu ni sawa,[br]alimradi wanafanya kazi kwa pamoja.

0:04:40.377,0:04:43.383
Lakini kitu kisichopangwa kinatokea.

0:04:44.449,0:04:48.667
Romeo wa Montague anakua na mahusiano[br]na Juliet wa Capulet.

0:04:48.691,0:04:49.841
(Kicheko)

0:04:50.978,0:04:53.873
Na ndio, wanagawiana chembe za urithi.

0:04:53.897,0:04:56.006
(Kicheko)

0:04:58.260,0:05:01.381
Sasa, uhamisho wa kinasaba unaweza[br]kuwa hatari kwa wakina Montague

0:05:01.405,0:05:05.365
waliokuwa na matarajio ya kuwa familia[br]pekee kwenye mgonjwa waliomshambulia,

0:05:05.365,0:05:06.999
kugawana chembe za urithi[br]kunachangia

0:05:06.999,0:05:09.777
kwa wakina Capulet kutengeneza[br]kinga kwa dawa.

0:05:11.747,0:05:16.392
Hivyo wakina Montague wanaanza kuongea[br]kwa ndani kuondoa hii familia nyingine

0:05:16.416,0:05:18.138
kwa kutoa molekuli hii.

0:05:18.688,0:05:19.838
(Kicheko)

0:05:20.700,0:05:22.062
Na kwa maelezo:

0:05:22.372,0:05:23.978
[Hebu turatibu shambulizi.]

0:05:24.002,0:05:25.293
(Kicheko)

0:05:25.639,0:05:27.430
Hebu turatibu shambulizi.

0:05:29.148,0:05:32.248
Na kila mtu mara moja akaitikia

0:05:32.272,0:05:36.595
kwa kutoa sumu[br]itakayoua ile familia nyingine.

0:05:36.619,0:05:38.387
[Ondoa!]

0:05:40.129,0:05:42.261
(Kicheko)

0:05:43.338,0:05:47.731
Wakina Capulet wakajibu kwa[br]kuita shambulizi la kujibu.

0:05:47.755,0:05:48.911
[Shambulia!]

0:05:48.935,0:05:50.360
Na wakawa na vita.

0:05:52.090,0:05:56.708
Hii ni video ya bakteria wa ukweli[br]wakipigana na viumbe kama upanga,

0:05:56.732,0:05:58.345
ambapo wanajaribu kuuana

0:05:58.369,0:06:01.207
kwa kuchomana kihalisi[br]na kupasuana wenyewe.

0:06:02.784,0:06:06.745
Familia ya yeyote atakayeshinda hii vita[br]anakuwa bakteria mkuu.

0:06:08.360,0:06:11.633
Hivyo ninachoweza kufanya ni kuchunguza[br]mazungumzo ya bakteria

0:06:11.633,0:06:13.725
yanayopelekea tabia[br]tofauti za kwa pamoja

0:06:13.725,0:06:15.154
kama ugomvi mliyouona.

0:06:15.633,0:06:18.550
Na nilichofanya ni kupeleleza[br]kwenye jamii za bakteria

0:06:18.574,0:06:20.617
ndani ya mwili wa binadamu

0:06:20.641,0:06:22.357
kwenye wagonjwa hospitalini.

0:06:22.737,0:06:25.207
Nilifuatilia wagonjwa 62 kwenye jaribio,

0:06:25.231,0:06:28.979
ambapo nilipima sampuli ya mgonjwa[br]kwa aina moja ya shambulizi,

0:06:29.003,0:06:32.332
bila kujua majibu ya[br]vipimo vya kawaida.

0:06:32.356,0:06:36.576
Basi, kwenye upimaji wa bakteria,

0:06:36.600,0:06:38.581
sampuli inasambazwa kwenye kisahani,

0:06:38.605,0:06:41.729
na kama bakteria watakua ndani ya siku[br]tano,

0:06:41.753,0:06:44.117
mgonjwa anagunduliwa kama ameathirika.

0:06:45.842,0:06:48.661
Nilipomaliza utafiti na[br]kulinganisha majibu ya chombo

0:06:48.685,0:06:51.923
na vipimo vya kawaida[br]na vipimo vya kuhakikisha,

0:06:51.947,0:06:53.347
nilishtuka.

0:06:53.371,0:06:57.082
Ilikua inashangaza zaidi[br]kuliko nilivyowahi kutarajia.

