[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.90,0:00:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's an intriguing fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.24,0:00:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the developed world,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.04,0:00:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everywhere, women live an average\Nof six to eight years longer than men do.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.84,0:00:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Six to eight years longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.16,0:00:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's, like, a huge gap.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.60,0:00:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2015, the "Lancet" published an article
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.72,0:00:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing that men in rich countries
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.20,0:00:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are twice as likely to die as women are
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.20,0:00:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at any age.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.08,0:00:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is one place in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where men live as long as women.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.48,0:00:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a remote, mountainous zone,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.56,0:00:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a blue zone,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.80,0:00:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where super longevity
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.32,0:00:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is common to both sexes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.04,0:00:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the blue zone in Sardinia,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.88,0:00:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an Italian island in the Mediterranean,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.92,0:00:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between Corsica and Tunisia,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.56,0:00:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where there are six times\Nas many centenarians
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.96,0:00:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as on the Italian mainland,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.88,0:00:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less than 200 miles away.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.92,0:00:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are 10 times as many centenarians
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.84,0:00:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as there are in North America.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.04,0:01:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the only place\Nwhere men live as long as women.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.16,0:01:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.48,0:01:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My curiosity was piqued.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.72,0:01:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I decided to research the sights\Nand the habits of the place,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.08,0:01:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I started with the genetic profile.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.52,0:01:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I discovered soon enough
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.60,0:01:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that genes account for just\N25 percent of their longevity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.64,0:01:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other 75 percent is lifestyle.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.20,0:01:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does it take\Nto live to 100 or beyond?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.52,0:01:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are they doing right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.40,0:01:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you're looking at\Nis an aerial view of Villagrande.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.68,0:01:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a village at the epicenter\Nof the blue zone
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.24,0:01:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I went to investigate this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.40,0:01:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as you can see, architectural beauty\Nis not its main virtue,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.84,0:01:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,density is:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.48,0:01:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tightly spaced houses,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.48,0:01:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interwoven alleys and streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.04,0:01:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that the villagers' lives\Nconstantly intersect.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.28,0:01:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as I walked through the village,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.04,0:01:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could feel hundreds\Nof pairs of eyes watching me
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.20,0:01:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from behind doorways and curtains,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.84,0:01:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from behind shutters.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.60,0:02:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because like all ancient villages,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.04,0:02:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Villagrande couldn't have survived
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.64,0:02:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without this structure,\Nwithout its walls, without its cathedral,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.92,0:02:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without its village square,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.84,0:02:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because defense and social cohesion\Ndefined its design.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.92,0:02:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Urban priorities changed as we moved\Ntowards the industrial revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.92,0:02:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because infectious disease\Nbecame the risk of the day.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.80,0:02:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what about now?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.56,0:02:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, social isolation\Nis the public health risk of our time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.96,0:02:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, a third of the population says
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.48,0:02:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have two or fewer people to lean on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.96,0:02:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's go to Villagrande\Nnow as a contrast
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.76,0:02:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to meet some centenarians.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.84,0:02:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meet Giuseppe Marino.\NHe's 102, a supercentenarian
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.76,0:02:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lifelong resident\Nof the village of Villagrande.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.84,0:02:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a gregarious man.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.80,0:02:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He loved to recount stories
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.12,0:02:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as how he lived like a bird
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.80,0:02:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from what he could find\Non the forest floor
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.12,0:02:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during not one but two world wars,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.52,0:03:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how he and his wife,\Nwho also lived past 100,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.64,0:03:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,raised six children\Nin a small, homey kitchen
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.00,0:03:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I interviewed him.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.96,0:03:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here he is with his sons\NAngelo and Domenico,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.60,0:03:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both in their 70s\Nand looking after their father,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.68,0:03:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who were quite frankly\Nvery suspicious of me and my daughter
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.96,0:03:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who came along with me\Non this research trip,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.72,0:03:21.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the flip side of social cohesion
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.56,0:03:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a wariness of strangers and outsiders.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.40,0:03:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Giuseppe, he wasn't suspicious at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.32,0:03:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a happy-go-lucky guy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.28,0:03:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very outgoing with a positive outlook.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.96,0:03:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I wondered: so is that what it takes\Nto live to be 100 or beyond,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.52,0:03:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinking positively?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.00,0:03:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, no.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.24,0:03:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.84,0:03:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meet Giovanni Coreas. He's 101,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.48,0:03:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the grumpiest person I have ever met.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.52,0:03:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.04,0:03:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he put a lie to the notion
