0:00:00.307,0:00:02.819 (OFF) Thanks very much... 0:00:02.819,0:00:05.233 (David Price) This is the [br]ever-shrinking presentation. 0:00:05.233,0:00:07.878 It was originally 25 minutes,[br]last night it was 23, 0:00:07.878,0:00:09.799 now it's 22. 0:00:09.799,0:00:13.829 I've got a 40-minute presentation.[br]I'm just going to speak twice as quickly. 0:00:13.829,0:00:17.566 No, I'm only kidding, it's only [br]20, 22 minutes. 0:00:17.566,0:00:21.624 And I've got a thing to time it [br]to make sure I don't go over. 0:00:21.624,0:00:25.934 About four months ago, I was diagnosed[br]with cancer of the colon. 0:00:25.934,0:00:30.862 And what was it, seven weeks ago,[br]I had the operation 0:00:30.862,0:00:33.498 which kind of went okay, [br]got rid of the tumor. 0:00:33.498,0:00:36.484 But when the colon was reconnected,[br]it sprung a leak 0:00:36.484,0:00:40.254 and I got a thing called sepsis, [br]which I later discovered, 0:00:40.254,0:00:43.657 is fatal in 60% of the cases. 0:00:43.657,0:00:45.892 What essentially happens with sepsis is 0:00:45.892,0:00:47.441 the organs start to pack in, [br]one after the other, 0:00:47.441,0:00:51.780 so my heart was fibrillating,[br] 0:00:51.780,0:00:54.780 I lost, kidneys stopped working, 0:00:54.780,0:00:57.550 lungs stopped working, [br]so they put me on a ventilator. 0:00:57.550,0:01:00.349 And my wife Claire [br]who's here somewhere 0:01:00.349,0:01:03.758 was told to bring the family around, [br]because they didn't expect me 0:01:03.758,0:01:05.725 to get through the weekend. 0:01:05.725,0:01:11.482 As you can see, I survived, and this is[br]actually the first talk I've given 0:01:11.482,0:01:13.182 since I was in intensive care. 0:01:13.182,0:01:15.611 I was in intensive care for a week. 0:01:15.611,0:01:20.581 So, when a sick, no, no honest.[br](Applause) 0:01:22.211,0:01:27.002 But when I say I'm delighted to be here,[br]I'm not just being polite. 0:01:27.002,0:01:28.582 (laughter) 0:01:28.582,0:01:32.277 I'm talking existentially [br]rather than conversationally. 0:01:32.277,0:01:36.520 But I wanted to start with that story[br]because, in that process of the journey 0:01:36.520,0:01:41.126 from diagnosis to operation,[br]I met with some remarkable people: 0:01:41.126,0:01:45.682 on forums and interest groups,[br]but I also visited and interviewed people. 0:01:45.682,0:01:49.178 So I interviewed some people [br]in the Netherlands 0:01:49.178,0:01:53.036 who are treating their loved ones,[br]who've got end-stage cancer. 0:01:53.036,0:01:56.929 They are lay people, computer technicians, 0:01:56.929,0:02:00.574 who, frankly, conventional medicine's[br]given up, they're stage 4, 0:02:00.574,0:02:02.484 they said there is nothing more we can do, 0:02:02.484,0:02:08.497 so they're administering [br]introvenous cocktails of drugs, 0:02:08.497,0:02:11.138 some of which are approved, [br]some of which are off-patent, 0:02:11.138,0:02:12.817 some of which are off-label. 0:02:12.817,0:02:17.420 I visited a clinic, here in Germany,[br]which I can't name, because 0:02:17.420,0:02:22.082 they're kind of operating in the shadows[br]in fear that they'll be closed down. 0:02:22.082,0:02:24.950 And what it seemed to me,[br]once I looked beyond health 0:02:24.950,0:02:26.715 is that this is a phenomenon [br]which is happening 0:02:26.715,0:02:29.494 in all kinds of areas of public life, 0:02:29.494,0:02:32.577 that we're seeing what I call [br]people-powered innovation. 0:02:32.577,0:02:37.952 And I think it presents a real challenge [br]for institutions and organizations. 0:02:37.952,0:02:40.374 So, why is it important? 0:02:40.374,0:02:45.328 I think it's important because it's[br]kind of a natural consequence 0:02:45.328,0:02:47.972 of the issues I talked about [br]in my book "Open," 0:02:47.972,0:02:52.697 where, now that we're able to share[br]and exchange knowledge, 0:02:52.697,0:02:55.016 we're now at a point where we[br]want to do something about it, 0:02:55.016,0:02:58.329 and we want now to be more in control[br]of our own lives. 0:02:58.329,0:03:02.384 But I think it's particularly important[br]for the people who are in this room today: 0:03:02.384,0:03:05.256 educators and human resource people 0:03:05.256,0:03:08.823 Because one of the things that we're [br]seeing is a major shift in the way 0:03:08.823,0:03:12.786 in which we accredit knowledge[br]and competencies. 0:03:12.786,0:03:15.039 I don't know if any of you have read[br]Phillip Brown's excellent book 0:03:15.039,0:03:20.505 called "The Global Auction," but he talks [br]about how our graduates are facing 0:03:20.505,0:03:25.037 a high-skilled, low-income future 0:03:25.037,0:03:30.130 because of globalization [br]and a whole range of other issues. 0:03:30.130,0:03:35.570 And recently, Laszlo Bock who is in charge[br]of People Operations at Google said this, 0:03:35.570,0:03:39.313 "Your degree is not a proxy [br]for your ability to do any job. 0:03:39.412,0:03:41.998 "The world only cares about [br]and pays off on 0:03:41.998,0:03:43.961 "what you can do with what you know 0:03:43.961,0:03:47.432 "and it doesn't care how you learned it." 0:03:47.432,0:03:51.483 So my point, I guess, is that [br]unless we change the product, 0:03:51.483,0:03:54.127 we risk being dis-intermediated. 0:03:54.127,0:03:56.805 By that, I mean learners[br]can find other ways 0:03:56.805,0:03:59.851 to get the knowledge and skills [br]that they need. 0:03:59.851,0:04:03.918 And let's face it, the product hasn't [br]really changed much in decades. 