1
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
(OFF) Thanks very much...

2
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
(David Price) This is the 
ever-shrinking presentation.

3
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
It was originally 25 minutes,
last night it was 23,

4
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
now it's 22.

5
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I've got a 40-minute presentation.
I'm just going to speak twice as quickly.

6
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
No, I'm only kidding, it's only 
20, 22 minutes.

7
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And I've got a thing to time it 
to make sure I don't go over.

8
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
About four months ago, I was diagnosed
with cancer of the colon.

9
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And what was it, seven weeks ago,
I had the operation

10
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
which kind of went okay, 
got rid of the tumor.

11
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But when the colon was reconnected,
it sprung a leak

12
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and I got a thing called sepsis, 
which I later discovered,

13
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
is fatal in 60% of the cases.

14
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
What essentially happens with sepsis is

15
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the organs start to pack in, 
one after the other,

16
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
so my heart was fibrillating.
I lost, kidneys stopped working,

17
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
lungs stopped working, 
so they put me on a ventilator.

18
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And my wife Claire 
who's here somewhere

19
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
was told to bring the family around, 
because they didn't expect me

20
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
to get through the weekend.

21
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
As you can see, I survived, and this is
actually the first talk I've given

22
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
since I was in intensive care.

23
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I was in intensive care for a week.

24
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So, when a sick, no, no honest.
(Applause)

25
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But when I say I'm delighted to be here,
I'm not just being polite.

26
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
(laughter)

27
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I'm talking existentially 
rather than conversationally.

28
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But I wanted to start with that story
because, in that process of the journey

29
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
from diagnosis to operation,
I met with some remarkable people:

30
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
on forums and interest groups,
but I also visited and interviewed people.

31
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So I interviewed some people 
in the Netherlands

32
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
who are treating their loved ones,
who've got end-stage cancer.

33
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
They are lay people, computer technicians,

34
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
who, frankly, conventional medicine
has given up, they're stage 4,

35
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
they said there is nothing more we can do,

36
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
so they're administering 
introvenous cocktails of drugs,

37
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
some of which are approved, 
some of which are off-patent,

38
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
some of which are off-label.

39
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I visited a clinic, here in Germany,
which I can't name, because

40
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
they're kind of operating in the shadows
in fear that they'll be closed down.

41
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And what it seemed to me,
once I looked beyond health

42
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
is that this is a phenomenon 
which is happening

43
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
in all kinds of areas of public life,

44
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
that we're seeing what I call 
people-powered innovation.

45
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And I think it presents a real challenge 
for institutions and organizations.

46
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So, why is it important?

47
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I think it's important because it's
kind of a natural consequence

48
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of the issues I talked about 
in my book "Open,"

49
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
where, now that we're able to share
and exchange knowledge,

50
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
we're now at a point where 
we want to do something about it,

51
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
we want now to be more in control
of our own lives.

52
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But I think it's particularly important
for the people who are in this room today:

53
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
educators and human resource people

54
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Because one of the things that we're 
seeing is a major shift in the way

55
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
in which we accredit knowledge
and competencies.

56
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I don't know if any of you have read
Phillip Brown's excellent book

57
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
called "The Global Auction," but he talks 
about how our graduates are facing

58
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
a high-skilled, low-income future

59
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
because of globalization 
and a whole range of other issues.

60
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And recently, Laszlo Bock who is in charge
of People Operations at Google said this,

61
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"Your degree is not a proxy 
for your ability to any job.

62
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"The world only cares about 
and pays off on

63
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"what you can do with what you know

64
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"and it doesn't care how you learned it."

65
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So my point, I guess, is that 
unless we change the product,

66
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
we risk being dis-intermediated.

67
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
By that, I mean learners
can find other ways

68
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
to get the knowledge and skills 
that they need.

69
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And let's face it, the product hasn't 
really changed much in decades.

70
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So I'd argue that the best way 
to stay relevant

71
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
is to involve users 
in the process of innovation.