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.76,0:04:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you have to be positive\Nto live a long life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.40,0:04:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there is evidence for this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.16,0:04:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I asked him why he lived so long,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.72,0:04:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he kind of looked at me\Nunder hooded eyelids, and he growled,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.16,0:04:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Nobody has to know my secrets."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.32,0:04:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.56,0:04:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But despite being a sourpuss,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.80,0:04:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the niece who lived with him\Nand looked after him
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.16,0:04:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called him "Il Tesoro," "my treasure."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.36,0:04:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she respected him and loved him,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.56,0:04:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she told me, when I questioned\Nthis obvious loss of her freedom,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.40,0:04:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You just don't understand, do you?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.28,0:04:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking after this man is a pleasure.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.00,0:04:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a huge privilege for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.00,0:04:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is my heritage."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.04,0:04:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And indeed, wherever I went\Nto interview these centenarians,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.72,0:04:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I found a kitchen party.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.46,0:04:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's Giovanni with his two nieces,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.20,0:04:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maria above him
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.44,0:04:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and beside him his great-niece Sara,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.40,0:04:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who came when I was there\Nto bring fresh fruits and vegetables.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.20,0:04:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I quickly discovered by being there
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.52,0:04:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in the blue zone, as people age,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.80,0:05:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indeed across their lifespans,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.28,0:05:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're always surrounded\Nby extended family, by friends,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.40,0:05:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by neighbors, the priest,\Nthe barkeeper, the grocer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.72,0:05:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are always there or dropping by.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.04,0:05:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are never left\Nto live solitary lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.76,0:05:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is unlike the rest\Nof the developed world,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.32,0:05:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where as George Burns quipped,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.80,0:05:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Happiness is having a large,\Nloving, caring family in another city."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.28,0:05:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.00,0:05:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, so far we've only met men,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.44,0:05:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long-living men, but I met women too,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.56,0:05:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here you see Tzia Teresa.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.64,0:05:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She, at over 100, taught me\Nhow to make the local specialty,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.08,0:05:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is called culorjones,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.76,0:05:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are these large pasta pockets
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.56,0:05:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like ravioli about this size,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.44,0:05:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this size,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.68,0:05:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're filled\Nwith high-fat ricotta and mint
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.24,0:05:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and drenched in tomato sauce.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.04,0:05:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she showed me\Nhow to make just the right crimp
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.00,0:05:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they wouldn't open,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.80,0:05:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she makes them\Nwith her daughters every Sunday
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.84,0:06:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and distributes them\Nby the dozens to neighbors and friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.56,0:06:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's when I discovered\Na low-fat, gluten-free diet
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.68,0:06:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not what it takes\Nto live to 100 in the blue zone.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.32,0:06:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.60,0:06:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, these centenarians' stories\Nalong with the science that underpins them
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.24,0:06:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prompted me to ask myself\Nsome questions too,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.08,0:06:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as, when am I going to die\Nand how can I put that day off?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.32,0:06:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you will see,\Nthe answer is not what we expect.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.84,0:06:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Julianne Holt-Lunstad is a researcher\Nat Brigham Young University
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.76,0:06:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she addressed this very question
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.68,0:06:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a series of studies
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.20,0:06:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of tens of thousands of middle aged people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.12,0:06:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much like this audience here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.28,0:06:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she looked at every\Naspect of their lifestyle:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.24,0:06:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their diet, their exercise,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.40,0:06:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their marital status,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.92,0:06:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how often they went to the doctor,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.60,0:06:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether they smoked or drank, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.12,0:06:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She recorded all of this
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.36,0:06:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then she and her colleagues\Nsat tight and waited for seven years
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.96,0:06:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see who would still be breathing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.76,0:07:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of the people left standing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.88,0:07:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what reduced their chances\Nof dying the most?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.44,0:07:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was her question.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.08,0:07:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's now look at her data in summary,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.64,0:07:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going from the least powerful\Npredictor to the strongest.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.40,0:07:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.64,0:07:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So clean air, which is great,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.92,0:07:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't predict how long you will live.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.00,0:07:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether you have your hypertension treated
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.76,0:07:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is good.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.12,0:07:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still not a strong predictor.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.92,0:07:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether you're lean or overweight,\Nyou can stop feeling guilty about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.44,0:07:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's only in third place.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.84,0:07:37.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much exercise you get is next,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.36,0:07:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still only a moderate predictor.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.72,0:07:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether you've had a cardiac event\Nand you're in rehab and exercising,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.48,0:07:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting higher now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.04,0:07:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether you've had a flu vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.68,0:07:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did anybody here know
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.96,0:07:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that having a flu vaccine\Nprotects you more than doing exercise?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.72,0:07:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether you were drinking and quit,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.24,0:07:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether you're a moderate drinker,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.24,0:08:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether you don't smoke,\Nor if you did, whether you quit,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.56,0:08:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and getting towards the top predictors