0:04:03.918,0:04:06.872 So I'd argue that the best way [br]to stay relevant 0:04:06.872,0:04:10.223 is to involve users [br]in the process of innovation. 0:04:10.223,0:04:13.059 So this is what I mean by [br]people-powered innovation, 0:04:13.059,0:04:16.688 a process where users lead users, [br]accelerate innovation 0:04:16.688,0:04:20.176 by either advocating [br]for new products or services, 0:04:20.176,0:04:22.777 tinkering with existing products[br]and services, 0:04:22.777,0:04:26.445 or creating new products [br]and services from scratch. 0:04:26.445,0:04:29.443 That's my kind of working definition,[br]based partly 0:04:29.443,0:04:33.333 on Eric von Hippel's definition [br]of people-powered innovation. 0:04:33.333,0:04:35.617 So here's some examples. 0:04:35.617,0:04:39.156 The potato crisp, [br]the humble potato chip 0:04:39.156,0:04:43.860 was invented in 1853 by a chef [br]called George Crum 0:04:43.860,0:04:46.372 who worked at a restaurant in Saratoga. 0:04:46.372,0:04:48.976 Now he gets the credit for inventing it,[br]but I think it should go 0:04:48.976,0:04:52.460 to the disgruntled diner [br]in that restaurant[br] 0:04:52.460,0:04:57.110 who kept sending the potatoes back, [br]said that they were too thickly sliced. 0:04:57.110,0:04:58.923 And this kept going backwards and forwards 0:04:58.923,0:05:01.532 and eventually George Crum got really[br]pissed off about this 0:05:01.532,0:05:04.719 and cooked them as thin as he could,[br]burned them to a crisp, 0:05:04.719,0:05:07.678 smothered them in salt [br]and then sent them out. 0:05:07.678,0:05:09.444 And the diner loved it. 0:05:09.444,0:05:11.542 So he thought, oh, [br]we're on to something here 0:05:11.542,0:05:17.178 but he didn't take out a patent: in fact,[br]none of these examples have been patented. 0:05:17.178,0:05:20.328 So, 1853, we've always had [br]people-powered innovation. 0:05:20.328,0:05:23.346 In fact, you could argue that up until[br]the Industrial Revolution, 0:05:23.346,0:05:26.437 that's all we had, we had [br]people-powered innovation. 0:05:26.437,0:05:28.471 But if you bring it a wee bit[br]more up to date 0:05:28.471,0:05:30.878 I don't know if you know [br]the story of the skateboard 0:05:30.878,0:05:36.035 but it was something that surfers, facing [br]a window when they couldn't surf, 0:05:36.035,0:05:37.969 it was the best kind of substitute. 0:05:37.969,0:05:40.895 So they took a pair of roller-skates, [br]chopped them in two, 0:05:40.895,0:05:45.622 put wheels on either end of a plank[br]of wood, and you had a skateboard. 0:05:45.622,0:05:49.967 So the skateboard industry is now worth[br]$4.8 billion a year. 0:05:49.967,0:05:52.874 And a similar story happened [br]with the mountain bike. 0:05:52.874,0:05:56.340 It was basically cannibalized from [br]other forms of bikes 0:05:56.340,0:05:59.500 and developed entirely by users. 0:05:59.500,0:06:01.167 To bring it even more up to date, 0:06:01.167,0:06:03.840 I don't know if you're aware [br]of this thing called Patreon? 0:06:03.840,0:06:07.389 It's been set up by Jack Conte[br]who is a musician. 0:06:07.389,0:06:12.049 Certainly, he wouldn't have thought [br]himself as a kind of entrepreneur 0:06:12.049,0:06:14.819 but it kind of recreates [br]in the digital age 0:06:14.819,0:06:18.720 the 18th century notion [br]of patronage for artists. 0:06:18.720,0:06:22.218 So you pay up artists, [br]because you like their work. 0:06:22.218,0:06:26.246 And it has been a hugely successful [br]venture for Jack. 0:06:26.246,0:06:29.329 And then one of the few companies[br]that have really latched onto 0:06:29.329,0:06:31.587 people-powered innovation [br]at a very early stage 0:06:31.587,0:06:36.670 is Proctor & Gamble, who have developed [br]a thing called Connect and Develop 0:06:38.120,0:06:42.468 and that service now, [br]which brings in innovations 0:06:42.468,0:06:44.758 from outside of the organization, 0:06:44.758,0:06:48.393 that constitutes about half [br]of all their innovations. 0:06:48.393,0:06:52.037 So much so that Proctor & Gamble say:[br]"Proudly found elsewhere." 0:06:52.037,0:06:53.575 That's their motto. 0:06:53.575,0:06:58.112 And I wonder how many of us working[br]in universities could say the same thing, 0:06:58.112,0:07:01.845 or how many of us who are [br]learning officers in companies? 0:07:01.845,0:07:04.033 So, where do we see [br]people-powered innovation? 0:07:04.033,0:07:07.121 Well, you can go to any maker space [br]and you'll see it, 0:07:07.121,0:07:10.339 visit forums or interest groups,[br]even groups like Anonymous, 0:07:10.339,0:07:12.244 whatever you may think [br]of their philosophy, 0:07:12.244,0:07:15.986 you can't deny their ingenuity[br]and innovation. 0:07:15.986,0:07:17.873 And I've looked at a number of examples 0:07:17.873,0:07:20.643 and I've identified [br]four common characteristics. 0:07:20.643,0:07:22.542 I'm going to quickly go through them. 0:07:22.542,0:07:26.053 The first is need.[br]The second is "Jugaad." 0:07:26.053,0:07:28.910 Don't worry if it's not [br]a familiar term to you. 0:07:28.910,0:07:32.967 Third is the hacker ethic [br]and the fourth is a sense of agency. 0:07:32.967,0:07:35.420 Right. Very quick examples. 0:07:35.420,0:07:37.898 It's a cliché, but it's a cliché [br]for a reason, 0:07:37.898,0:07:42.432 that invention is indeed the mother[br]of necessity. 0:07:42.432,0:07:46.492 And you get people-powered innovation[br]where the need is greatest. 