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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.31,0:00:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(OFF) Thanks very much...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.82,0:00:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(David Price) This is the \Never-shrinking presentation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.23,0:00:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was originally 25 minutes,\Nlast night it was 23,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.88,0:00:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now it's 22.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.80,0:00:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got a 40-minute presentation.\NI'm just going to speak twice as quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.83,0:00:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, I'm only kidding, it's only \N20, 22 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.57,0:00:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've got a thing to time it \Nto make sure I don't go over.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.62,0:00:25.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About four months ago, I was diagnosed\Nwith cancer of the colon.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.93,0:00:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what was it, seven weeks ago,\NI had the operation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.86,0:00:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which kind of went okay, \Ngot rid of the tumor.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.50,0:00:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when the colon was reconnected,\Nit sprung a leak
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.48,0:00:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I got a thing called sepsis, \Nwhich I later discovered,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.25,0:00:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is fatal in 60% of the cases.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.66,0:00:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What essentially happens with sepsis is
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.89,0:00:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the organs start to pack in, \None after the other,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.44,0:00:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so my heart was fibrillating,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.78,0:00:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I lost, kidneys stopped working,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.78,0:00:57.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lungs stopped working, \Nso they put me on a ventilator.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.55,0:01:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my wife Claire \Nwho's here somewhere
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.35,0:01:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was told to bring the family around, \Nbecause they didn't expect me
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.76,0:01:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get through the weekend.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.72,0:01:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can see, I survived, and this is\Nactually the first talk I've given
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.48,0:01:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since I was in intensive care.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.18,0:01:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was in intensive care for a week.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.61,0:01:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, when a sick, no, no honest.\N(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.21,0:01:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when I say I'm delighted to be here,\NI'm not just being polite.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.00,0:01:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.58,0:01:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm talking existentially \Nrather than conversationally.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.28,0:01:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I wanted to start with that story\Nbecause, in that process of the journey
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.52,0:01:41.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from diagnosis to operation,\NI met with some remarkable people:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.13,0:01:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on forums and interest groups,\Nbut I also visited and interviewed people.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.68,0:01:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I interviewed some people \Nin the Netherlands
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.18,0:01:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are treating their loved ones,\Nwho've got end-stage cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.04,0:01:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are lay people, computer technicians,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.93,0:02:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who, frankly, conventional medicine's\Ngiven up, they're stage 4,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.57,0:02:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they said there is nothing more we can do,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.48,0:02:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they're administering \Nintrovenous cocktails of drugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.50,0:02:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of which are approved, \Nsome of which are off-patent,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.14,0:02:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of which are off-label.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.82,0:02:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I visited a clinic, here in Germany,\Nwhich I can't name, because
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.42,0:02:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're kind of operating in the shadows\Nin fear that they'll be closed down.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.08,0:02:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what it seemed to me,\Nonce I looked beyond health
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.95,0:02:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that this is a phenomenon \Nwhich is happening
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.72,0:02:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all kinds of areas of public life,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.49,0:02:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're seeing what I call \Npeople-powered innovation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.58,0:02:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think it presents a real challenge \Nfor institutions and organizations.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.95,0:02:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, why is it important?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.37,0:02:45.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's important because it's\Nkind of a natural consequence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.33,0:02:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the issues I talked about \Nin my book "Open,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.97,0:02:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where, now that we're able to share\Nand exchange knowledge,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.70,0:02:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're now at a point where we\Nwant to do something about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.02,0:02:58.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we want now to be more in control\Nof our own lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.33,0:03:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think it's particularly important\Nfor the people who are in this room today:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.38,0:03:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,educators and human resource people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.26,0:03:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because one of the things that we're \Nseeing is a major shift in the way
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.82,0:03:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which we accredit knowledge\Nand competencies.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.79,0:03:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know if any of you have read\NPhillip Brown's excellent book
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.04,0:03:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called "The Global Auction," but he talks \Nabout how our graduates are facing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.50,0:03:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a high-skilled, low-income future
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.04,0:03:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of globalization \Nand a whole range of other issues.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.13,0:03:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And recently, Laszlo Bock who is in charge\Nof People Operations at Google said this,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.57,0:03:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Your degree is not a proxy \Nfor your ability to do any job.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.41,0:03:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The world only cares about \Nand pays off on
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.100,0:03:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"what you can do with what you know
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.96,0:03:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and it doesn't care how you learned it."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.43,0:03:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my point, I guess, is that \Nunless we change the product,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.48,0:03:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we risk being dis-intermediated.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.13,0:03:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By that, I mean learners\Ncan find other ways
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.80,0:03:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get the knowledge and skills \Nthat they need.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.85,0:04:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's face it, the product hasn't \Nreally changed much in decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.92,0:04:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'd argue that the best way \Nto stay relevant
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.87,0:04:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to involve users \Nin the process of innovation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.22,0:04:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what I mean by \Npeople-powered innovation,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.06,0:04:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a process where users lead users, \Naccelerate innovation
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.69,0:04:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by either advocating \Nfor new products or services,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.18,0:04:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tinkering with existing products\Nand services,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.78,0:04:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or creating new products \Nand services from scratch.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.44,0:04:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's my kind of working definition,\Nbased partly
