9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
(OFF) Thanks very much...

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
(David Price) This is the [br]ever-shrinking presentation.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
It was originally 25 minutes,[br]last night it was 23,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
now it's 22.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I've got a 40-minute presentation.[br]I'm just going to speak twice as quickly.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
No, I'm only kidding, it's only [br]20, 22 minutes.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And I've got a thing to time it [br]to make sure I don't go over.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
About four months ago, I was diagnosed[br]with cancer of the colon.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And what was it, seven weeks ago,[br]I had the operation

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
which kind of went okay, [br]got rid of the tumor.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But when the colon was reconnected,[br]it sprung a leak

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and I got a thing called sepsis, [br]which I later discovered,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
is fatal in 60% of the cases.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
What essentially happens with sepsis is

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
the organs start to pack in, [br]one after the other,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
so my heart was fibrillating.[br]I lost, kidneys stopped working,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
lungs stopped working, [br]so they put me on a ventilator.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And my wife Claire [br]who's here somewhere

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
was told to bring the family around, [br]because they didn't expect me

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
to get through the weekend.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
As you can see, I survived, and this is[br]actually the first talk I've given

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
since I was in intensive care.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I was in intensive care for a week.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So, when a sick, no, no honest.[br](Applause)

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But when I say I'm delighted to be here,[br]I'm not just being polite.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
(laughter)

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I'm talking existentially [br]rather than conversationally.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But I wanted to start with that story[br]because, in that process of the journey

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
from diagnosis to operation,[br]I met with some remarkable people:

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
on forums and interest groups,[br]but I also visited and interviewed people.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So I interviewed some people [br]in the Netherlands

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
who are treating their loved ones,[br]who've got end-stage cancer.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
They are lay people, computer technicians,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
who, frankly, conventional medicine[br]has given up, they're stage 4,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
they said there is nothing more we can do,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
so they're administering [br]introvenous cocktails of drugs,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
some of which are approved, [br]some of which are off-patent,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
some of which are off-label.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I visited a clinic, here in Germany,[br]which I can't name, because

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
they're kind of operating in the shadows[br]in fear that they'll be closed down.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And what it seemed to me,[br]once I looked beyond health

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
is that this is a phenomenon [br]which is happening

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
in all kinds of areas of public life,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
that we're seeing what I call [br]people-powered innovation.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And I think it presents a real challenge [br]for institutions and organizations.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So, why is it important?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I think it's important because it's[br]kind of a natural consequence

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
of the issues I talked about [br]in my book "Open,"

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
where, now that we're able to share[br]and exchange knowledge,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
we're now at a point where [br]we want to do something about it,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
we want now to be more in control[br]of our own lives.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But I think it's particularly important[br]for the people who are in this room today:

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
educators and human resource people

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Because one of the things that we're [br]seeing is a major shift in the way

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
in which we accredit knowledge[br]and competencies.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I don't know if any of you have read[br]Phillip Brown's excellent book

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
called "The Global Auction," but he talks [br]about how our graduates are facing

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
a high-skilled, low-income future

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
because of globalization [br]and a whole range of other issues.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And recently, Laszlo Bock who is in charge[br]of People Operations at Google said this,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
"Your degree is not a proxy [br]for your ability to any job.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
"The world only cares about [br]and pays off on

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
"what you can do with what you know

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
"and it doesn't care how you learned it."

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So my point, I guess, is that [br]unless we change the product,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
we risk being dis-intermediated.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
By that, I mean learners[br]can find other ways

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
to get the knowledge and skills [br]that they need.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And let's face it, the product hasn't [br]really changed much in decades.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So I'd argue that the best way [br]to stay relevant

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
is to involve users [br]in the process of innovation.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So this is what I mean by [br]people-powered innovation,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
a process where users lead users, [br]accelerate innovation

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
by either advocating [br]for new products or services,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
tinkering with existing products[br]and services,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
or creating new products [br]and services from scratch.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
That's my kind of working definition,[br]based partly

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
on Eric von Hippel's definition [br]of people-powered innovation.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So here's some examples.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
The potato crisp, [br]the humble potato chip

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
was invented in 1853 by a chef [br]called George Crum

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
who worked at a restaurant in Saratoga.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Now he gets the credit for inventing it,[br]but I think it should go

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
to the disgruntled diner [br]in that restaurant[br]

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
who kept sending the potatoes back, [br]said that they were too thickly sliced.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And this kept going backwards and forwards