0:07:46.492,0:07:51.063 So it's no accident that some of the[br]most innovative things that we now see 0:07:51.063,0:07:55.506 now are happening in the developed world[br]in slums and favelas. 0:07:55.506,0:08:00.330 So 85% of mobile transactions [br]have actually originated 0:08:00.330,0:08:02.095 in developing countries. 0:08:02.095,0:08:06.190 And 50% of them were created by users. 0:08:06.190,0:08:08.956 And if you think about it, that's kind of[br]paved the way for things like 0:08:08.956,0:08:12.059 Apple Pay and Samsung Wallet. 0:08:12.059,0:08:15.554 The first use of mobile banking[br]was actually in the Philippines, 0:08:15.554,0:08:20.933 and what people did there was to take[br]pay-as-you-go top-up vouchers, 0:08:20.933,0:08:24.402 take the code from them, text them[br]to their friends and family 0:08:24.402,0:08:29.237 in other parts of the Philippines, and[br]they used it as a kind of currency. 0:08:29.237,0:08:32.552 But they're not just turning air time [br]into money, 0:08:32.552,0:08:35.413 they're turning shit into money too. 0:08:35.413,0:08:38.675 This is a genuine sign, [br]I didn't make this up 0:08:38.675,0:08:40.434 but it says, if you can't read the bottom[br]it says, 0:08:40.434,0:08:42.916 "Shit Business is Serious Business". 0:08:42.916,0:08:45.584 And there's a guy in Lagos in Nigeria 0:08:45.584,0:08:48.778 and Lagos has a big [br]public health problem 0:08:48.778,0:08:52.085 because people are using [br]the streets as a toilet 0:08:52.085,0:08:55.632 but there is a graphic artist [br]called Isaac Agbetusin 0:08:55.632,0:08:59.114 who invented a thing that he called[br]the Dignified Mobile Toilet. 0:08:59.114,0:09:03.143 They look like the kind of Portaloos [br]that you see on building sites 0:09:03.143,0:09:07.444 but he's designed it, built it, [br]delivers it to communities 0:09:07.444,0:09:10.283 and then they charge people [br]ten cents to use them. 0:09:10.283,0:09:15.359 But that's only part of the story, because[br]then the waste is collected 0:09:15.359,0:09:19.637 and turned into biogas which is sold[br]to energy companies. 0:09:19.637,0:09:23.659 It's ingenious. He's getting profit at [br]both ends of the transaction. 0:09:23.659,0:09:26.271 So that leads us[br]to the second characteristic. 0:09:26.271,0:09:28.543 And it's this word "jugaad".[br]And if you're not familiar with it, 0:09:28.543,0:09:34.129 it's a Hindi term which kind of means[br]it's making the most of what you've got. 0:09:34.129,0:09:37.924 So I don't know if you can see[br]the photograph on the right. 0:09:37.924,0:09:42.146 That's an ox-powered two-story truck. 0:09:42.146,0:09:44.859 During the rainy season,[br]of course people get drenched 0:09:44.859,0:09:47.949 so somebody found the cabin[br]from an old truck, put it on. 0:09:47.949,0:09:51.185 There are people on the top deck[br]of the truck, people on the bottom, 0:09:51.185,0:09:55.019 and they're staying dry.[br]Making the most of what you've got. 0:09:55.019,0:09:58.683 But it's also this sense of "jugaad"[br]as meaning "good enough". 0:09:58.683,0:10:04.547 What you see on the left[br]is the world's first clay refrigerator. 0:10:04.547,0:10:07.928 It was created, again,[br]by just an ordinary user. 0:10:07.928,0:10:11.819 And of course it doesn't work[br]as well as a powered refrigerator 0:10:11.819,0:10:13.494 that we might have in the West. 0:10:13.494,0:10:18.165 It's cooled by cold water[br]which cools the clay. 0:10:18.165,0:10:22.570 But when you've got temperatures[br]of 45, 50 degrees in summer, 0:10:22.570,0:10:27.235 it's good enough.[br]It keeps the produce cool enough 0:10:27.235,0:10:30.179 to be used, and it doesn't go off. 0:10:30.179,0:10:33.227 Here's some very quick examples[br]of jugaad as well. 0:10:33.227,0:10:35.699 Guy on the top left, [br]he's frying his breakfast 0:10:35.699,0:10:39.798 while he's listening to his MP3 player.[br](audience laughing) 0:10:39.798,0:10:44.843 Guys on the top right have designated[br]the compartment a sleeper compartment. 0:10:44.843,0:10:47.475 They took a blanket and put it up[br]as a hammock. 0:10:47.475,0:10:49.322 Guy at the bottom right.[br]This is fascinating. 0:10:49.322,0:10:55.053 He's turned what we call in the U.K.[br]a flip-flop, Australians call them thongs, 0:10:55.053,0:10:57.743 he's turned it into a gun holster. 0:10:57.743,0:10:59.813 I don't know what he's doing[br]with the other flip-flop. 0:10:59.813,0:11:04.901 And the guy on the bottom left[br]has invented a kind of hands-free kit. 0:11:04.901,0:11:06.443 (audience laughing) 0:11:06.443,0:11:08.342 It's just a handkerchief with [br]a mobile phone. 0:11:08.342,0:11:13.071 I hope to God he's cut a couple[br]of holes out in the front. 0:11:13.071,0:11:15.456 But what we're seeing is that[br]jugaad principles 0:11:15.456,0:11:17.643 are now being adopted [br]by Western countries. 0:11:17.643,0:11:21.157 And if you think about it, [br]a company like Google 0:11:21.157,0:11:24.820 when it talks about everything's [br](mumbles), fail fast and integrate 0:11:24.820,0:11:28.263 that's a kind of jugaad approach[br]to innovation. 0:11:28.263,0:11:30.426 And when jugaad meets [br]the next characteristic, 0:11:30.426,0:11:32.768 I think things get really interesting. 0:11:32.768,0:11:36.336 So when you combine a hacker ethic[br]with jugaad, 0:11:36.336,0:11:39.140 I think you then start or rub against[br]what I would call 0:11:39.140,0:11:42.016 one of the biggest blockers[br]to people-powered innovation, 0:11:42.016,0:11:46.552 and that's kind of over-strict[br]regulatory framework. 