9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 (OFF) Thanks very much... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 (David Price) This is the [br]........ - shrinking (check) presentation. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It was originally 25 minutes,[br]last night it was 23, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 now it's 22. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I've got a 45-minute presentation,[br]I'm just going to speak twice as quickly. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 No, I'm only kidding, it's only [br]20 -- 22 minutes. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And I've got to think of the time [br]to make sure I don't go over. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 About four moths ago, I was diagnosed[br]with cancer of the colon. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And what was it? Seven weeks ago,[br]I had the operation 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 which kind of went OK, [br]got rid of the tumor, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But when the colon got reconnected,[br]it sprung a leak 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and I got a thing called sepsis, [br]which I later discovered, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is fatal in 60% of the cases. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 What essentially happens with sepsis is 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the organs start to pack in, [br]one after the other, so 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 my heart was fibrillating, I lost --[br]kidneys stopped working, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 lungs stopped working, so they[br]pumped me on a ventilator. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And my wife Claire (check)[br]who is here somewhere 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 was told to bring the family around, [br]because they didn't expect me 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to get through the week-end. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 As you can see, I survived, and this is[br]actually the first talk I've given 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 since I was in intensive care. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I was in intensive care for a week. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So, when a sick -- no, no honest[br](Applause) 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But when I say I'm delighted to be here,[br]I'm not just being polite. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 (laughter) 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I'm talking existentially [br]rather than conversationally. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But I wanted to start with that story[br]because, in that process of the journey 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from diagnosis to operation,[br]I met with some remarkable people: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 on forums and ingress (check) groups,[br]but I also visited and interviewed people. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So I interviewed some people [br]in the Netherlands 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 who are treating their loved ones,[br]who've got end-stage cancer. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They are lay people, computer technicians 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 who, frankly, conventional medicine[br]has given up, they're stage 4, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they said there is nothing more we can do, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 so they're administering [br]endovenous cocktails of drugs. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 some of which are approved, [br]some of which are off-patent, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 some of which are off-label (check). 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I visited a clinic, here in Germany,[br]which I can't name, because 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they kind of operate in the shadows[br]in fear that they'll be closed down. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And what it seemed to me,[br]once I looked beyond health 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is that this is a phenomenon [br]which is happening 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in all kinds of areas of public life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That we're seeing what I call [br]people-powered innovation. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And I think it's a real challenge for[br]institutions and organizations. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So, why is it important? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I think it's important because it's[br]kind of a natural consequence 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of the issues I talk about [br]in my book "Open". 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 where, now that we're able to share[br]and exchange knowledge, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we're now at a point where [br]we want to do something about it, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we want now to be more in control[br]of our own lives. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But I think it's particularly important[br]for the people who are in this room today: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 educators and human resource people. 3:05 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Because one of the things I was seeing[br]is a major shift in the way 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in which we accredit knowledge[br]and competencies. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I don't know if any of you have read[br]Phillip Brown's excellent book 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 called "Tne Global Auction", but he talks [br]about how our graduates are facing 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a high-skilled low-income future, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 because of globalization [br]and a whole range of other issues. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And recently, Laszlo Bock who is in charge[br]of People Operations at Google said this 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Your degree is not a proxy for your [br]ability to any job. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "The world only case about [br]-- and pays off on -- 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "what you can do with what you know 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "(and it doesn't care how you learned it)" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So my point, I guess, is that [br]unless we change the product, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we risk being disintermediated. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 By that, I mean, learners [br]can find other ways 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to get the knowledge and skills [br]that they need. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And let's face it, the product hasn't [br]really changed much in decades. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So I'd -- obvious that the best way [br]to stay relevant 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is to involve users [br]in the process of innovation. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So this is what I mean by [br]people-powered innovation, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 users lead users, accelerate innovation 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 by either advocating for new products or [br]services, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 tinkering with existing products and [br]services, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or creating new products and services[br]from scratch. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That's my kind of working definition, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 based partly on Eric von Hippel's [br]definition of people-powered innovation. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So here's some examples. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The potato crisp, the home-baked (check) [br]potato crisp 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 was invented in 1853 by a chef [br]called George Crum, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 who worked at a restaurant in Saratoga. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now he gets the credit for inventing it,[br]but I think it should go to 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the disgruntled diner in that restaurant[br]who kept sending the potatoes back, said 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that they were too thickly sliced. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And this kept going backwards and forwards 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and eventually George Crum got really[br]pissed off about this 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and cooked them as thin as he could,[br]burning them to a crisp, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 smothered them in salt [br]and then sent them out. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And the diner loved it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So he thought, oh, we're on to [br]something here 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but he didn't take out a patent: in fact,[br]none of these examples have been patented. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So, 1853, we've always had [br]people-powered innovation. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In fact, you could argue that up until[br]the Industrial Revolution, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that's all we had, we had [br]people-powered innovation. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But if you bring it [br]a little more up to date 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I don't know if you know [br]the story of the skateboard 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but it was something that surfers, facing [br]a wind the way they couldn't surf, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it was the best kind of substitute. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So they took a pair of roller-skates, [br]chopped them in two, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 put wheels on either end of a plank of wood,[br]and you had a skateboard. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So the skateboard industry is now worth[br]$4.8 billion a year, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and a similar story happened [br]with the mountain bike. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It was basically cannibalized from [br]other forms of bikes 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and developed entirely by users. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 To bring it even more up to date, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I don't know if you're aware [br]of this thing called Patreon? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's been set up by Jack Conte[br]who is a musician. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Certainly, he wouldn't have thought [br]of himself as a kind of entrepreneur 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but it kind of recreates [br]in the digital age 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the 18th century notion of patronage[br]for artists. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So you pay up artists, [br]because you like their work. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And it has been a hugely successful [br]venture for Jack. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And then one of the few companies[br]that have really latched onto 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 people-powered innovation [br]at a very early stage 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is Proctor & Gamble, who have developed [br]a thing called Connect and Develop 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and that service now, [br]which brings in innovation 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from outside of the organization, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that constitutes about half [br]of all their innovations. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So much so that Proctor & Gamble say:[br]"Proudly found elsewhere." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That's their motto. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And I wonder how many of us who work[br]in universities could say the same thing, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or how many of us who are [br]learning officers in companies. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So, where do we see [br]people-powered innovation? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, you can go to any maker space (check)[br]and you'll see it, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 visit forums or interest groups,[br]even groups like Anonymous, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 whatever you may think [br]of their philosophy, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you can't deny their ingenuity[br]and innovation. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And I've looked at a number of examples 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and I've identified [br]four common characteristics. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I'm going to quickly go through them. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The first is need, the second is "Jugaad" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 ..... (check) if it's not a familiar term to you. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The third is the hacker ethic [br]and the fourth is the sense of agency. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Right. Very quick examples. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's a cliché, but it's a cliché [br]for a reason, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that invention is indeed the mother[br]of necessity. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And you get people-powered innovation[br]where the need is greatest. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So it's no accident that some of the[br]most innovative things that we now see 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 now are happening in the developed world[br]in slums and favelas. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So 85% of mobile transactions [br]have actually originated 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in developing countries. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And 50% of them were created by users. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And if you think about it, that kind of[br]paved the way for things like 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Apple Pay and Samsung Wallet. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The first use of mobile banking[br]was actually in the Philippines, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and what people did there was to take[br]pay-as-you-go top-up vouchers, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 take the code from them, text them[br]to their friends and families 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in other parts of the Philippines, and[br]they used it as a kind of currency. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But they are not just turning air time [br]into money, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they're turning shit into money too. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [To you it may be SHIT, To us it is MONEY[br]"Shit Business is Serious Business"] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This is a genuine sign, [br]I didn't make this up 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but it says, if you can't read the bottom[br]it says 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Shit Business is Serious Business". 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 There is a guy in Lagos in Nigeria [br]who is 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 -- and Lagos has a big [br]public health problem 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 because people are using [br]the streets as toilet -- 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but there is a graphic artist [br]called Isaac Agbetusin 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 who invented a thing that he called[br]the Dignified Mobile Toilet. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They look like the kind of Portaloos [br]that you see on building sites 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but he's designed it, built it, [br]delivers it to communities 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and then he charges people 10 cents[br]to use them. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But that's only part of the story, because[br]then the waste is collected 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and turned into biogas which is sold[br]to energy companies. 9:18