72
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So this is what I mean by 
people-powered innovation,

73
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
a process where users lead users, 
accelerate innovation

74
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
by either advocating 
for new products or services,

75
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
tinkering with existing products
and services,

76
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
or creating new products 
and services from scratch.

77
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
That's my kind of working definition,
based partly

78
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
on Eric von Hippel's definition 
of people-powered innovation.

79
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So here's some examples.

80
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
The potato crisp, 
the humble potato chip

81
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
was invented in 1853 by a chef 
called George Crum

82
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
who worked at a restaurant in Saratoga.

83
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Now he gets the credit for inventing it,
but I think it should go

84
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
to the disgruntled diner 
in that restaurant


85
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
who kept sending the potatoes back, 
said that they were too thickly sliced.

86
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And this kept going backwards and forwards

87
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and eventually George Crum got really
pissed off about this

88
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and cooked them as thin as he could,
burned them to a crisp,

89
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
smothered them in salt 
and then sent them out.

90
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And the diner loved it.

91
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So he thought, oh, 
we're on to something here

92
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
but he didn't take out a patent: in fact,
none of these examples have been patented.

93
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So, 1853, we've always had 
people-powered innovation.

94
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
In fact, you could argue that up until
the Industrial Revolution,

95
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
that's all we had, we had 
people-powered innovation.

96
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But if you bring it a wee bit
more up to date

97
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I don't know if you know 
the story of the skateboard

98
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
but it was something that surfers, facing 
a wind a way they couldn't surf,

99
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
it was the best kind of substitute.

100
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So they took a pair of roller-skates, 
chopped them in two,

101
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
put wheels on either end of a plank
of wood, and you had a skateboard.

102
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So the skateboard industry is now worth
$4.8 billion a year.

103
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And a similar story happened 
with the mountain bike.

104
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
It was basically cannibalized from 
other forms of bikes

105
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and developed entirely by users.

106
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
To bring it even more up to date,

107
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I don't know if you're aware 
of this thing called Patreon?

108
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
It's been set up by Jack Conte
who is a musician.

109
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Certainly, he wouldn't have thought 
of himself as a kind of entrepreneur

110
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
but it kind of recreates 
in the digital age

111
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the 18th century notion 
of patronage for artists.

112
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So you pay up artists, 
because you like their work.

113
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And it has been a hugely successful 
venture for Jack.

114
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And then one of the few companies
that have really latched onto

115
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
people-powered innovation 
at a very early stage

116
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
is Proctor & Gamble, who have developed 
a thing called Connect and Develop

117
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and that service now, 
which brings in innovations

118
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
from outside of the organization,

119
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
that constitutes about half 
of all their innovations.

120
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So much so that Proctor & Gamble say:
"Proudly found elsewhere."

121
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
That's their motto.

122
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And I wonder how many of us working
in universities could say the same thing,

123
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
or how many of us who are 
learning officers in companies?

124
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So, where do we see 
people-powered innovation?

125
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Well, you can go to any maker space 
and you'll see it,

126
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
visit forums or interest groups,
even groups like Anonymous,

127
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
whatever you may think 
of their philosophy,

128
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
you can't deny their ingenuity
and innovation.

129
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And I've looked at a number of examples

130
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and I've identified 
four common characteristics.

131
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I'm going to quickly go through them.

132
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
The first is need.
The second is "Jugaad."

133
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Don't worry if it's not 
a familiar term to you.

134
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Third is the hacker ethic 
and the fourth is a sense of agency.

135
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Right. Very quick examples.

136
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
It's a cliché, but it's a cliché 
for a reason,

137
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
that invention is indeed the mother
of necessity.

138
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And you get people-powered innovation
where the need is greatest.

139
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So it's no accident that some of the
most innovative things that we now see

140
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
now are happening in the developed world
in slums and favelas.

141
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So 85% of mobile transactions 
have actually originated

142
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
in developing countries.