0:11:46.552,0:11:51.699 And it's put there on the premise[br]of protecting us and maintaining quality. 0:11:51.699,0:11:54.468 Now I'm assuming you all know the story[br]of Wikipedia, so I'll give you 0:11:54.468,0:11:57.167 the truncated version. 0:11:57.167,0:12:00.066 When it was first started,[br]it was called Newpedia 0:12:00.066,0:12:05.214 and they commissioned a bunch[br]of academics to write articles 0:12:05.214,0:12:08.984 which were then going to be[br]peer-reviewed to maintain the quality. 0:12:08.984,0:12:13.754 And two years into its existence,[br]Newpedia had to close 0:12:13.754,0:12:18.481 cause it had a grand total of 25 articles,[br]cause people had spent all that time 0:12:18.481,0:12:21.662 arguing about whether [br]the article was good enough. 0:12:21.662,0:12:24.490 So it became Wikipedia,[br]and as you know, Jimmy Wales then said, 0:12:24.490,0:12:26.360 "To hell with this. [br]I'll make it open source. 0:12:26.360,0:12:28.429 "Anybody can write this.[br]It will be good enough. 0:12:28.429,0:12:31.383 "And people can hack it [br]and improve it." 0:12:31.383,0:12:34.832 But what's less commonly known[br]is that Wikipedia wasn't 0:12:34.832,0:12:37.342 the kind of direct successor[br]of Newpedia. 0:12:37.342,0:12:44.866 It sort of forked, and alongside Wikipedia[br]was a thing called Citizendium. 0:12:44.866,0:12:49.051 Now, could you just put your hand up[br]if you've ever used Wikipedia? 0:12:49.051,0:12:50.407 Yeah, pretty much everybody. 0:12:50.407,0:12:54.238 Can you put your hand up if[br]you've used Citizendium? 0:12:54.238,0:12:59.075 Yes, and that's because [br]they insisted on peer review. 0:12:59.075,0:13:03.575 And if you go on the Citizendium website,[br]they've got something like 160,000 articles 0:13:03.575,0:13:09.247 which have been commissioned,[br]and 106 of them, I think it is, 0:13:09.247,0:13:13.171 have actually been released for citation. 0:13:13.171,0:13:16.669 So, I don't know what's happening[br]for all the rest, but it seems to me 0:13:16.669,0:13:20.475 there's a lesson here [br]for academic publishing 0:13:20.475,0:13:24.143 because I don't believe peer review,[br]unless it's open source, 0:13:24.143,0:13:30.322 does anything other than obstruct[br]research and innovation and not advance it. 0:13:30.322,0:13:33.637 So here's an example from education,[br]from education 0:13:33.637,0:13:35.924 which is what I'd consider [br]to be jugaad in the hypothetic. 0:13:35.924,0:13:39.425 There's a college in London [br]called the School for Communication Arts. 0:13:39.425,0:13:48.250 It's run by a maverick called Marc Lewis,[br]and it serves the advertising industry. 0:13:48.250,0:13:53.300 Now, it provides tertiary-level courses[br]but they're not degrees 0:13:53.300,0:13:55.483 because he can't get validated. 0:13:55.483,0:13:57.141 Why can't he get validated? 0:13:57.141,0:14:01.260 Because Marc invites people[br]to hack its own programs, 0:14:01.260,0:14:04.954 and he does it via this.[br]There a thing called the Curriculum Wiki. 0:14:04.954,0:14:07.945 So if you're in the advertising industry,[br]and you think that there's 0:14:07.945,0:14:12.779 a particular skill that's being developed,[br]or there's some new processes and practices, 0:14:12.779,0:14:15.765 or if you're a student,[br]or indeed a member of the public, 0:14:15.765,0:14:20.408 you can put up on the Curriculum Wiki[br]what you think should be taught, 0:14:20.408,0:14:23.425 and Marc and his staff there[br]will guarantee to turn that 0:14:23.425,0:14:26.247 into a set of learning outcomes[br]with a syllabus. 0:14:26.247,0:14:29.246 And they'll have it up and running[br]within six weeks. 0:14:29.246,0:14:32.283 Now of course, that means [br]that it can't get validation, 0:14:32.283,0:14:34.759 because in the U.K.,[br]universities want to know 0:14:34.759,0:14:37.370 what your program's going to be[br]in five years' time. 0:14:37.370,0:14:40.748 He doesn't know what they're going[br]to be doing in five weeks' time, 0:14:40.748,0:14:43.670 but he doesn't care because [br]all the students get jobs. 0:14:43.670,0:14:46.670 They've got 100% employability rate. 0:14:46.670,0:14:49.762 So that's a case of, I think,[br]the kind of regulatory frameworks 0:14:49.762,0:14:54.551 that we've got coming up against[br]innovation and people-powered innovation. 0:14:54.551,0:14:57.616 And it seems to me that[br]that sense of urgency is really important. 0:14:57.616,0:15:00.742 In most examples of formal learning, [br]it seems to me we've promoted 0:15:00.742,0:15:03.307 a kind of learned dependence. 0:15:03.307,0:15:05.767 We're the experts.[br]You're the learners. 0:15:05.767,0:15:08.102 And if you want to progress [br]to the next level, 0:15:08.102,0:15:09.878 then you're going to need us. 0:15:09.878,0:15:13.155 And then along came the biggest, [br]disruptive innovation 0:15:13.155,0:15:17.543 since chewing gum in education, [br]and that's YouTube. 0:15:17.543,0:15:21.593 And everybody suddenly went, [br]"Hmm, maybe we don't need you guys 0:15:21.593,0:15:23.397 "as much as we thought we did." 0:15:23.397,0:15:25.242 And YouTube begat MOOCs. 0:15:25.242,0:15:28.449 And then the new mantra became[br]"Any lecturer that can be replaced 0:15:28.449,0:15:32.960 "by a YouTube video, will be." 0:15:32.960,0:15:38.557 But whilst MOOCs and online learning allow[br]learners to hack their education, sort of, 0:15:38.557,0:15:42.423 they don't yet build community[br]or a sense of learner agency. 