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.44,0:04:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Eric von Hippel's definition \Nof people-powered innovation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.33,0:04:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's some examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.62,0:04:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The potato crisp, \Nthe humble potato chip
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.16,0:04:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was invented in 1853 by a chef \Ncalled George Crum
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.86,0:04:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who worked at a restaurant in Saratoga.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.37,0:04:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now he gets the credit for inventing it,\Nbut I think it should go
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.98,0:04:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the disgruntled diner \Nin that restaurant\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.46,0:04:57.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who kept sending the potatoes back, \Nsaid that they were too thickly sliced.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.11,0:04:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this kept going backwards and forwards
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.92,0:05:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually George Crum got really\Npissed off about this
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.53,0:05:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cooked them as thin as he could,\Nburned them to a crisp,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.72,0:05:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smothered them in salt \Nand then sent them out.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.68,0:05:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the diner loved it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.44,0:05:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he thought, oh, \Nwe're on to something here
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.54,0:05:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he didn't take out a patent: in fact,\Nnone of these examples have been patented.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.18,0:05:20.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, 1853, we've always had \Npeople-powered innovation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.33,0:05:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, you could argue that up until\Nthe Industrial Revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.35,0:05:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's all we had, we had \Npeople-powered innovation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.44,0:05:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you bring it a wee bit\Nmore up to date
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.47,0:05:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know if you know \Nthe story of the skateboard
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.88,0:05:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was something that surfers, facing \Na window when they couldn't surf,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.04,0:05:37.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was the best kind of substitute.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.97,0:05:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they took a pair of roller-skates, \Nchopped them in two,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.90,0:05:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put wheels on either end of a plank\Nof wood, and you had a skateboard.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.62,0:05:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the skateboard industry is now worth\N$4.8 billion a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.97,0:05:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a similar story happened \Nwith the mountain bike.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.87,0:05:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was basically cannibalized from \Nother forms of bikes
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.34,0:05:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and developed entirely by users.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.50,0:06:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To bring it even more up to date,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.17,0:06:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know if you're aware \Nof this thing called Patreon?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.84,0:06:07.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's been set up by Jack Conte\Nwho is a musician.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.39,0:06:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Certainly, he wouldn't have thought \Nhimself as a kind of entrepreneur
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.05,0:06:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it kind of recreates \Nin the digital age
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.82,0:06:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 18th century notion \Nof patronage for artists.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.72,0:06:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you pay up artists, \Nbecause you like their work.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.22,0:06:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it has been a hugely successful \Nventure for Jack.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.25,0:06:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then one of the few companies\Nthat have really latched onto
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.33,0:06:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people-powered innovation \Nat a very early stage
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.59,0:06:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is Proctor & Gamble, who have developed \Na thing called Connect and Develop
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.12,0:06:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that service now, \Nwhich brings in innovations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.47,0:06:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from outside of the organization,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.76,0:06:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that constitutes about half \Nof all their innovations.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.39,0:06:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So much so that Proctor & Gamble say:\N"Proudly found elsewhere."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.04,0:06:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's their motto.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.58,0:06:58.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I wonder how many of us working\Nin universities could say the same thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.11,0:07:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or how many of us who are \Nlearning officers in companies?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.84,0:07:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, where do we see \Npeople-powered innovation?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.03,0:07:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you can go to any maker space \Nand you'll see it,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.12,0:07:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,visit forums or interest groups,\Neven groups like Anonymous,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.34,0:07:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever you may think \Nof their philosophy,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.24,0:07:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't deny their ingenuity\Nand innovation.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.99,0:07:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've looked at a number of examples
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.87,0:07:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've identified \Nfour common characteristics.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.64,0:07:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to quickly go through them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.54,0:07:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is need.\NThe second is "Jugaad."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.05,0:07:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't worry if it's not \Na familiar term to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.91,0:07:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Third is the hacker ethic \Nand the fourth is a sense of agency.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.97,0:07:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right. Very quick examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.42,0:07:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a cliché, but it's a cliché \Nfor a reason,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.90,0:07:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that invention is indeed the mother\Nof necessity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.43,0:07:46.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you get people-powered innovation\Nwhere the need is greatest.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.49,0:07:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's no accident that some of the\Nmost innovative things that we now see
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.06,0:07:55.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now are happening in the developed world\Nin slums and favelas.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.51,0:08:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So 85% of mobile transactions \Nhave actually originated
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.33,0:08:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in developing countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.10,0:08:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And 50% of them were created by users.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.19,0:08:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you think about it, that's kind of\Npaved the way for things like
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.96,0:08:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apple Pay and Samsung Wallet.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.06,0:08:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first use of mobile banking\Nwas actually in the Philippines,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.55,0:08:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what people did there was to take\Npay-as-you-go top-up vouchers,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.93,0:08:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take the code from them, text them\Nto their friends and family
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.40,0:08:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in other parts of the Philippines, and\Nthey used it as a kind of currency.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.24,0:08:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they're not just turning air time \Ninto money,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.55,0:08:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're turning shit into money too.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.41,0:08:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a genuine sign, \NI didn't make this up
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.68,0:08:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it says, if you can't read the bottom\Nit says,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.43,0:08:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Shit Business is Serious Business".