143
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And 50% of them were created by users.

144
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And if you think about it, that's kind of
paved the way for things like

145
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Apple Pay and Samsung Wallet.

146
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
The first use of mobile banking
was actually in the Philippines,

147
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and what people did there was to take
pay-as-you-go top-up vouchers,

148
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
take the code from them, text them
to their friends and family

149
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
in other parts of the Philippines, and
they used it as a kind of currency.

150
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But they're not just turning air time 
into money,

151
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
they're turning shit into money too.

152
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
[To you it may be SHIT, To us it is MONEY
"Shit Business is Serious Business"]

153
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
This is a genuine sign, 
I didn't make this up

154
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
but it says, if you can't read the bottom
it says,

155
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"Shit Business is Serious Business".

156
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And there's a guy in Lagos in Nigeria

157
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and Lagos has a big 
public health problem

158
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
because people are using 
the streets as a toilet

159
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
but there is a graphic artist 
called Isaac Agbetusin

160
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
who invented a thing that he called
the Dignified Mobile Toilet.

161
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
They look like the kind of Portaloos 
that you see on building sites

162
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
but he's designed it, built it, 
delivers it to communities

163
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and then they charge people 
ten cents to use them.

164
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But that's only part of the story, because
then the waste is collected

165
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and turned into biogas which is sold
to energy companies.

166
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
It's ingenious.
He's getting profit at both ends

167
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of the transaction.
So that leads us

168
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
to the second characteristic.

169
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And that's this word "jugaad".
And if you're not familiar with it,

170
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
it's a Hindi term which kind of means
it's making the most of what you've got.

171
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So I don't know if you can see
the photograph on the right.

172
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
That's an ox-powered two-story truck.

173
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
During the rainy season,
of course people get drenched

174
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
so somebody found the cabin
from an old truck, put it on.

175
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
There are people on the top deck
of the truck, people on the bottom,

176
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and they're staying dry.
Making the most of what you've got.

177
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But it's also this sense of "jugaad"
as meaning "good enough".

178
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
What you see on the left
is the world's first clay refrigerator.

179
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
It was created, again,
by just an ordinary user.

180
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And of course it doesn't work
as well as a powered refrigerator

181
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
that you might have in the West.

182
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
It's cooled by cold water
which cools the clay.

183
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But when you've got temperatures
of 45, 50 degrees in summer,

184
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
it's good enough.
It keeps the produce cool enough

185
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
to be used, and it doesn't go off.

186
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Here's some very quick examples
of jugaad as well.

187
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Guy on the top left, 
he's frying his breakfast

188
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
while he's listening to his MP3 player.
(audience laughing)

189
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Guys on the top right have designated
the compartment a sleeper compartment.

190
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
They took a blanket and put it up
as a hammock.

191
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Guy at the bottom right.
This is fascinating.

192
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
He's turned what we call in the U.K.
a flip-flop, Australians call them thongs,

193
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
he's turned it into a gun holster.

194
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I don't know what he's doing
with the other flip-flop.

195
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And the guy on the bottom left
has invented a kind of hands-free kit.

196
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
(audience laughing)

197
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
It's just a handkerchief with 
a mobile phone.

198
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I hope to God he's cut a couple
of holes out in the front.

199
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But what we're seeing is that
your jugaad principles

200
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
are now being adopted 
by Western countries.

201
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And if you think about it, 
a company like Google

202
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
when it talks about everything's 
in better, fail fast and integrate

203
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
that's a kind of jugaad approach
to innovation.

204
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And when jugaad meets 
the next characteristic,

205
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I think things get really interesting.

206
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So when you combine a hacker ethic
with jugaad,

207
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I think you then start or rub against
what I would call

208
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
one of the biggest blockers
to people-powered innovation,

209
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and that's kind of over-strict
regulatory framework.

210
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And it's put there on the premise
of protecting us and maintaining quality.