0:15:42.423,0:15:45.994 And I believe that building learner [br]agency will be the next big development 0:15:45.994,0:15:50.626 in learning, because that's what we see[br]in social learning now. 0:15:50.626,0:15:53.333 And learners expect that[br]that agency in formal learning 0:15:53.333,0:15:55.354 is also going to be there. 0:15:55.354,0:15:58.482 So, it's not hard to do. 0:15:58.482,0:16:03.186 We just need to adopt social learning[br]six key motivations 0:16:03.186,0:16:04.818 which I talk about in the book. 0:16:04.818,0:16:07.431 And there's a whole other talk[br]to go through these 0:16:07.431,0:16:09.395 but I'll just quickly list them. 0:16:09.395,0:16:10.842 So, a sense of do-it-yourself. 0:16:10.842,0:16:13.386 There's a great deal of autonomy[br]in social learning. 0:16:13.386,0:16:16.375 You all know that because[br]that's how you communicate. 0:16:16.375,0:16:18.692 I know I'm preaching to the converted here. 0:16:18.692,0:16:20.082 Second is immediacy. 0:16:20.082,0:16:24.098 There's what Lillian Katz called [br]a horizontal relevance about learning 0:16:24.098,0:16:27.093 because you're getting the knowledge[br]that you need now 0:16:27.093,0:16:29.511 to solve the challenge[br]that you've got 0:16:29.511,0:16:33.182 rather than just in case[br]at some point in the future. 0:16:33.182,0:16:36.241 There's an obvious sense [br]of collegiality, do it with friends. 0:16:36.241,0:16:38.719 It's now the case that if you're[br]on Twitter or Yammer, 0:16:38.719,0:16:41.742 you've probably got your closest[br]collaborator on the other side 0:16:41.742,0:16:45.281 of the world, rather than[br]on the other side of the office. 0:16:45.281,0:16:49.077 And then, there's a sense of playfulness[br]about all of this stuff. 0:16:49.077,0:16:51.622 Then we get into the contentious ones. 0:16:51.622,0:16:52.757 Do unto others. 0:16:52.757,0:16:56.999 Now, I know that social media[br]has got bullies, has got trolls, 0:16:56.999,0:16:59.857 and there are bad people out there[br]who do bad things, 0:16:59.857,0:17:02.117 but that's the stuff that gets reported. 0:17:02.117,0:17:05.336 What doesn't get reported[br]are the million random acts of kindness 0:17:05.336,0:17:08.589 which happen every day because of[br]that sense of generosity 0:17:08.589,0:17:10.619 which is powering the learning. 0:17:10.619,0:17:12.381 And similarly, for the last one. 0:17:12.381,0:17:15.249 There's a high visibility about the [br]learning which is happening 0:17:15.249,0:17:19.138 in the social space which isn't[br]being replicated, I would argue, 0:17:19.138,0:17:21.497 in the formal learning space. 0:17:21.497,0:17:24.615 Companies and universities[br]get very nervous about the learning 0:17:24.615,0:17:28.220 being open to the rest of the world. 0:17:28.220,0:17:32.348 But I think these six qualities[br]of social learning are 0:17:32.348,0:17:37.040 the means by which those communities[br]develop a sense of agency. 0:17:37.040,0:17:40.234 And I'd argue that we need to think[br]about how many of these 0:17:40.234,0:17:43.159 we can bring in to our formal[br]learning programs. 0:17:43.159,0:17:47.370 And it's really encouraging to see[br]the presentations that are scheduled 0:17:47.370,0:17:50.174 for the next couple of days,[br]particularly the ones which 0:17:50.174,0:17:52.005 are about peer learning. 0:17:52.005,0:17:54.127 So they're the four kind of [br]common characteristics 0:17:54.127,0:17:55.873 behind people-powered[br]innovation. 0:17:55.873,0:17:59.055 I'm now, only got a couple of [br]minutes left, so let's just finish 0:17:59.055,0:18:01.531 with perhaps three things[br]that we could do 0:18:01.531,0:18:04.248 to develop more people-powered[br]innovation. 0:18:04.248,0:18:06.845 First is don't be afraid of the pro-am. 0:18:06.845,0:18:10.316 The poster boy these days[br]for the pro-am is this kid. 0:18:10.316,0:18:13.409 Just put your hand up [br]if you recognize this kid. 0:18:13.409,0:18:15.437 Oh, not many.[br]His name's Jack Andraka. 0:18:15.437,0:18:18.336 When he was fifteen,[br]he came up with a biomarker 0:18:18.336,0:18:21.040 for pancreatic cancer because[br]the need was there. 0:18:21.040,0:18:23.838 A close member of his family died[br]of pancreatic cancer 0:18:23.838,0:18:25.932 because it wasn't spotted early enough. 0:18:25.932,0:18:29.644 So Jack came up, did all his research[br]on Google and Wikipedia. 0:18:29.644,0:18:32.501 He calls them a teenager's best friends. 0:18:32.501,0:18:35.455 And then he reached a point where[br]he needed lab space. 0:18:35.455,0:18:39.093 So he wrote to 200 universities [br]in America 0:18:39.093,0:18:42.633 and 199 of them turned him down. 0:18:42.633,0:18:46.402 They couldn't see what a 15-year-old[br]could possibly tell them 0:18:46.402,0:18:49.977 about pancreatic cancer, I mean,[br]he didn't even have a master's. 0:18:49.977,0:18:52.096 So how would he possibly be able[br]to help them? 0:18:52.096,0:18:55.806 Now fortunately, one did,[br]and that was Johns Hopkins. 0:18:55.806,0:18:59.214 And it's ready to go into production now,[br]this biomarker. 0:18:59.214,0:19:02.468 But here again, he's come up,[br]he's incredibly frustrated 0:19:02.468,0:19:05.104 because he's come up against[br]regulatory framework 0:19:05.104,0:19:07.745 which is not allowing this thing[br]to be made available 0:19:07.745,0:19:10.866 because of the ridiculous clinical[br]trial system that we've got. 0:19:10.866,0:19:13.248 And it's going to be five,[br]possibly ten years, 0:19:13.248,0:19:15.827 before this is now made available. 