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.92,0:08:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a guy in Lagos in Nigeria
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.58,0:08:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Lagos has a big \Npublic health problem
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.78,0:08:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because people are using \Nthe streets as a toilet
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.08,0:08:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there is a graphic artist \Ncalled Isaac Agbetusin
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.63,0:08:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who invented a thing that he called\Nthe Dignified Mobile Toilet.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.11,0:09:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They look like the kind of Portaloos \Nthat you see on building sites
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.14,0:09:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he's designed it, built it, \Ndelivers it to communities
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.44,0:09:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they charge people \Nten cents to use them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.28,0:09:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's only part of the story, because\Nthen the waste is collected
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.36,0:09:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turned into biogas which is sold\Nto energy companies.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.64,0:09:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's ingenious. He's getting profit at \Nboth ends of the transaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.66,0:09:26.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that leads us\Nto the second characteristic.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.27,0:09:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's this word "jugaad".\NAnd if you're not familiar with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.54,0:09:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a Hindi term which kind of means\Nit's making the most of what you've got.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.13,0:09:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I don't know if you can see\Nthe photograph on the right.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.92,0:09:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's an ox-powered two-story truck.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.15,0:09:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the rainy season,\Nof course people get drenched
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.86,0:09:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so somebody found the cabin\Nfrom an old truck, put it on.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.95,0:09:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are people on the top deck\Nof the truck, people on the bottom,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.18,0:09:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're staying dry.\NMaking the most of what you've got.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.02,0:09:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's also this sense of "jugaad"\Nas meaning "good enough".
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.68,0:10:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see on the left\Nis the world's first clay refrigerator.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.55,0:10:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was created, again,\Nby just an ordinary user.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.93,0:10:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course it doesn't work\Nas well as a powered refrigerator
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.82,0:10:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we might have in the West.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.49,0:10:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's cooled by cold water\Nwhich cools the clay.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.16,0:10:22.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when you've got temperatures\Nof 45, 50 degrees in summer,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.57,0:10:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's good enough.\NIt keeps the produce cool enough
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.24,0:10:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be used, and it doesn't go off.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.18,0:10:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's some very quick examples\Nof jugaad as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.23,0:10:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Guy on the top left, \Nhe's frying his breakfast
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.70,0:10:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while he's listening to his MP3 player.\N(audience laughing)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.80,0:10:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Guys on the top right have designated\Nthe compartment a sleeper compartment.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.84,0:10:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They took a blanket and put it up\Nas a hammock.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.48,0:10:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Guy at the bottom right.\NThis is fascinating.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.32,0:10:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's turned what we call in the U.K.\Na flip-flop, Australians call them thongs,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.05,0:10:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's turned it into a gun holster.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.74,0:10:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know what he's doing\Nwith the other flip-flop.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.81,0:11:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the guy on the bottom left\Nhas invented a kind of hands-free kit.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.90,0:11:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience laughing)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.44,0:11:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just a handkerchief with \Na mobile phone.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.34,0:11:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope to God he's cut a couple\Nof holes out in the front.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.07,0:11:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we're seeing is that\Njugaad principles
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.46,0:11:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now being adopted \Nby Western countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.64,0:11:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you think about it, \Na company like Google
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.16,0:11:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it talks about everything's \N(mumbles), fail fast and integrate
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.82,0:11:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a kind of jugaad approach\Nto innovation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.26,0:11:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when jugaad meets \Nthe next characteristic,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.43,0:11:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think things get really interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.77,0:11:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when you combine a hacker ethic\Nwith jugaad,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.34,0:11:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think you then start or rub against\Nwhat I would call
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.14,0:11:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the biggest blockers\Nto people-powered innovation,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.02,0:11:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's kind of over-strict\Nregulatory framework.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.55,0:11:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's put there on the premise\Nof protecting us and maintaining quality.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.70,0:11:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm assuming you all know the story\Nof Wikipedia, so I'll give you
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.47,0:11:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the truncated version.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.17,0:12:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it was first started,\Nit was called Newpedia
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.07,0:12:05.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they commissioned a bunch\Nof academics to write articles
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.21,0:12:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which were then going to be\Npeer-reviewed to maintain the quality.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.98,0:12:13.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And two years into its existence,\NNewpedia had to close
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.75,0:12:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cause it had a grand total of 25 articles,\Ncause people had spent all that time
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.48,0:12:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arguing about whether \Nthe article was good enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.66,0:12:24.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it became Wikipedia,\Nand as you know, Jimmy Wales then said,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.49,0:12:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"To hell with this. \NI'll make it open source.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.36,0:12:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Anybody can write this.\NIt will be good enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.43,0:12:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"And people can hack it \Nand improve it."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.38,0:12:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's less commonly known\Nis that Wikipedia wasn't