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and eventually George Crum got really[br]pissed off about this

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and cooked them as thin as he could,[br]burned them to a crisp,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
smothered them in salt [br]and then sent them out.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And the diner loved it.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So he thought, oh, [br]we're on to something here

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but he didn't take out a patent: in fact,[br]none of these examples have been patented.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So, 1853, we've always had [br]people-powered innovation.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
In fact, you could argue that up until[br]the Industrial Revolution,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
that's all we had, we had [br]people-powered innovation.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But if you bring it a wee bit[br]more up to date

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I don't know if you know [br]the story of the skateboard

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but it was something that surfers, facing [br]a wind a way they couldn't surf,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
it was the best kind of substitute.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So they took a pair of roller-skates, [br]chopped them in two,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
put wheels on either end of a plank[br]of wood, and you had a skateboard.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So the skateboard industry is now worth[br]$4.8 billion a year.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And a similar story happened [br]with the mountain bike.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
It was basically cannibalized from [br]other forms of bikes

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and developed entirely by users.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
To bring it even more up to date,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I don't know if you're aware [br]of this thing called Patreon?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
It's been set up by Jack Conte[br]who is a musician.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Certainly, he wouldn't have thought [br]of himself as a kind of entrepreneur

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but it kind of recreates [br]in the digital age

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
the 18th century notion [br]of patronage for artists.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So you pay up artists, [br]because you like their work.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And it has been a hugely successful [br]venture for Jack.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And then one of the few companies[br]that have really latched onto

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
people-powered innovation [br]at a very early stage

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
is Proctor & Gamble, who have developed [br]a thing called Connect and Develop

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and that service now, [br]which brings in innovations

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
from outside of the organization,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
that constitutes about half [br]of all their innovations.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So much so that Proctor & Gamble say:[br]"Proudly found elsewhere."

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
That's their motto.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And I wonder how many of us working[br]in universities could say the same thing,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
or how many of us who are [br]learning officers in companies?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So, where do we see [br]people-powered innovation?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Well, you can go to any maker space [br]and you'll see it,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
visit forums or interest groups,[br]even groups like Anonymous,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
whatever you may think [br]of their philosophy,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
you can't deny their ingenuity[br]and innovation.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And I've looked at a number of examples

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and I've identified [br]four common characteristics.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I'm going to quickly go through them.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
The first is need.[br]The second is "Jugaad."

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Don't worry if it's not [br]a familiar term to you.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Third is the hacker ethic [br]and the fourth is a sense of agency.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Right. Very quick examples.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
It's a cliché, but it's a cliché [br]for a reason,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
that invention is indeed the mother[br]of necessity.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And you get people-powered innovation[br]where the need is greatest.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So it's no accident that some of the[br]most innovative things that we now see

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
now are happening in the developed world[br]in slums and favelas.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So 85% of mobile transactions [br]have actually originated

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
in developing countries.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And 50% of them were created by users.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And if you think about it, that's kind of[br]paved the way for things like

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Apple Pay and Samsung Wallet.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
The first use of mobile banking[br]was actually in the Philippines,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and what people did there was to take[br]pay-as-you-go top-up vouchers,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
take the code from them, text them[br]to their friends and family

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
in other parts of the Philippines, and[br]they used it as a kind of currency.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But they're not just turning air time [br]into money,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
they're turning shit into money too.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
[To you it may be SHIT, To us it is MONEY[br]"Shit Business is Serious Business"]

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
This is a genuine sign, [br]I didn't make this up

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but it says, if you can't read the bottom[br]it says,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
"Shit Business is Serious Business".

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And there's a guy in Lagos in Nigeria

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and Lagos has a big [br]public health problem

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
because people are using [br]the streets as a toilet

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but there is a graphic artist [br]called Isaac Agbetusin

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
who invented a thing that he called[br]the Dignified Mobile Toilet.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
They look like the kind of Portaloos [br]that you see on building sites

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but he's designed it, built it, [br]delivers it to communities

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and then they charge people [br]ten cents to use them.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But that's only part of the story, because[br]then the waste is collected

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and turned into biogas which is sold[br]to energy companies.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
It's ingenious.[br]He's getting profit at both ends

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
of the transaction.[br]So that leads us

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
to the second characteristic.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And that's this word "jugaad".[br]And if you're not familiar with it,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
it's a Hindi term which kind of means[br]it's making the most of what you've got.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So I don't know if you can see[br]the photograph on the right.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
That's an ox-powered two-story truck.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
During the rainy season,[br]of course people get drenched

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
so somebody found the cabin[br]from an old truck, put it on.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
There are people on the top deck[br]of the truck, people on the bottom,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and they're staying dry.[br]Making the most of what you've got.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But it's also this sense of "jugaad"[br]as meaning "good enough".