0:19:15.827,0:19:18.325 And as Jack says, "How many [br]more people are going to die 0:19:18.325,0:19:20.625 "as a result of that?" 0:19:20.625,0:19:22.654 So that's one,[br]don't be afraid of the pro-am, 0:19:22.654,0:19:25.321 and obviously,[br]de-regulate where possible. 0:19:25.321,0:19:27.798 Welcome those education hackers. 0:19:27.798,0:19:31.954 But then finally, I think we've just[br]not got to be in denial about this. 0:19:31.954,0:19:34.972 Since "Open" was published,[br]I've worked with a lot of companies 0:19:34.972,0:19:38.677 and universities, and I go in [br]and I tell them about the risks 0:19:38.677,0:19:40.866 of being dis-intermediated. 0:19:40.866,0:19:44.437 But I sense this kind of collective[br]denial going on. 0:19:44.437,0:19:46.596 And it's understandable because[br]for a long time, 0:19:46.596,0:19:49.043 learners had nowhere else to go. 0:19:49.043,0:19:52.935 And we've had a kind of monopoly[br]for the past hundred years or more, 0:19:52.935,0:19:57.479 but the time to open up education[br]is here and it's now, 0:19:57.479,0:20:01.816 and we have to involve users[br]in redefining what we do. 0:20:01.816,0:20:04.530 So I began by talking about [br]my recent cancer treatment. 0:20:04.530,0:20:10.541 And when I was first diagnosed, I had[br]my first meeting with the oncologist. 0:20:10.541,0:20:12.925 And as you can imagine, [br]I had done a ton of research 0:20:12.925,0:20:16.208 because I'm a hypochondriac,[br]I don't mind admitting it. 0:20:16.208,0:20:18.842 The only consolation about [br]being a hypochondriac 0:20:18.842,0:20:22.977 is that eventually you're proven right.[br](audience laughs) 0:20:22.977,0:20:29.219 So I was talking to the oncologist, and I [br]said, "What are the alternatives to surgery?" 0:20:29.219,0:20:33.495 "What are going to be the side effects[br]of chemotherapy, if I have to have it?" 0:20:33.495,0:20:35.072 And he was getting more and more[br]frustrated. 0:20:35.072,0:20:37.136 I asked about holistic treatments. 0:20:37.136,0:20:38.998 Eventually, he kind of snapped[br]at me, and he said, 0:20:38.998,0:20:43.794 "Look, just have the surgery.[br]Don't overthink this." 0:20:43.794,0:20:47.621 Now, when a doctor tells you[br]to not overthink it, 0:20:47.621,0:20:51.358 I would strongly recommend you[br]find another doctor, 0:20:51.358,0:20:52.934 because that's the kind of [br]Apple philosophy. 0:20:52.934,0:20:55.280 You know, we've done [br]all the research and the design. 0:20:55.280,0:20:58.468 You should just be grateful[br]that we're letting you buy it. 0:20:58.468,0:21:02.917 But one of these forums that I was on,[br]the one I was telling you about 0:21:02.917,0:21:06.836 that are operating kind of [br]on the boundaries, 0:21:06.836,0:21:10.760 go on there regularly, and this oncologist[br]joined in on the conversation. 0:21:10.760,0:21:12.502 And people woke up smart, [br]and they said, 0:21:12.502,0:21:16.109 "But we never get professionals[br]coming on this forum." 0:21:16.109,0:21:18.138 And the oncologist said, "Well,[br]it's really important 0:21:18.138,0:21:19.934 "that this dialogue takes place." 0:21:19.934,0:21:21.745 And I remember what he said. 0:21:21.745,0:21:26.930 He said, "Those who seek answers[br]need to be part of this solution." 0:21:26.930,0:21:30.589 So I hope you'll think how you[br]can bring more people-powered innovation 0:21:30.589,0:21:35.358 into your own learning programs, and[br]enable people to be part of the solution. 0:21:35.358,0:21:36.705 Thanks very much for listening. 0:21:36.705,0:21:38.260 (applause) 0:21:43.480,0:21:44.143 - David, thank you very much, indeed.[br]You're great, at 23 minutes, 0:21:49.080,0:21:51.271 so thank you very much indeed[br]for making that happen. 0:21:51.271,0:21:53.823 And some of these questions[br]actually will be applicable 0:21:53.823,0:21:57.064 for Cory and for Ian as well, so you[br]may want to pick them up 0:21:57.064,0:21:58.713 in your remarks too. 0:21:58.713,0:22:01.215 But let me just reflect some of [br]the comments that we've been getting, 0:22:01.215,0:22:02.437 and there you can see the address. 0:22:02.437,0:22:03.890 I can take many more if you want. 0:22:03.890,0:22:06.654 This one from Alejandro Molini. 0:22:06.654,0:22:13.961 The shift to a new age of opportunity,[br]what exactly is this shift towards? 0:22:13.961,0:22:15.601 - Well, I think that's a bigger question. 0:22:15.601,0:22:20.624 That's a question that I asked myself when[br]I looked at the overall theme for today. 0:22:20.624,0:22:26.190 But certainly as far as the thing that I[br]was talking about, for me 0:22:26.190,0:22:29.514 it is the shift toward knowledge[br]is becoming more open. 0:22:29.514,0:22:33.626 It's a curious kind of battle which is[br]constantly taking place 0:22:33.626,0:22:38.007 cause I think Cory will be talking[br]to some extent about institutions 0:22:38.007,0:22:40.775 and how they're making it difficult[br]for that knowledge to be shared. 0:22:40.775,0:22:45.890 But I think what we've seen over[br]the past ten years, is a desire 0:22:45.890,0:22:48.242 for people to have more control[br]over their lives, 0:22:48.242,0:22:52.172 and the implication behind all that,[br]which is why I think dis-intermediation[br] 0:22:52.172,0:22:55.647 is such a powerful implication. 