211
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Now I'm assuming you all know the story
of Wikipedia, so I'll give you

212
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the truncated version.

213
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
When it was first started,
it was called Newpedia

214
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and they commissioned a bunch
of academics to write articles

215
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
which were then going to be
peer-reviewed to maintain the quality.

216
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And two years into its existence,
Newpedia had to close

217
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
cause it had a grand total of 25 articles,
cause people had spent all that time

218
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
arguing about whether 
the article was good enough.

219
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So it became Wikipedia,
and as you know, Jimmy Wales then said,

220
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"To hell with this. 
I'll make it open source.

221
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"Anybody can write this.
It will be good enough.

222
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"And people can hack it 
and improve it."

223
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But what's less commonly known
is that Wikipedia wasn't

224
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the kind of direct successor
of Newpedia.

225
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
It sort of forked, and alongside Wikipedia
was a thing called Citizendium.

226
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Now, could you just put your hand up
if you've ever used Wikipedia?

227
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Yeah, pretty much everybody.

228
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Can you put your hand up if
you've used Citizendium?

229
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Yes, and that's because 
they insisted on peer review.

230
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And if you go on the Citizendium website,
they've got something like 160,000 articles

231
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
which have been commissioned,
and 106 of them, I think it is,

232
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
have actually been released for citation.

233
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So, I don't know what's happening
for all the rest, but it seems to me

234
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
there's a lesson here 
for academic publishing

235
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
because I don't believe peer review,
unless it's open source,

236
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
does anything other than obstruct
research and innovation and not advance it.

237
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So here's an example from education,
from education

238
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
which is what I'd consider 
to be jugaad in the hypothetic.

239
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
There's a college in London 
called the School for Communication Arts.

240
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
It's run by a maverick called Marc Lewis,
and it serves the advertising industry.

241
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Now, it provides tertiary-level courses
but they're not degrees

242
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
because he can't get validated.

243
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Why can't he get validated?

244
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Because Marc invites people
to hack its own programs,

245
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and he does it via this.
There a thing called the Curriculum Wiki.

246
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So if you're in the advertising industry,
and you think that there's

247
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
a particular skill that's being developed,
or there's some new processes and practices,

248
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
or if you're a student,
or indeed a member of the public,

249
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
you can put up on the Curriculum Wiki
what you think should be taught,

250
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and Marc and his staff there
will guarantee to turn that

251
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
into a set of learning outcomes
with a syllabus.

252
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And they'll have it up and running
within six weeks.

253
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Now of course, that means 
that it can't get validation,

254
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
because in the U.K.,
universities want to know

255
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
what your program's going to be
in five years' time.

256
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
He doesn't know what they're going
to be doing in five weeks' time,

257
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
but he doesn't care because 
all the students get jobs.

258
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
They've got 100% employability rate.

259
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So that's a case of, I think,
the kind of regulatory frameworks

260
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
that we've got coming up against
innovation and people-powered innovation.

261
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And it seems to me that
that sense of urgency is really important.

262
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
In most examples of formal learning, 
it seems to me we've promoted

263
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
a kind of learned dependence.

264
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
We're the experts.
You're the learners.

265
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And if you want to progress 
to the next level,

266
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
then you're going to need us.

267
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And then along came the biggest, 
disruptive innovation

268
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
since chewing gum in education, 
and that's YouTube.

269
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And everybody suddenly went, 
"Hmm, maybe we don't need you guys

270
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"as much as we thought we did."

271
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And YouTube begat MOOCs.

272
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And then the new mantra became
"Any lecturer that can be replaced

273
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"by a YouTube video, will be."

274
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But whilst MOOCs and online learning allow
learners to hack their education, sort of,

275
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
they don't yet build community
or a sense of learner agency.

276
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And I believe that building learner 
agency will be the next big development

277
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
in learning, because that's what we see
in social learning now.

278
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And learners expect that
that agency in formal learning

279
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
is also going to be there.

280
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So, it's not hard to do.