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
What you see on the left[br]is the world's first clay refrigerator.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
It was created, again,[br]by just an ordinary user.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And of course it doesn't work[br]as well as a powered refrigerator

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
that you might have in the West.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
It's cooled by cold water[br]which cools the clay.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But when you've got temperatures[br]of 45, 50 degrees in summer,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
it's good enough.[br]It keeps the produce cool enough

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
to be used, and it doesn't go off.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Here's some very quick examples[br]of jugaad as well.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Guy on the top left, [br]he's frying his breakfast

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
while he's listening to his MP3 player.[br](audience laughing)

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Guys on the top right have designated[br]the compartment a sleeper compartment.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
They took a blanket and put it up[br]as a hammock.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Guy at the bottom right.[br]This is fascinating.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
He's turned what we call in the U.K.[br]a flip-flop, Australians call them thongs,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
he's turned it into a gun holster.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I don't know what he's doing[br]with the other flip-flop.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And the guy on the bottom left[br]has invented a kind of hands-free kit.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
(audience laughing)

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
It's just a handkerchief with [br]a mobile phone.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I hope to God he's cut a couple[br]of holes out in the front.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But what we're seeing is that[br]your jugaad principles

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
are now being adopted [br]by Western countries.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And if you think about it, [br]a company like Google

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
when it talks about everything's [br]in better, fail fast and integrate

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
that's a kind of jugaad approach[br]to innovation.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And when jugaad meets [br]the next characteristic,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I think things get really interesting.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So when you combine a hacker ethic[br]with jugaad,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I think you then start or rub against[br]what I would call

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
one of the biggest blockers[br]to people-powered innovation,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and that's kind of over-strict[br]regulatory framework.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And it's put there on the premise[br]of protecting us and maintaining quality.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Now I'm assuming you all know the story[br]of Wikipedia, so I'll give you

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
the truncated version.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
When it was first started,[br]it was called Newpedia

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and they commissioned a bunch[br]of academics to write articles

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
which were then going to be[br]peer-reviewed to maintain the quality.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And two years into its existence,[br]Newpedia had to close

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
cause it had a grand total of 25 articles,[br]cause people had spent all that time

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
arguing about whether [br]the article was good enough.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So it became Wikipedia,[br]and as you know, Jimmy Wales then said,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
"To hell with this. [br]I'll make it open source.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
"Anybody can write this.[br]It will be good enough.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
"And people can hack it [br]and improve it."

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But what's less commonly known[br]is that Wikipedia wasn't

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
the kind of direct successor[br]of Newpedia.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
It sort of forked, and alongside Wikipedia[br]was a thing called Citizendium.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Now, could you just put your hand up[br]if you've ever used Wikipedia?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Yeah, pretty much everybody.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Can you put your hand up if[br]you've used Citizendium?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Yes, and that's because [br]they insisted on peer review.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And if you go on the Citizendium website,[br]they've got something like 160,000 articles

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
which have been commissioned,[br]and 106 of them, I think it is,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
have actually been released for citation.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So, I don't know what's happening[br]for all the rest, but it seems to me

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
there's a lesson here [br]for academic publishing

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
because I don't believe peer review,[br]unless it's open source,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
does anything other than obstruct[br]research and innovation and not advance it.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So here's an example from education,[br]from education

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
which is what I'd consider [br]to be jugaad in the hypothetic.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
There's a college in London [br]called the School for Communication Arts.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
It's run by a maverick called Marc Lewis,[br]and it serves the advertising industry.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Now, it provides tertiary-level courses[br]but they're not degrees

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
because he can't get validated.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Why can't he get validated?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Because Marc invites people[br]to hack its own programs,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and he does it via this.[br]There a thing called the Curriculum Wiki.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So if you're in the advertising industry,[br]and you think that there's

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
a particular skill that's being developed,[br]or there's some new processes and practices,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
or if you're a student,[br]or indeed a member of the public,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
you can put up on the Curriculum Wiki[br]what you think should be taught,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and Marc and his staff there[br]will guarantee to turn that