0:22:55.647,0:22:59.122 If you're part of the music industry,[br]you never thought that you'd be done out. 0:22:59.122,0:23:02.309 If you were a travel agent, you never[br]really thought that people 0:23:02.309,0:23:04.463 would want to organize their[br]own holidays. 0:23:04.463,0:23:08.422 If you're a taxi driver, you probably[br]didn't see Uber coming. 0:23:08.422,0:23:10.573 But that to me is part of that shift. 0:23:10.573,0:23:14.645 - What about this comment from[br]Maria Ebro? 0:23:14.645,0:23:19.047 A very interesting talk, but how do[br]you ensure confidentiality? 0:23:19.047,0:23:22.844 How do you balance control[br]versus innovation? 0:23:22.844,0:23:26.420 - Yep, there is no easy answer to that. 0:23:26.420,0:23:33.019 And when I talk about regulatory [br]frameworks, of course you wouldn't want 0:23:33.019,0:23:36.398 to get on a plane and wonder if [br]the pilot was actually somebody 0:23:36.398,0:23:39.033 who previously was sitting [br]in the back row. 0:23:39.033,0:23:42.838 There are some needs for that [br]regulatory framework, 0:23:42.838,0:23:44.504 but I think we've gone too far. 0:23:44.504,0:23:49.430 And now that knowledge is[br]everywhere, it's possible that 0:23:49.430,0:23:51.910 the next big breakthrough that's[br]in a lot of these areas 0:23:51.910,0:23:53.232 will come from laypeople. 0:23:53.232,0:23:57.026 I just think that what happens currently[br]is that we shut those people out 0:23:57.026,0:24:01.630 of the conversation, and we need to work[br]them, as Proctor & Gamble did. 0:24:01.630,0:24:05.906 - But do you see this as a genuinely[br]serious problem, is view of balancing 0:24:05.906,0:24:07.842 control and innovation? 0:24:07.842,0:24:11.160 - Absolutely, but we were just talking[br]about this earlier when we 0:24:11.160,0:24:15.405 were talking about the Google DNS thing,[br]and Google then potentially have access 0:24:15.405,0:24:18.654 to a lot of confidential information. 0:24:18.654,0:24:22.039 There's almost a sense in which, I think,[br]the younger generation, 0:24:22.039,0:24:29.310 anybody under the age of 20-25 has almost[br]given up on the notion of confidentiality. 0:24:29.310,0:24:34.719 I think people, and it's not always in [br]their best interests, but I think people 0:24:34.719,0:24:40.523 are recognizing that perhaps they've just[br]got to give some of that information away, 0:24:40.523,0:24:43.182 and you have to trust some of those[br]organizations. 0:24:43.182,0:24:45.179 But there's no easy answer to this. 0:24:45.179,0:24:49.813 I think it's constantly in play, it's [br]constantly in flux, this tension. 0:24:49.813,0:24:52.556 - All right, I'm trying to reflect as many[br]of your thoughts as are coming to me 0:24:52.556,0:24:55.195 in the moment, so we're moving [br]all over the place. 0:24:55.195,0:24:58.734 What about this from Alex Anesteciadas.[br] 0:24:58.734,0:25:05.013 Where do we see people-powered[br]innovation going now? 0:25:05.013,0:25:08.581 - I'd love to see more of it in education[br]because I think it is one of the areas. 0:25:08.581,0:25:10.060 - How can that be achieved? 0:25:10.060,0:25:14.211 - How can it be achieved?[br]It can be achieved by strategic decisions 0:25:14.211,0:25:16.953 by organizations that they're going to [br]work with. 0:25:16.953,0:25:20.713 I just started working with the largest[br]bank in Ireland, and they took 0:25:20.713,0:25:26.158 a conscious decision their services[br]hadn't changed much in about 30 years. 0:25:26.158,0:25:30.118 And so they need people to help them[br]redesign those services. 0:25:30.118,0:25:33.525 But that has to come from the [br]senior management, 0:25:33.525,0:25:37.709 recognizing that in most cases,[br]the rate of innovation 0:25:37.709,0:25:40.353 cannot possibly keep up with the[br]demand for change 0:25:40.353,0:25:42.990 that customers are exercising. 0:25:42.990,0:25:45.792 - There's a comment here which is really[br]based around the generational challenge, 0:25:45.792,0:25:49.299 I suspect, from Ben Fisher. 0:25:49.299,0:25:53.520 How do we get all teachers now to work with[br]this new reality, the new media, 0:25:53.520,0:25:56.447 the new digital space, to work with these[br]new opportunites? 0:25:56.447,0:25:59.435 And it's something which I'm sure Cory[br]and Ian would address as well. 0:25:59.435,0:26:01.174 Your view, David, at the moment. 0:26:01.174,0:26:08.163 - What I always say, and I do a lot of work[br]in schools, and when people are trying 0:26:08.163,0:26:11.642 to bring in new innovations, particularly[br]technologically-based ones, 0:26:11.642,0:26:16.176 is work with the enthusiasts and don't[br]waste your time with the people 0:26:16.176,0:26:20.008 who are just not going to want to change[br]no matter what happens. 0:26:20.008,0:26:22.619 We were having a conversation with a[br]colleague from Australia. 0:26:22.619,0:26:29.856 I can see people have got the scars[br]where they've tried. 0:26:29.856,0:26:33.105 Colleague last night had just that problem. 0:26:33.105,0:26:37.360 You know that there are some people,[br]and you can see the challenge. 0:26:37.360,0:26:42.435 They're in their 50s, 60s, and they've [br]just decided they've learned enough stuff. 0:26:42.435,0:26:43.954 You know, it's like [br]the Homer Simpson thing. 