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.83,0:12:37.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the kind of direct successor\Nof Newpedia.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.34,0:12:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sort of forked, and alongside Wikipedia\Nwas a thing called Citizendium.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.87,0:12:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, could you just put your hand up\Nif you've ever used Wikipedia?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.05,0:12:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, pretty much everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.41,0:12:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you put your hand up if\Nyou've used Citizendium?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.24,0:12:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, and that's because \Nthey insisted on peer review.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.08,0:13:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you go on the Citizendium website,\Nthey've got something like 160,000 articles
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.58,0:13:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which have been commissioned,\Nand 106 of them, I think it is,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.25,0:13:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have actually been released for citation.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.17,0:13:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I don't know what's happening\Nfor all the rest, but it seems to me
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.67,0:13:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a lesson here \Nfor academic publishing
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.48,0:13:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I don't believe peer review,\Nunless it's open source,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.14,0:13:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does anything other than obstruct\Nresearch and innovation and not advance it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.32,0:13:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's an example from education,\Nfrom education
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.64,0:13:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what I'd consider \Nto be jugaad in the hypothetic.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.92,0:13:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a college in London \Ncalled the School for Communication Arts.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.42,0:13:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's run by a maverick called Marc Lewis,\Nand it serves the advertising industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.25,0:13:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it provides tertiary-level courses\Nbut they're not degrees
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.30,0:13:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he can't get validated.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.48,0:13:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why can't he get validated?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.14,0:14:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because Marc invites people\Nto hack its own programs,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.26,0:14:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he does it via this.\NThere a thing called the Curriculum Wiki.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.95,0:14:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you're in the advertising industry,\Nand you think that there's
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.94,0:14:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a particular skill that's being developed,\Nor there's some new processes and practices,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.78,0:14:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if you're a student,\Nor indeed a member of the public,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.76,0:14:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can put up on the Curriculum Wiki\Nwhat you think should be taught,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.41,0:14:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Marc and his staff there\Nwill guarantee to turn that
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.42,0:14:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a set of learning outcomes\Nwith a syllabus.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.25,0:14:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they'll have it up and running\Nwithin six weeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.25,0:14:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now of course, that means \Nthat it can't get validation,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.28,0:14:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in the U.K.,\Nuniversities want to know
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.76,0:14:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what your program's going to be\Nin five years' time.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.37,0:14:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He doesn't know what they're going\Nto be doing in five weeks' time,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.75,0:14:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he doesn't care because \Nall the students get jobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.67,0:14:46.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've got 100% employability rate.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.67,0:14:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's a case of, I think,\Nthe kind of regulatory frameworks
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.76,0:14:54.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we've got coming up against\Ninnovation and people-powered innovation.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.55,0:14:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it seems to me that\Nthat sense of urgency is really important.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.62,0:15:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In most examples of formal learning, \Nit seems to me we've promoted
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.74,0:15:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a kind of learned dependence.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.31,0:15:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're the experts.\NYou're the learners.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.77,0:15:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you want to progress \Nto the next level,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.10,0:15:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you're going to need us.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.88,0:15:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then along came the biggest, \Ndisruptive innovation
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.16,0:15:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since chewing gum in education, \Nand that's YouTube.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.54,0:15:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And everybody suddenly went, \N"Hmm, maybe we don't need you guys
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.59,0:15:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"as much as we thought we did."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.40,0:15:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And YouTube begat MOOCs.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.24,0:15:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the new mantra became\N"Any lecturer that can be replaced
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.45,0:15:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"by a YouTube video, will be."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.96,0:15:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But whilst MOOCs and online learning allow\Nlearners to hack their education, sort of,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.56,0:15:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't yet build community\Nor a sense of learner agency.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.42,0:15:45.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I believe that building learner \Nagency will be the next big development
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.99,0:15:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in learning, because that's what we see\Nin social learning now.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.63,0:15:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And learners expect that\Nthat agency in formal learning
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.33,0:15:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is also going to be there.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.35,0:15:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's not hard to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.48,0:16:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We just need to adopt social learning\Nsix key motivations
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.19,0:16:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I talk about in the book.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.82,0:16:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a whole other talk\Nto go through these