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
into a set of learning outcomes[br]with a syllabus.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And they'll have it up and running[br]within six weeks.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Now of course, that means [br]that it can't get validation,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
because in the U.K.,[br]universities want to know

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
what your program's going to be[br]in five years' time.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
He doesn't know what they're going[br]to be doing in five weeks' time,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but he doesn't care because [br]all the students get jobs.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
They've got 100% employability rate.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So that's a case of, I think,[br]the kind of regulatory frameworks

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
that we've got coming up against[br]innovation and people-powered innovation.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And it seems to me that[br]that sense of urgency is really important.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
In most examples of formal learning, [br]it seems to me we've promoted

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
a kind of learned dependence.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
We're the experts.[br]You're the learners.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And if you want to progress [br]to the next level,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
then you're going to need us.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And then along came the biggest, [br]disruptive innovation

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
since chewing gum in education, [br]and that's YouTube.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And everybody suddenly went, [br]"Hmm, maybe we don't need you guys

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
"as much as we thought we did."

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And YouTube begat MOOCs.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And then the new mantra became[br]"Any lecturer that can be replaced

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
"by a YouTube video, will be."

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But whilst MOOCs and online learning allow[br]learners to hack their education, sort of,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
they don't yet build community[br]or a sense of learner agency.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And I believe that building learner [br]agency will be the next big development

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
in learning, because that's what we see[br]in social learning now.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And learners expect that[br]that agency in formal learning

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
is also going to be there.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So, it's not hard to do.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
We just need to adopt social learning[br]six key motivations

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
which I talk about in the book.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And there's a whole other talk[br]to go through these

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but I'll just quickly list them.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So, a sense of do-it-yourself.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
There's a great deal of autonomy[br]in social learning.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
You all know that because[br]that's how you communicate.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I know I'm preaching to the converted here.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Second is immediacy.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
There's what Lillian Katz called [br]a horizontal relevance about learning

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
because you're getting the knowledge[br]that you need now

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
to solve the challenge[br]that you've got

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
rather than just in case[br]at some point in the future.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
There's an obvious sense [br]of collegiality, do it with friends.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
It's now the case that if you're[br]on Twitter or Yammer,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
you've probably got your closest[br]collaborator on the other side

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
of the world, rather than[br]on the other side of the office.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And then, there's a sense of playfulness[br]about all of this stuff.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Then we get into the contentious ones.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Do unto others.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Now, I know that social media[br]has got bullies, has got trolls,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and there are bad people out there[br]who do bad things,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but that's the stuff that gets reported.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
What doesn't get reported[br]are the million random acts of kindness

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
which happen every day because of[br]that sense of generosity

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
which is powering the learning.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And similarly, for the last one.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
There's a high visibility about the [br]learning which is happening

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
in the social space which isn't[br]being replicated, I would argue,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
in the formal learning space.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Companies and universities[br]get very nervous about the learning

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
being open to the rest of the world.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But I think these six qualities[br]of social learning are

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
the means by which those communities[br]develop a sense of agency.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And I'd argue that we need to think[br]about how many of these

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
we can bring in to our formal[br]learning programs.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And it's really encouraging to see[br]the presentations that are scheduled

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
for the next couple of days,[br]particularly the ones which

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
are about peer learning.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So they're the four kind of [br]common characteristics

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
behind people-powered[br]innovation.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I'm now, only got a couple of [br]minutes left, so let's just finish

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
with perhaps three things[br]that we could do

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
to develop more people-powered[br]innovation.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
First is don't be afraid of the pro-am.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
The poster boy these days[br]for the pro-am is this kid.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Just put your hand up [br]if you recognize this kid.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Oh, not many.[br]His name's Jack Andraka.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
When he was fifteen,[br]he came up with a biomarker

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
for pancreatic cancer because[br]the need was there.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
A close member of his family died[br]of pancreatic cancer

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
because it wasn't spotted early enough.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So Jack came up, did all his research[br]on Google and Wikipedia.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
He calls them a teenager's best friends.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And then he reached a point where[br]he needed lab space.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So he wrote to 200 universities [br]in America

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and 199 of them turned him down.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
They couldn't see what a 15-year-old[br]could possibly tell them

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
about pancreatic cancer, I mean,[br]he didn't even have a master's.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So how would he possibly be able[br]to help them?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Now fortunately, one did,[br]and that was Johns Hopkins.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And it's ready to go into production now,[br]this biomarker.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But here again, he's come up,[br]he's incredibly frustrated

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
because he's come up against[br]regulatory framework

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
which is not allowing this thing[br]to be made available

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
because of the ridiculous clinical[br]trial system that we've got.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And it's going to be five,[br]possibly ten years,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
before this is now made available.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And as Jack says, "How many [br]more people are going to die

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
"as a result of that?"