0:26:43.954,0:26:46.628 Every time I get a new piece of [br]information, some more stuff 0:26:46.628,0:26:49.292 has got to go out of the brain[br]to make way for it. 0:26:49.292,0:26:51.935 - You're being very defeatist, [br]aren't you? 0:26:51.935,0:26:55.769 - I'm not. I'm just know that if you[br]want innovation to happen, 0:26:55.769,0:26:57.732 you've got to protect it [br]and nurture it, 0:26:57.732,0:27:01.748 and that the best way to do that[br]is to create a safe space for innovation. 0:27:01.748,0:27:05.099 So I've worked in schools that will create[br]these innovation pods, 0:27:05.099,0:27:08.474 and they have a simple rule where they [br]say, "You don't have to be part 0:27:08.474,0:27:11.477 "of this innovation if you don't want to.[br]The only thing you can't do 0:27:11.477,0:27:15.206 "is to say anything or do anything which[br]is going to prevent it from taking place. 0:27:15.206,0:27:19.395 "If you don't want to be part of it, then[br]at least step out of the way." 0:27:19.395,0:27:23.290 So I think that, [br]because it's really hard 0:27:23.290,0:27:25.869 to get new innovations[br]to happen in education. 0:27:25.869,0:27:31.619 Education has always progressed[br]incrementally, and the problem is now, 0:27:31.619,0:27:34.485 the world's moving so fast that[br]that incremental shift 0:27:34.485,0:27:36.160 isn't going to cut it anymore. 0:27:36.160,0:27:38.448 - This is coming through as a theme[br]which I'm sure is in the back 0:27:38.448,0:27:41.348 of almost everyone's mind in the [br]audience here, the delegates, 0:27:41.348,0:27:44.271 but this is continuing this, David. 0:27:44.271,0:27:48.871 How can we integrate the shift in the[br]organization's core as mainstream? 0:27:48.871,0:27:52.290 How can we change [br]the working way of people, 0:27:52.290,0:27:54.700 change, appreciate the opportunities? 0:27:54.700,0:27:57.638 I'm interpreting now, this question. 0:27:57.638,0:28:00.947 - Well, again I come back [br]to involving the learners. 0:28:00.947,0:28:06.367 I've kind of been involved in music[br]education for a while 0:28:06.367,0:28:09.570 because I was a musician [br]before I got a real job. 0:28:09.570,0:28:17.883 And one of the programs[br]I introduced was pretty radical 0:28:17.883,0:28:20.195 because it was about starting[br]with the kids' musical interests, 0:28:20.195,0:28:22.641 and at the time, teachers said,[br]"But we don't know anything 0:28:22.641,0:28:24.210 "about hip-hop." 0:28:24.210,0:28:28.116 And I'd say to people, "You've got a pair[br]of ears. You can help these students." 0:28:28.116,0:28:32.526 I think what happens is that when[br]educators see the impact 0:28:32.526,0:28:36.417 that it's having on students, that [br]innovation is having on their lives, 0:28:36.417,0:28:41.734 you hope that most of them[br]will accept the need to change. 0:28:41.734,0:28:44.600 And in the process of changing,[br]it seems to me that 0:28:44.600,0:28:46.852 you're not just changing [br]the pedagogy, [br] 0:28:46.852,0:28:50.645 you're changing the relationship [br]with your students. 0:28:50.645,0:28:55.665 And that is the big emotive pull,[br]it seems to me, for educators. 0:28:55.665,0:28:58.560 When you become a learner[br]alongside those students, 0:28:58.560,0:29:02.296 that fundamentally changes[br]the nature of that relationship. 0:29:02.296,0:29:07.964 But we've become so used to seeing[br]educators as the experts 0:29:07.964,0:29:12.080 that most people are terrified [br]of taking that particular hat off 0:29:12.080,0:29:13.951 and putting the learner hat on. 0:29:13.951,0:29:17.646 - All right, David, one last question. 0:29:17.646,0:29:20.807 When will companies step up [br]to the plate, based on something 0:29:20.807,0:29:25.952 you were saying earlier, and truly hire[br]based on competence and not degrees? 0:29:25.952,0:29:27.570 That's from Daniel Evans,[br]last question. 0:29:27.570,0:29:31.910 - Yeah, well, Google has now got,[br]I think, Cory would know this. 0:29:31.910,0:29:35.357 Is it 14% of their hires now[br]don't have a degree? 0:29:35.357,0:29:38.447 - I don't know the number,[br]but what they've decided 0:29:38.447,0:29:41.765 is that they can get around the[br]tight labor market, 0:29:41.765,0:29:43.886 where they're competing with[br]Facebook for every new hire 0:29:43.886,0:29:46.872 and bidding them up, by hiring [br]people Facebook wouldn't hire, 0:29:46.872,0:29:49.484 people without degrees who[br]nevertheless do good work. 0:29:49.484,0:29:51.609 And they did double-blinded[br]experiments internally 0:29:51.609,0:29:54.084 with their HR department that[br]showed that the degrees 0:29:54.084,0:29:55.624 were irrelevant to the performance. 0:29:55.624,0:29:58.300 And so, they're doing what's [br]commercially smart. 0:29:58.300,0:30:00.911 - Yeah, and I think there's a kind of[br]trickle-down effect, 0:30:00.911,0:30:05.579 so Ernst & Young have said they are no[br]longer going to hire people on degrees. 0:30:05.579,0:30:08.921 They've got other ways of assessing[br]their competence and capability. 0:30:08.921,0:30:12.344 So I think we'll start to see this,[br]increasingly so. 0:30:12.344,0:30:18.077 And also, as the currency of the degree,[br]as what it means, diminishes, 0:30:18.077,0:30:22.351 and I do believe it will diminish,[br]I think that people will start to say, 0:30:22.351,0:30:27.659 "Well, hang on, why are we simply[br]hiring on the basis of a degree?" 0:30:27.659,0:30:32.326 So, I think it will take time,[br]but it's on its way and it's inevitable. 0:30:32.326,0:30:34.546 - All right, David, thank you[br]very much indeed. 0:30:34.546,0:30:35.510 - Thank you. 0:30:35.510,0:30:38.441 (applause)