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.43,0:16:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'll just quickly list them.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.40,0:16:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, a sense of do-it-yourself.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.84,0:16:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a great deal of autonomy\Nin social learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.39,0:16:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You all know that because\Nthat's how you communicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.38,0:16:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know I'm preaching to the converted here.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.69,0:16:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second is immediacy.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.08,0:16:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's what Lillian Katz called \Na horizontal relevance about learning
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.10,0:16:27.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you're getting the knowledge\Nthat you need now
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.09,0:16:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve the challenge\Nthat you've got
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.51,0:16:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than just in case\Nat some point in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.18,0:16:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's an obvious sense \Nof collegiality, do it with friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.24,0:16:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's now the case that if you're\Non Twitter or Yammer,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.72,0:16:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've probably got your closest\Ncollaborator on the other side
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.74,0:16:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the world, rather than\Non the other side of the office.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.28,0:16:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, there's a sense of playfulness\Nabout all of this stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.08,0:16:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we get into the contentious ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.62,0:16:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do unto others.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.76,0:16:56.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I know that social media\Nhas got bullies, has got trolls,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.100,0:16:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are bad people out there\Nwho do bad things,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.86,0:17:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's the stuff that gets reported.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.12,0:17:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What doesn't get reported\Nare the million random acts of kindness
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.34,0:17:08.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which happen every day because of\Nthat sense of generosity
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.59,0:17:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is powering the learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.62,0:17:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And similarly, for the last one.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.38,0:17:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a high visibility about the \Nlearning which is happening
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.25,0:17:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the social space which isn't\Nbeing replicated, I would argue,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.14,0:17:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the formal learning space.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.50,0:17:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Companies and universities\Nget very nervous about the learning
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.62,0:17:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being open to the rest of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.22,0:17:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think these six qualities\Nof social learning are
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.35,0:17:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the means by which those communities\Ndevelop a sense of agency.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.04,0:17:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'd argue that we need to think\Nabout how many of these
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.23,0:17:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can bring in to our formal\Nlearning programs.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.16,0:17:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's really encouraging to see\Nthe presentations that are scheduled
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.37,0:17:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the next couple of days,\Nparticularly the ones which
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.17,0:17:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are about peer learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.00,0:17:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they're the four kind of \Ncommon characteristics
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.13,0:17:55.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,behind people-powered\Ninnovation.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.87,0:17:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm now, only got a couple of \Nminutes left, so let's just finish
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.06,0:18:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with perhaps three things\Nthat we could do
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.53,0:18:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop more people-powered\Ninnovation.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.25,0:18:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First is don't be afraid of the pro-am.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.84,0:18:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The poster boy these days\Nfor the pro-am is this kid.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.32,0:18:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just put your hand up \Nif you recognize this kid.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.41,0:18:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, not many.\NHis name's Jack Andraka.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.44,0:18:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he was fifteen,\Nhe came up with a biomarker
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.34,0:18:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for pancreatic cancer because\Nthe need was there.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.04,0:18:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A close member of his family died\Nof pancreatic cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.84,0:18:25.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it wasn't spotted early enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.93,0:18:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Jack came up, did all his research\Non Google and Wikipedia.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.64,0:18:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He calls them a teenager's best friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.50,0:18:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then he reached a point where\Nhe needed lab space.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.46,0:18:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he wrote to 200 universities \Nin America
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.09,0:18:42.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 199 of them turned him down.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.63,0:18:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They couldn't see what a 15-year-old\Ncould possibly tell them
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.40,0:18:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about pancreatic cancer, I mean,\Nhe didn't even have a master's.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.98,0:18:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how would he possibly be able\Nto help them?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.10,0:18:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now fortunately, one did,\Nand that was Johns Hopkins.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.81,0:18:59.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's ready to go into production now,\Nthis biomarker.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.21,0:19:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here again, he's come up,\Nhe's incredibly frustrated
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.47,0:19:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he's come up against\Nregulatory framework
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.10,0:19:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is not allowing this thing\Nto be made available
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.74,0:19:10.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the ridiculous clinical\Ntrial system that we've got.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.87,0:19:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's going to be five,\Npossibly ten years,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:13.25,0:19:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before this is now made available.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.83,0:19:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as Jack says, "How many \Nmore people are going to die
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.32,0:19:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"as a result of that?"