0:06:58.011,0:07:00.150
Ila kabla sijawaambia[br]nini chombo kilionyesha,

0:07:00.174,0:07:03.168
ningependa kuwaambia kuhusu[br]mgonjwa mahsusi niliomfuatilia,

0:07:03.192,0:07:04.359
binti mdogo.

0:07:04.803,0:07:06.253
Alikua na cystic fibrosis,

0:07:06.277,0:07:10.017
ugonjwa wa kurithi uliofanya mapafu yake[br]kuathiriwa kirahisi na bakteria.

0:07:10.837,0:07:13.233
Huyu binti hakua sehemu ya[br]majaribio.

0:07:13.257,0:07:16.084
Nilimfuatilia kwa sababu nilijua[br]kutoka kwenye taarifa zake

0:07:16.108,0:07:18.208
kua hakuwahi kupata mashambulizi[br]kabla.

0:07:19.243,0:07:21.558
Mara moja kwa mwezi, huyu binti[br]alienda hospitali

0:07:21.582,0:07:24.236
kuweka sampuli ya kohozi[br]ambayo alitemea kwenye kikombe.

0:07:24.916,0:07:28.042
Hii sampuli ilisafirishwa kwa[br]uchunguzi wa bakteria

0:07:28.066,0:07:29.996
huko maabara kuu

0:07:30.020,0:07:33.486
ili madaktari watende haraka[br]iwapi wangekuta shambulizi.

0:07:34.099,0:07:36.973
Iliniruhusu mimi kupima chombo[br]changu kwa sampuli zake pia.

0:07:37.355,0:07:40.767
Miezi miwili ya mwanzo nilipima[br]sampuli zake, hakukua na kitu.

0:07:41.794,0:07:42.961
Lakini mwezi wa tatu,

0:07:42.985,0:07:45.641
Niligundua mazungumzo ya[br]bakteria kwenye sampuli yake.

0:07:46.473,0:07:49.585
Bakteria walikua wanashirikiana[br]kuharibu tishu ya pafu lake.

0:07:50.534,0:07:54.545
Lakini vipimo vya kawaida[br]havikuonyesha bakteria kabisa.

0:07:55.711,0:07:57.630
Nilipima tena mwezi ujao,

0:07:57.654,0:08:01.282
na niliona kua yale mazungumzo ya[br]bakteria yamekua makali zaidi.

0:08:02.167,0:08:04.919
Bado, vipimo vya kawaida[br]havikuonyesha chochote.

0:08:06.456,0:08:10.100
Utafiti wangu ukaisha, lakini nusu mwaka[br]baadae, nikafuatilia hali yake

0:08:10.124,0:08:13.365
kuona kama bakteria niliowajua[br]pekee walipotea

0:08:13.389,0:08:15.404
bila muingilio wa tiba.

0:08:16.350,0:08:17.500
Hawakupotea.

0:08:18.020,0:08:20.853
Yule binti sasa alikua amegundulika[br]na mashambulio makali

0:08:20.877,0:08:22.195
ya bakteria wabaya.

0:08:23.511,0:08:27.589
Walikua ni wale wale bakteria[br]chombo changu kiligundua kabla.

0:08:28.537,0:08:31.033
Na licha ya ukali wa[br]dawa za kutibu,

0:08:31.057,0:08:33.586
ilikua inashindikana[br]kuondoa mashambulizi.

0:08:34.816,0:08:37.898
Madaktari waliona kua asingeweza[br]kufikia miaka ya 20.

0:08:40.404,0:08:42.509
Nilipopima kwenye sampuli ya binti huyu,

0:08:42.533,0:08:44.732
kifaa changu kilikua kwenye[br]hatua za mwanzo.

0:08:44.756,0:08:47.455
Sikujua hata[br]kama njia yangu ilifanya kazi kabisa,

0:08:47.479,0:08:49.626
hivyo nikawa na makubaliano[br]na madaktari

0:08:49.650,0:08:51.511
kutowaambia chombo changu[br]kilichoonyesha

0:08:51.535,0:08:53.675
ili kutokuharibu matibabu yao.

0:08:53.861,0:08:56.914
Hivyo nilipoona haya majibu[br]ambayo hata hayakuwa yamehakikishwa,

0:08:56.938,0:08:58.290
sikudhubutu kusema

0:08:58.314,0:09:01.121
ka sababu kutibu mgonjwa[br]bila mashambulizi halisi

0:09:01.145,0:09:03.755
pia ina matokeo mabaya[br]kwa mgonjwa.