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.20,0:08:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are two features of your social life.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.76,0:08:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, your close relationships.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.16,0:08:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the people\Nthat you can call on for a loan
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.48,0:08:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you need money suddenly,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.12,0:08:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who will call the doctor\Nif you're not feeling well
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.72,0:08:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or who will take you to the hospital,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.56,0:08:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or who will sit with you\Nif you're having an existential crisis,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.40,0:08:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're in despair.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.40,0:08:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those people, that little clutch of people
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.04,0:08:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are a strong predictor, if you have them,\Nof how long you'll live.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.60,0:08:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then something that surprised me,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.96,0:08:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something that's called\Nsocial integration.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.60,0:08:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means how much\Nyou interact with people
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.68,0:08:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you move through your day.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.76,0:08:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many people do you talk to?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.88,0:08:54.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these mean both\Nyour weak and your strong bonds,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.48,0:08:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so not just the people\Nyou're really close to,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.00,0:08:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who mean a lot to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.40,0:09:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, like, do you talk to the guy\Nwho every day makes you your coffee?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.96,0:09:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you talk to the postman?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.76,0:09:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you talk to the woman who walks\Nby your house every day with her dog?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.24,0:09:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you play bridge or poker,\Nhave a book club?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.24,0:09:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those interactions\Nare one of the strongest predictors
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.44,0:09:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how long you'll live.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.80,0:09:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this leads me to the next question:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.84,0:09:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we now spend more time online\Nthan on any other activity,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.28,0:09:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including sleeping,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.96,0:09:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're now up to 11 hours a day,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.16,0:09:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one hour more than last year, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.68,0:09:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does it make a difference?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.52,0:09:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why distinguish\Nbetween interacting in person
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.56,0:09:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and interacting via social media?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.80,0:09:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it the same thing as being there
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.68,0:09:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're in contact constantly\Nwith your kids through text, for example?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.20,0:09:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the short answer\Nto the question is no,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.36,0:09:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.04,0:09:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Face-to-face contact releases\Na whole cascade of neurotransmitters,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.88,0:09:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and like a vaccine,\Nthey protect you now in the present
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.20,0:10:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and well into the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.08,0:10:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So simply making\Neye contact with somebody,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.60,0:10:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shaking hands, giving somebody a high-five
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.20,0:10:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is enough to release oxytocin,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.28,0:10:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which increases your level of trust
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.52,0:10:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it lowers your cortisol levels.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.92,0:10:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it lowers your stress.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.44,0:10:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And dopamine is generated,\Nwhich gives us a little high
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.28,0:10:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it kills pain.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.52,0:10:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like a naturally produced morphine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.16,0:10:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, all of this passes\Nunder our conscious radar,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.88,0:10:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is why we conflate\Nonline activity with the real thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.20,0:10:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we do have evidence now,\Nfresh evidence,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.56,0:10:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there is a difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.92,0:10:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's look at some of the neuroscience.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.00,0:10:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Elizabeth Redcay, a neuroscientist\Nat the University of Maryland,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.32,0:10:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tried to map the difference
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.16,0:10:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between what goes on in our brains\Nwhen we interact in person
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.84,0:10:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus when we're watching\Nsomething that's static.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.08,0:10:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what she did was\Nshe compared the brain function
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.53,0:10:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of two groups of people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.60,0:10:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those interacting live with her
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.92,0:10:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or with one of her research associates
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.08,0:11:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a dynamic conversation,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.28,0:11:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she compared that\Nto the brain activity of people
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.80,0:11:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were watching her talk\Nabout the same subject
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.56,0:11:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in a canned video, like on YouTube.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.88,0:11:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by the way, if you want to know
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.60,0:11:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how she fit two people\Nin an MRI scanner at the same time,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.44,0:11:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk to me later.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.36,0:11:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's the difference?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.28,0:11:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is your brain\Non real social interaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.84,0:11:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you're seeing\Nis the difference in brain activity
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.76,0:11:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between interacting in person\Nand taking in static content.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.92,0:11:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In orange, you see the brain areas\Nthat are associated with attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.92,0:11:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,social intelligence --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.16,0:11:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that means anticipating\Nwhat somebody else is thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.76,0:11:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and feeling and planning --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.52,0:11:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and emotional reward.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.08,0:11:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these areas become much more engaged
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.88,0:11:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we're interacting\Nwith a live partner.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.12,0:11:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, these richer brain signatures
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.84,0:11:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be why recruiters\Nfrom Fortune 500 companies
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.92,0:11:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evaluating candidates
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.88,0:12:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought that the candidates were smarter
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.68,0:12:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they heard their voices