281
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
We just need to adopt social learning
six key motivations

282
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
which I talk about in the book.

283
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And there's a whole other talk
to go through these

284
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
but I'll just quickly list them.

285
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So, a sense of do-it-yourself.

286
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
There's a great deal of autonomy
in social learning.

287
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
You all know that because
that's how you communicate.

288
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I know I'm preaching to the converted here.

289
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Second is immediacy.

290
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
There's what Lillian Katz called 
a horizontal relevance about learning

291
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
because you're getting the knowledge
that you need now

292
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
to solve the challenge
that you've got

293
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
rather than just in case
at some point in the future.

294
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
There's an obvious sense 
of collegiality, do it with friends.

295
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
It's now the case that if you're
on Twitter or Yammer,

296
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
you've probably got your closest
collaborator on the other side

297
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of the world, rather than
on the other side of the office.

298
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And then, there's a sense of playfulness
about all of this stuff.

299
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Then we get into the contentious ones.

300
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Do unto others.

301
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Now, I know that social media
has got bullies, has got trolls,

302
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and there are bad people out there
who do bad things,

303
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
but that's the stuff that gets reported.

304
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
What doesn't get reported
are the million random acts of kindness

305
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
which happen every day because of
that sense of generosity

306
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
which is powering the learning.

307
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And similarly, for the last one.

308
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
There's a high visibility about the 
learning which is happening

309
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
in the social space which isn't
being replicated, I would argue,

310
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
in the formal learning space.

311
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Companies and universities
get very nervous about the learning

312
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
being open to the rest of the world.

313
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But I think these six qualities
of social learning are

314
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the means by which those communities
develop a sense of agency.

315
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And I'd argue that we need to think
about how many of these

316
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
we can bring in to our formal
learning programs.

317
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And it's really encouraging to see
the presentations that are scheduled

318
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
for the next couple of days,
particularly the ones which

319
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
are about peer learning.

320
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So they're the four kind of 
common characteristics

321
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
behind people-powered
innovation.

322
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I'm now, only got a couple of 
minutes left, so let's just finish

323
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
with perhaps three things
that we could do

324
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
to develop more people-powered
innovation.

325
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
First is don't be afraid of the pro-am.

326
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
The poster boy these days
for the pro-am is this kid.

327
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Just put your hand up 
if you recognize this kid.

328
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Oh, not many.
His name's Jack Andraka.

329
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
When he was fifteen,
he came up with a biomarker

330
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
for pancreatic cancer because
the need was there.

331
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
A close member of his family died
of pancreatic cancer

332
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
because it wasn't spotted early enough.

333
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So Jack came up, did all his research
on Google and Wikipedia.

334
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
He calls them a teenager's best friends.

335
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And then he reached a point where
he needed lab space.

336
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So he wrote to 200 universities 
in America

337
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and 199 of them turned him down.

338
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
They couldn't see what a 15-year-old
could possibly tell them

339
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
about pancreatic cancer, I mean,
he didn't even have a master's.

340
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So how would he possibly be able
to help them?

341
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Now fortunately, one did,
and that was Johns Hopkins.

342
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And it's ready to go into production now,
this biomarker.

343
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But here again, he's come up,
he's incredibly frustrated

344
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
because he's come up against
regulatory framework

345
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
which is not allowing this thing
to be made available

346
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
because of the ridiculous clinical
trial system that we've got.

347
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And it's going to be five,
possibly ten years,

348
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
before this is now made available.

349
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And as Jack says, "How many 
more people are going to die

350
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"as a result of that?"

351
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So that's one,
don't be afraid of the pro-am,

352
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and obviously,
de-regulate where possible.

353
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Welcome those education hackers.

354
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But then finally, I think we've just
not got to be in denial about this.

355
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Since "Open" was published,
I've worked with a lot of companies

356
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and universities, and I go in 
and I tell them about the risks

357
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of being dis-intermediated.