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.62,0:19:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's one,\Ndon't be afraid of the pro-am,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.65,0:19:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and obviously,\Nde-regulate where possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.32,0:19:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Welcome those education hackers.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:27.80,0:19:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then finally, I think we've just\Nnot got to be in denial about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:31.95,0:19:34.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since "Open" was published,\NI've worked with a lot of companies
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.97,0:19:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and universities, and I go in \Nand I tell them about the risks
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.68,0:19:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being dis-intermediated.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.87,0:19:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I sense this kind of collective\Ndenial going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:44.44,0:19:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's understandable because\Nfor a long time,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.60,0:19:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learners had nowhere else to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.04,0:19:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've had a kind of monopoly\Nfor the past hundred years or more,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.94,0:19:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the time to open up education\Nis here and it's now,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.48,0:20:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have to involve users\Nin redefining what we do.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:01.82,0:20:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I began by talking about \Nmy recent cancer treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.53,0:20:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I was first diagnosed, I had\Nmy first meeting with the oncologist.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.54,0:20:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you can imagine, \NI had done a ton of research
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.92,0:20:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I'm a hypochondriac,\NI don't mind admitting it.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.21,0:20:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only consolation about \Nbeing a hypochondriac
Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.84,0:20:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that eventually you're proven right.\N(audience laughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.98,0:20:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I was talking to the oncologist, and I \Nsaid, "What are the alternatives to surgery?"
Dialogue: 0,0:20:29.22,0:20:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What are going to be the side effects\Nof chemotherapy, if I have to have it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.50,0:20:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was getting more and more\Nfrustrated.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:35.07,0:20:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked about holistic treatments.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:37.14,0:20:38.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, he kind of snapped\Nat me, and he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.100,0:20:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Look, just have the surgery.\NDon't overthink this."
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.79,0:20:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when a doctor tells you\Nto not overthink it,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.62,0:20:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would strongly recommend you\Nfind another doctor,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.36,0:20:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's the kind of \NApple philosophy.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.93,0:20:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, we've done \Nall the research and the design.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:55.28,0:20:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You should just be grateful\Nthat we're letting you buy it.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:58.47,0:21:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one of these forums that I was on,\Nthe one I was telling you about
Dialogue: 0,0:21:02.92,0:21:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are operating kind of \Non the boundaries,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.84,0:21:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go on there regularly, and this oncologist\Njoined in on the conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.76,0:21:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people woke up smart, \Nand they said,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:12.50,0:21:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But we never get professionals\Ncoming on this forum."
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.11,0:21:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the oncologist said, "Well,\Nit's really important
Dialogue: 0,0:21:18.14,0:21:19.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"that this dialogue takes place."
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.93,0:21:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I remember what he said.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:21.74,0:21:26.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "Those who seek answers\Nneed to be part of this solution."
Dialogue: 0,0:21:26.93,0:21:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I hope you'll think how you\Ncan bring more people-powered innovation
Dialogue: 0,0:21:30.59,0:21:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into your own learning programs, and\Nenable people to be part of the solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:35.36,0:21:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks very much for listening.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:36.70,0:21:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:21:43.48,0:21:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- David, thank you very much, indeed.\NYou're great, at 23 minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.08,0:21:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so thank you very much indeed\Nfor making that happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:51.27,0:21:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some of these questions\Nactually will be applicable
Dialogue: 0,0:21:53.82,0:21:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Cory and for Ian as well, so you\Nmay want to pick them up
Dialogue: 0,0:21:57.06,0:21:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your remarks too.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:58.71,0:22:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let me just reflect some of \Nthe comments that we've been getting,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:01.22,0:22:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there you can see the address.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.44,0:22:03.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can take many more if you want.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.89,0:22:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one from Alejandro Molini.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:06.65,0:22:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The shift to a new age of opportunity,\Nwhat exactly is this shift towards?
Dialogue: 0,0:22:13.96,0:22:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Well, I think that's a bigger question.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.60,0:22:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a question that I asked myself when\NI looked at the overall theme for today.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.62,0:22:26.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But certainly as far as the thing that I\Nwas talking about, for me
Dialogue: 0,0:22:26.19,0:22:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is the shift toward knowledge\Nis becoming more open.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.51,0:22:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a curious kind of battle which is\Nconstantly taking place
Dialogue: 0,0:22:33.63,0:22:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cause I think Cory will be talking\Nto some extent about institutions
Dialogue: 0,0:22:38.01,0:22:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they're making it difficult\Nfor that knowledge to be shared.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.78,0:22:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think what we've seen over\Nthe past ten years, is a desire
Dialogue: 0,0:22:45.89,0:22:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people to have more control\Nover their lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.24,0:22:52.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the implication behind all that,\Nwhich is why I think dis-intermediation\N
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.17,0:22:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is such a powerful implication.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.65,0:22:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're part of the music industry,\Nyou never thought that you'd be done out.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.12,0:23:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were a travel agent, you never\Nreally thought that people