0:09:05.092,0:09:06.714
Lakini sasa tunajua bora,

0:09:06.738,0:09:10.137
na kuna wavulana na wasichana wadogo[br]wengi bado wanaweza kuokolewa

0:09:11.172,0:09:14.596
kwa sababu, bahati mbaya,[br]hii hali inatokea mara nyingi.

0:09:14.620,0:09:16.163
Wagonjwa wanaathirika,

0:09:16.187,0:09:19.664
bakteria kwa namna flani hawaonekani[br]kwenye vipimo vya kawaida,

0:09:19.688,0:09:23.540
na ghafla, maambukizi yanatokea[br]ndani ya mgojwa na dalili kali.

0:09:23.564,0:09:25.722
Na kwenye mda huo, tayari tumechelewa.

0:09:27.219,0:09:30.773
Majibu ya kushangaza ya[br]wagonjwa 62 niliowafuatilia

0:09:30.797,0:09:33.340
yalikua chombo changu kilishika[br]mazungumzo ya bakteria

0:09:33.364,0:09:35.580
kwa zaidi ya nusu ya sampuli za wagonjwa

0:09:35.604,0:09:38.875
ambao walikua wamegundulika bila kitu[br]kwa njia za upimaji za kawaida.

0:09:39.381,0:09:43.055
Kwa maneno mengine, zaidi ya nusu ya[br]hawa wagonjwa walirudi nyumbani wakiwaza

0:09:43.079,0:09:44.764
kua wako huru na maambukizi,

0:09:44.788,0:09:47.536
japokuwa kihalisi walibeba[br]bakteria hatari.

0:09:49.257,0:09:51.554
Ndani ya wagonjwa waliopimwa vibaya,

0:09:51.578,0:09:54.598
bakteria walikuwa wanaandaa shambulizi[br]la kuambatanishwa.

0:09:55.530,0:09:57.218
Walikua wananong'onezana.

0:09:57.892,0:09:59.523
Ninachoita "mnong'ono wa bakteria"

0:09:59.547,0:10:02.551
ni bakteria ambao njia za kawaida[br]za upimjai haziwezi kuona.

0:10:03.383,0:10:07.326
Mpaka sasa, ni chombo cha kutafsiri tu[br]kinachoweza kudaka hao wanong'onezaji.

0:10:08.364,0:10:11.767
Ninaamini kua mda uliopo ambao[br]bakteria bado wananong'onezana

0:10:11.791,0:10:14.778
ni nafasi nzuri ya matibabu[br]ya malengo.

0:10:15.608,0:10:18.741
Kama yule binti angekua ametibiwwa[br]kwenye kuu mda wenye nafasi,

0:10:18.765,0:10:21.266
ingekua inawezekana kuua[br]bakteria

0:10:21.290,0:10:22.755
kwenye hatua yao ya mwanzo,

0:10:22.779,0:10:24.885
kabla maambukizi kuwa nje ya uwezo.

0:10:27.131,0:10:31.102
Nilichopitia na huyu binti mdogo[br]kumenifanya niamue kufanya ninachoweza

0:10:31.126,0:10:33.331
kusukuma hii teknolojia kwenye hospitali.

0:10:34.212,0:10:35.363
Pamoja na madaktari,

0:10:35.387,0:10:38.356
tayari ninafanya kazi kutumia[br]hiki kifaa kwenye kliniki

0:10:38.380,0:10:40.202
kutambua maambukizi ya kwanza.

0:10:41.319,0:10:44.563
Japo bado haijajulikana jinsi[br]madaktari watatibu wagonjwa

0:10:44.587,0:10:46.400
kwenye kipindi cha mnong'ono,

0:10:46.424,0:10:50.127
hiki kifaa kinaweza kusaidia madaktari[br]kuwa makini na wagonjwa kwenye hatari.

0:10:50.548,0:10:53.830
Kinaweza kuwasaidia kuhakikisha[br]kama tiba imefanya kazi au la,

0:10:53.854,0:10:56.618
na inaweza kusaidia kujibu maswali rahisi:

0:10:56.642,0:10:58.372
Mgonjwa ana mashambulizi?

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Na bakteria wako wanapanga nini?

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Bakteria wanaongea,

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wanatengeneza mipango ya siri,

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na wanatumiana taarifa za siri.[br]

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Lakini sio tu kuawaangalia wenyewe[br]wakinong'onezana,

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sisi sote tunaweza kujifunza lugha ya siri

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na kua wenyewe wanong'onezi wa bakteria.

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Na, kama bakteria wangesema,

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"3-oxo-C12-aniline."

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(Kicheko)

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(Makofi)

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Asanteni.