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.16,0:12:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to when they just\Nread their pitches in a text, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.44,0:12:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or an email or a letter.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.88,0:12:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, our voices and body language\Nconvey a rich signal.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.68,0:12:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It shows that we're thinking, feeling,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.72,0:12:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sentient human beings
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.40,0:12:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are much more than an algorithm.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.92,0:12:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this research by Nicholas Epley
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.00,0:12:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the University of Chicago\NBusiness School
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.44,0:12:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is quite amazing because\Nit tells us a simple thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.76,0:12:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If somebody hears your voice,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.84,0:12:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they think you're smarter.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.84,0:12:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, that's quite a simple thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.32,0:12:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, to return to the beginning,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.04,0:12:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why do women live longer than men?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.96,0:12:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one major reason\Nis that women are more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.32,0:12:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to prioritize and groom\Ntheir face-to-face relationships
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.72,0:12:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over their lifespans.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.40,0:12:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fresh evidence shows
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.08,0:12:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these in-person friendships
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.80,0:12:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,create a biological force field\Nagainst disease and decline.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.80,0:12:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not just true of humans
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.00,0:13:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but their primate relations,\Nour primate relations as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.40,0:13:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anthropologist Joan Silk's work\Nshows that female baboons
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.08,0:13:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have a core of female friends
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.00,0:13:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,show lower levels of stress\Nvia their cortisol levels,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.60,0:13:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they live longer and they have\Nmore surviving offspring.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.64,0:13:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least three stable relationships.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.04,0:13:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the magic number.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.56,0:13:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.80,0:13:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope you guys have three.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.44,0:13:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The power of such face-to-face contact
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.48,0:13:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is really why there are\Nthe lowest rates of dementia
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.32,0:13:32.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among people who are socially engaged.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.16,0:13:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's why women who have breast cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.00,0:13:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are four times more likely\Nto survive their disease than loners are.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.32,0:13:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why men who've had a stroke\Nwho meet regularly to play poker
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.32,0:13:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to have coffee
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.00,0:13:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to play old-timer's hockey --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.28,0:13:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm Canadian, after all --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.60,0:13:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.76,0:13:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are better protected\Nby that social contact
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.28,0:13:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than they are by medication.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.32,0:13:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why men who've had a stroke\Nwho meet regularly --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.44,0:13:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is something very\Npowerful they can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.92,0:14:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This face-to-face contact\Nprovides stunning benefits,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.64,0:14:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet now almost a quarter of the population\Nsays they have no one to talk to.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.16,0:14:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can do something about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.52,0:14:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like Sardinian villagers,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.32,0:14:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a biological imperative\Nto know we belong,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.04,0:14:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not just the women among us.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.08,0:14:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Building in-person interaction\Ninto our cities, into our workplaces,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.24,0:14:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into our agendas
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.84,0:14:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bolsters the immune system,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.32,0:14:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sends feel-good hormones\Nsurging through the bloodstream and brain
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.36,0:14:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and helps us live longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.84,0:14:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I call this building your village,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.52,0:14:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and building it and sustaining it\Nis a matter of life and death.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.76,0:14:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.00,0:14:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.28,0:14:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moderator: Susan, come back.\NI have a question for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.92,0:14:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm wondering if there's a middle path.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.84,0:14:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you talk about the neurotransmitters\Nconnecting when in face-to-face,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.28,0:14:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what about digital technology?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.96,0:15:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've seen enormous improvements\Nin digital technology
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.56,0:15:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like FaceTime, things like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.04,0:15:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does that work too?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.32,0:15:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, I see my nephew.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.60,0:15:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He plays Minecraft\Nand he's yelling at his friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.04,0:15:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems like he's connecting pretty well.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.08,0:15:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that useful? Is that helpful?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.88,0:15:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Susan Pinker: Some of the data\Nare just emerging.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.24,0:15:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The data are so fresh\Nthat the digital revolution happened
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.24,0:15:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the health data trailed behind.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.00,0:15:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're just learning,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.40,0:15:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I would say\Nthere are some improvements
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.44,0:15:25.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we could make in the technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.28,0:15:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, the camera on your laptop\Nis at the top of the screen,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.76,0:15:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so for example, when you're\Nlooking into the screen,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.84,0:15:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're not actually making eye contact.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.76,0:15:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So something as simple\Nas even just looking into the camera
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.96,0:15:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can increase those neurotransmitters,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.24,0:15:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe changing\Nthe position of the camera.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.84,0:15:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not identical, but I think\Nwe are getting closer with the technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.56,0:15:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moderator: Great. Thank you so much.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.32,0:15:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SP: Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.56,0:15:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)