Dialogue: 0,0:23:02.31,0:23:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would want to organize their\Nown holidays.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:04.46,0:23:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're a taxi driver, you probably\Ndidn't see Uber coming.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.42,0:23:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that to me is part of that shift.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.57,0:23:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- What about this comment from\NMaria Ebro?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.64,0:23:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A very interesting talk, but how do\Nyou ensure confidentiality?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.05,0:23:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you balance control\Nversus innovation?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:22.84,0:23:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Yep, there is no easy answer to that.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.42,0:23:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I talk about regulatory \Nframeworks, of course you wouldn't want
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.02,0:23:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get on a plane and wonder if \Nthe pilot was actually somebody
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.40,0:23:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who previously was sitting \Nin the back row.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:39.03,0:23:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are some needs for that \Nregulatory framework,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:42.84,0:23:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think we've gone too far.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:44.50,0:23:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now that knowledge is\Neverywhere, it's possible that
Dialogue: 0,0:23:49.43,0:23:51.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next big breakthrough that's\Nin a lot of these areas
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.91,0:23:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will come from laypeople.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:53.23,0:23:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just think that what happens currently\Nis that we shut those people out
Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.03,0:24:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the conversation, and we need to work\Nthem, as Proctor & Gamble did.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:01.63,0:24:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- But do you see this as a genuinely\Nserious problem, is view of balancing
Dialogue: 0,0:24:05.91,0:24:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,control and innovation?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:07.84,0:24:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Absolutely, but we were just talking\Nabout this earlier when we
Dialogue: 0,0:24:11.16,0:24:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were talking about the Google DNS thing,\Nand Google then potentially have access
Dialogue: 0,0:24:15.40,0:24:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a lot of confidential information.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:18.65,0:24:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's almost a sense in which, I think,\Nthe younger generation,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:22.04,0:24:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anybody under the age of 20-25 has almost\Ngiven up on the notion of confidentiality.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.31,0:24:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think people, and it's not always in \Ntheir best interests, but I think people
Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.72,0:24:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are recognizing that perhaps they've just\Ngot to give some of that information away,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:40.52,0:24:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have to trust some of those\Norganizations.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.18,0:24:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's no easy answer to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.18,0:24:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's constantly in play, it's \Nconstantly in flux, this tension.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.81,0:24:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- All right, I'm trying to reflect as many\Nof your thoughts as are coming to me
Dialogue: 0,0:24:52.56,0:24:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the moment, so we're moving \Nall over the place.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.20,0:24:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about this from Alex Anesteciadas.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:24:58.73,0:25:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where do we see people-powered\Ninnovation going now?
Dialogue: 0,0:25:05.01,0:25:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- I'd love to see more of it in education\Nbecause I think it is one of the areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:08.58,0:25:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- How can that be achieved?
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.06,0:25:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- How can it be achieved?\NIt can be achieved by strategic decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:25:14.21,0:25:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by organizations that they're going to \Nwork with.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:16.95,0:25:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just started working with the largest\Nbank in Ireland, and they took
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.71,0:25:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a conscious decision their services\Nhadn't changed much in about 30 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:26.16,0:25:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they need people to help them\Nredesign those services.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.12,0:25:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that has to come from the \Nsenior management,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:33.52,0:25:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recognizing that in most cases,\Nthe rate of innovation
Dialogue: 0,0:25:37.71,0:25:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot possibly keep up with the\Ndemand for change
Dialogue: 0,0:25:40.35,0:25:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that customers are exercising.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:42.99,0:25:45.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- There's a comment here which is really\Nbased around the generational challenge,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:45.79,0:25:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I suspect, from Ben Fisher.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.30,0:25:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we get all teachers now to work with\Nthis new reality, the new media,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:53.52,0:25:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the new digital space, to work with these\Nnew opportunites?
Dialogue: 0,0:25:56.45,0:25:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's something which I'm sure Cory\Nand Ian would address as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:59.44,0:26:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your view, David, at the moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:01.17,0:26:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- What I always say, and I do a lot of work\Nin schools, and when people are trying
Dialogue: 0,0:26:08.16,0:26:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring in new innovations, particularly\Ntechnologically-based ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.64,0:26:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is work with the enthusiasts and don't\Nwaste your time with the people
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.18,0:26:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are just not going to want to change\Nno matter what happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:20.01,0:26:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were having a conversation with a\Ncolleague from Australia.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.62,0:26:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can see people have got the scars\Nwhere they've tried.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:29.86,0:26:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Colleague last night had just that problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.10,0:26:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know that there are some people,\Nand you can see the challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.36,0:26:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're in their 50s, 60s, and they've \Njust decided they've learned enough stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.44,0:26:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, it's like \Nthe Homer Simpson thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:43.95,0:26:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every time I get a new piece of \Ninformation, some more stuff
Dialogue: 0,0:26:46.63,0:26:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has got to go out of the brain\Nto make way for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.29,0:26:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- You're being very defeatist, \Naren't you?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.94,0:26:55.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- I'm not. I'm just know that if you\Nwant innovation to happen,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.77,0:26:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got to protect it \Nand nurture it,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.73,0:27:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that the best way to do that\Nis to create a safe space for innovation.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:01.75,0:27:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I've worked in schools that will create\Nthese innovation pods,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:05.10,0:27:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have a simple rule where they \Nsay, "You don't have to be part
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.47,0:27:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"of this innovation if you don't want to.\NThe only thing you can't do
Dialogue: 0,0:27:11.48,0:27:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"is to say anything or do anything which\Nis going to prevent it from taking place.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:15.21,0:27:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If you don't want to be part of it, then\Nat least step out of the way."