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So that's one,[br]don't be afraid of the pro-am,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and obviously,[br]de-regulate where possible.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Welcome those education hackers.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But then finally, I think we've just[br]not got to be in denial about this.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Since "Open" was published,[br]I've worked with a lot of companies

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and universities, and I go in [br]and I tell them about the risks

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
of being dis-intermediated.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But I sense this kind of collective[br]denial going on.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And it's understandable because[br]for a long time,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
learners had nowhere else to go.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And we've had a kind of monopoly[br]for the past hundred years or more,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but the time to open up education[br]is here and it's now,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and we have to involve users[br]in redefining what we do.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So I began by talking about [br]my recent cancer treatment.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And when I was first diagnosed, I had[br]my first meeting with the oncologist.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And as you can imagine, [br]I had done a ton of research

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
because I'm a hypochondriac,[br]I don't mind admitting it.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
The only consolation about [br]being a hypochondriac

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
is that eventually you're proven right.[br](audience laughs)

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So I was talking to the oncologist, and I [br]said, "What are the alternatives to surgery?"

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
"What are going to be the side effects[br]of chemotherapy, if I have to have it?"

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And he was getting more and more[br]frustrated.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I asked about holistic treatments.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Eventually, he kind of snapped[br]at me, and he said,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
"Look, just have the surgery.[br]Don't overthink this."

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Now, when a doctor tells you[br]to not overthink it,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I would strongly recommend you[br]find another doctor,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
because that's the kind of [br]Apple philosophy.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
You know, we've done [br]all the research and the design.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
You should just be grateful[br]that we're letting you buy it.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But one of these forums that I was on,[br]the one I was telling you about

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
that are operating kind of [br]on the boundaries,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
go on there regularly, and this oncologist[br]joined in on the conversation.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And people woke up smart, [br]and they said,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
"But we never get professionals[br]coming on this forum."

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And the oncologist said, "Well,[br]it's really important

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
"that this dialogue takes place."

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And I remember what he said.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
He said, "Those who seek answers[br]need to be part of this solution."

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So I hope you'll think how you[br]can bring more people-powered innovation

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
into your own learning programs, and[br]enable people to be part of the solution.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Thanks very much for listening.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
(applause)

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
- David, thank you very much, indeed.[br]You're great, at 23 minutes,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
so thank you very much indeed[br]for making that happen.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And some of these questions[br]actually will be applicable

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
for Cory and for Ian as well, so you[br]may want to pick them up

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
in your remarks too.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But let me just reflect some of [br]the comments that we've been getting,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and there you can see the address.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I can take many more if you want.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
This one from Alejandro Molini.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
The shift to a new age of opportunity,[br]what exactly is this shift towards?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
- Well, I think that's a bigger question.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
That's a question that I asked myself when[br]I looked at the overall theme for today.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But certainly as far as the thing that I[br]was talking about, for me

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
it is the shift toward knowledge[br]is becoming more open.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
It's a curious kind of battle which is[br]constantly taking place

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
cause I think Cory will be talking[br]to some extent about institutions

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and how they're making it difficult[br]for that knowledge to be shared.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But I think what we've seen over[br]the past ten years, is a desire

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
for people to have more control[br]over their lives,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and the implication behind all that,[br]which is why I think dis-intermediation[br]

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
is such a powerful implication.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
If you're part of the music industry,[br]you never thought that you'd be done out.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
If you were a travel agent, you never[br]really thought that people

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
would want to organize their[br]own holidays.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
If you're a taxi driver, you probably[br]didn't see Uber coming.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But that to me is part of that shift.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
- What about this comment from[br]Maria Ebro?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
A very interesting talk, but how do[br]you ensure confidentiality?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
How do you balance control[br]versus innovation?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
- Yep, there is no easy answer to that.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And when I talk about regulatory [br]frameworks, of course you wouldn't want

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
to get on a plane and wonder if [br]the pilot was actually somebody

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
who previously was sitting [br]in the back row.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
There are some needs for that [br]regulatory framework,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but I think we've gone too far.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And 23:47