358
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But I sense this kind of collective
denial going on.

359
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And it's understandable because
for a long time,

360
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
learners had nowhere else to go.

361
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And we've had a kind of monopoly
for the past hundred years or more,

362
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
but the time to open up education
is here and it's now,

363
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and we have to involve users
in redefining what we do.

364
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So I began by talking about 
my recent cancer treatment.

365
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And when I was first diagnosed, I had
my first meeting with the oncologist.

366
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And as you can imagine, 
I had done a ton of research

367
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
because I'm a hypochondriac,
I don't mind admitting it.

368
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
The only consolation about 
being a hypochondriac

369
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
is that eventually you're proven right.
(audience laughs)

370
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So I was talking to the oncologist, and I 
said, "What are the alternatives to surgery?"

371
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"What are going to be the side effects
of chemotherapy, if I have to have it?"

372
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And he was getting more and more
frustrated.

373
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I asked about holistic treatments.

374
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Eventually, he kind of snapped
at me, and he said,

375
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"Look, just have the surgery.
Don't overthink this."

376
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Now, when a doctor tells you
to not overthink it,

377
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I would strongly recommend you
find another doctor,

378
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
because that's the kind of 
Apple philosophy.

379
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
You know, we've done 
all the research and the design.

380
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
You should just be grateful
that we're letting you buy it.

381
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But one of these forums that I was on,
the one I was telling you about

382
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
that are operating kind of 
on the boundaries,

383
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
go on there regularly, and this oncologist
joined in on the conversation.

384
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And people woke up smart, 
and they said,

385
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"But we never get professionals
coming on this forum."

386
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And the oncologist said, "Well,
it's really important

387
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"that this dialogue takes place."

388
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And I remember what he said.

389
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
He said, "Those who seek answers
need to be part of this solution."

390
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So I hope you'll think how you
can bring more people-powered innovation

391
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
into your own learning programs, and
enable people to be part of the solution.

392
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Thanks very much for listening.

393
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
(applause)

394
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
- David, thank you very much, indeed.
You're great, at 23 minutes,

395
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
so thank you very much indeed
for making that happen.

396
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And some of these questions
actually will be applicable

397
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
for Cory and for Ian as well, so you
may want to pick them up

398
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
in your remarks too.

399
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But let me just reflect some of 
the comments that we've been getting,

400
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and there you can see the address.

401
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I can take many more if you want.

402
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
This one from Alejandro Molini.

403
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
The shift to a new age of opportunity,
what exactly is this shift towards?

404
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
- Well, I think that's a bigger question.

405
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
That's a question that I asked myself when
I looked at the overall theme for today.

406
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But certainly as far as the thing that I
was talking about, for me

407
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
it is the shift toward knowledge
is becoming more open.

408
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
It's a curious kind of battle which is
constantly taking place

409
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
cause I think Cory will be talking
to some extent about institutions

410
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and how they're making it difficult
for that knowledge to be shared.

411
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But I think what we've seen over
the past ten years, is a desire

412
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
for people to have more control
over their lives,

413
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and the implication behind all that,
which is why I think dis-intermediation


414
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
is such a powerful implication.

415
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
If you're part of the music industry,
you never thought that you'd be done out.

416
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
If you were a travel agent, you never
really thought that people

417
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
would want to organize their
own holidays.

418
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
If you're a taxi driver, you probably
didn't see Uber coming.

419
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
But that to me is part of that shift.

420
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
- What about this comment from
Maria Ebro?

421
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
A very interesting talk, but how do
you ensure confidentiality?

422
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
How do you balance control
versus innovation?

423
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
- Yep, there is no easy answer to that.

424
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And when I talk about regulatory 
frameworks, of course you wouldn't want

425
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
to get on a plane and wonder if 
the pilot was actually somebody

426
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
who previously was sitting 
in the back row.

427
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
There are some needs for that 
regulatory framework,

428
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
but I think we've gone too far.

429
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And 23:47