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.40,0:27:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think that, \Nbecause it's really hard
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.29,0:27:25.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get new innovations\Nto happen in education.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:25.87,0:27:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Education has always progressed\Nincrementally, and the problem is now,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:31.62,0:27:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world's moving so fast that\Nthat incremental shift
Dialogue: 0,0:27:34.48,0:27:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't going to cut it anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:36.16,0:27:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- This is coming through as a theme\Nwhich I'm sure is in the back
Dialogue: 0,0:27:38.45,0:27:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of almost everyone's mind in the \Naudience here, the delegates,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:41.35,0:27:44.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is continuing this, David.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.27,0:27:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we integrate the shift in the\Norganization's core as mainstream?
Dialogue: 0,0:27:48.87,0:27:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we change \Nthe working way of people,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:52.29,0:27:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change, appreciate the opportunities?
Dialogue: 0,0:27:54.70,0:27:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm interpreting now, this question.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:57.64,0:28:00.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Well, again I come back \Nto involving the learners.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:00.95,0:28:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've kind of been involved in music\Neducation for a while
Dialogue: 0,0:28:06.37,0:28:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I was a musician \Nbefore I got a real job.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:09.57,0:28:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the programs\NI introduced was pretty radical
Dialogue: 0,0:28:17.88,0:28:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was about starting\Nwith the kids' musical interests,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:20.20,0:28:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the time, teachers said,\N"But we don't know anything
Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.64,0:28:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"about hip-hop."
Dialogue: 0,0:28:24.21,0:28:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'd say to people, "You've got a pair\Nof ears. You can help these students."
Dialogue: 0,0:28:28.12,0:28:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think what happens is that when\Neducators see the impact
Dialogue: 0,0:28:32.53,0:28:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's having on students, that \Ninnovation is having on their lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:36.42,0:28:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you hope that most of them\Nwill accept the need to change.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:41.73,0:28:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the process of changing,\Nit seems to me that
Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.60,0:28:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're not just changing \Nthe pedagogy, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:28:46.85,0:28:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're changing the relationship \Nwith your students.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:50.64,0:28:55.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is the big emotive pull,\Nit seems to me, for educators.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:55.66,0:28:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you become a learner\Nalongside those students,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:58.56,0:29:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fundamentally changes\Nthe nature of that relationship.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:02.30,0:29:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we've become so used to seeing\Neducators as the experts
Dialogue: 0,0:29:07.96,0:29:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that most people are terrified \Nof taking that particular hat off
Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.08,0:29:13.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and putting the learner hat on.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:13.95,0:29:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- All right, David, one last question.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:17.65,0:29:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When will companies step up \Nto the plate, based on something
Dialogue: 0,0:29:20.81,0:29:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you were saying earlier, and truly hire\Nbased on competence and not degrees?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:25.95,0:29:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's from Daniel Evans,\Nlast question.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:27.57,0:29:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Yeah, well, Google has now got,\NI think, Cory would know this.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:31.91,0:29:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it 14% of their hires now\Ndon't have a degree?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:35.36,0:29:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- I don't know the number,\Nbut what they've decided
Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.45,0:29:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they can get around the\Ntight labor market,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:41.76,0:29:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they're competing with\NFacebook for every new hire
Dialogue: 0,0:29:43.89,0:29:46.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bidding them up, by hiring \Npeople Facebook wouldn't hire,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:46.87,0:29:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people without degrees who\Nnevertheless do good work.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:49.48,0:29:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they did double-blinded\Nexperiments internally
Dialogue: 0,0:29:51.61,0:29:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their HR department that\Nshowed that the degrees
Dialogue: 0,0:29:54.08,0:29:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were irrelevant to the performance.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:55.62,0:29:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, they're doing what's \Ncommercially smart.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:58.30,0:30:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Yeah, and I think there's a kind of\Ntrickle-down effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:00.91,0:30:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so Ernst & Young have said they are no\Nlonger going to hire people on degrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:05.58,0:30:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've got other ways of assessing\Ntheir competence and capability.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.92,0:30:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think we'll start to see this,\Nincreasingly so.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:12.34,0:30:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also, as the currency of the degree,\Nas what it means, diminishes,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:18.08,0:30:22.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I do believe it will diminish,\NI think that people will start to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:22.35,0:30:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, hang on, why are we simply\Nhiring on the basis of a degree?"
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.66,0:30:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I think it will take time,\Nbut it's on its way and it's inevitable.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.33,0:30:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- All right, David, thank you\Nvery much indeed.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:34.55,0:30:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:35.51,0:30:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(applause)