[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.90,0:00:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're swimming in the ocean\Nwhen something brushes your leg.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.68,0:00:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the tingling sets in,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.35,0:00:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you realize you've been stung \Nby a jellyfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.78,0:00:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do these beautiful, gelatinous\Ncreatures pack such a painful punch?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.75,0:00:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jellyfish are soft \Nbecause they are 95% water
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.36,0:00:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are mostly made of a translucent \Ngel-like substance called mesoglea.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.24,0:00:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With such delecate bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.65,0:00:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they rely on thousands of venom-containing\Nstinging cells called cnidocytes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.77,0:00:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for protection and prey capture.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.13,0:00:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even baby jellyfish, \Nthe size of a pencil eraser,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.28,0:00:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have the ability to sting.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.70,0:00:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Larval jellyfish, ephyrae, look like\Ntiny flowers pulsating in the sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.56,0:00:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As they grow, they become umbrella-shaped\Nwith a bell at the top
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.04,0:00:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and descending tentacles \Naround the margin.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.74,0:00:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The largest species of jellyfish,\Nthe lion's mane,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.49,0:01:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has tentacles that can extend \Nmore than 100 feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.35,0:01:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,longer than a blue whale.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.31,0:01:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These tentacles contain \Nmost of the stinging cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.30,0:01:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although some species have them\Non their bells, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.17,0:01:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Venom is ejected via a nematocyst,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.36,0:01:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a whip-like hollow tubule,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.47,0:01:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which lies coiled under \Nhigh osmotic pressure.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.45,0:01:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When mechanical or chemical stimuli\Nactivate an external trigger,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.92,0:01:28.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lid of the cell pops open\Nand sea water rushes in.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.100,0:01:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This forces a microscopic barbed\Nharpoon to shoot out,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.83,0:01:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,penetrate and inject \Nvenom into its victim.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.40,0:01:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nematocyst discharge can occur\Nin less than a millionth of a second,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.55,0:01:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making it one of nature's fastest\Nbiomechanical processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.46,0:01:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nematocysts can continue\Nto fire even after a jellyfish has died,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.87,0:01:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's important to remove\Nlingering tentacles stuck to the skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.91,0:01:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rinsing with vinegar will usually render\Nundischarged nematocysts inactive.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.83,0:02:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seawater can also help \Nremove residual nematocysts.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.65,0:02:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But don't use fresh water\Nbecause any change in salt balance
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.09,0:02:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alters the osmotic pressure \Noutside of the cnidocyte
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.37,0:02:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and will trigger the nematocyst to fire.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.32,0:02:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why urinating on the affected area,\Na common folk remedy,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.30,0:02:21.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may do more harm that good,\Ndepending on the composition of the urine.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.54,0:02:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most jellyfish stings \Nare a painful nuisance,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.62,0:02:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but some can be deadly.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.49,0:02:30.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An Indo-Pacific box jelly,\Nalso called a sea wasp,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.03,0:02:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,releases venom which can cause\Ncontraction of the heart muscles
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.19,0:02:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rapid death in large doses.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.54,0:02:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's an anti-venom,\Nbut the venom is fast-acting,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.44,0:02:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you'd need immediate \Nmedical intervention.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.81,0:02:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite the impressive power\Nin their tentacles,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.64,0:02:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,jellies aren't invincible.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.01,0:02:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their stinging cells are no match\Nfor the armor of thick-skin predators,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.90,0:02:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the leatherback turtle\Nand ocean sunfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.66,0:02:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These predators both have adaptations\Nthat prevents slippery jellyfish
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.77,0:03:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from escaping after they are engulfed:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.55,0:03:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,backwards pointing spines \Nin the turtle's mouth and esophagus
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.98,0:03:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and recurved teeth \Nbehind the sunfish's cheeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.57,0:03:12.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even tiny lobster slipper larvae\Ncan cling to the bell of a jellyfish
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.57,0:03:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hitch a ride,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.12,0:03:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,snacking on the jelly while they preserve\Ntheir own energy for growth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.35,0:03:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Small agile fish use the jellies\Nas moving reefs for protection,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.80,0:03:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,darting between tentacles\Nwithout ever touching them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.77,0:03:30.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nudibranchs, which are sea slugs\Ncovered in protective slime,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.47,0:03:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can actually steal the jelly's defenses\Nby eating the cnidocytes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.14,0:03:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and transferring them \Nto specialized sacks for later use,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.76,0:03:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as weapons against their own predators.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.27,0:03:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even humans might benefit\Nfrom the sting of a jellyfish one day.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.61,0:03:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists are working on manipulating\Ncnidocytes to deliver medicine,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.82,0:03:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with nematocysts rarely 3% of the size\Nof a typical syringe needle.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.47,0:03:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the next time you're out \Nin the ocean, be careful.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.75,0:04:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also, take a second \Nto marvel at its wonders.