[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.88,0:00:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's an intriguing fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.48,0:00:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the developed world,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.28,0:00:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everywhere, women live an average\Nof six to eight years longer than men do.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.86,0:00:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Six to eight years longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.61,0:00:16.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's, like, a huge gap.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.87,0:00:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2015, the Lancet published an article
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.32,0:00:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing that men in rich countries
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.43,0:00:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are twice as likely to die as women are
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.42,0:00:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at any age.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.34,0:00:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is one place in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.22,0:00:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where men live as long as women.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.68,0:00:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a remote, mountainous zone,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.77,0:00:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a blue zone,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.78,0:00:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where super longevity
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.78,0:00:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is common to both sexes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.30,0:00:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the blue zone in Sardinia,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.36,0:00:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an Italian island in the Mediterranean,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.18,0:00:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between Corsica and Tunisia,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.91,0:00:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where there are six times\Nas many centenarians
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.23,0:00:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as on the Italian mainland,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.25,0:00:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less than 200 miles away.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.13,0:00:56.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are 10 times as many centenarians
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.11,0:00:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as there are in North America.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.36,0:01:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the only place where men\Nlive as long as women.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.65,0:01:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.81,0:01:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My curiosity was piqued.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.00,0:01:08.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I decided to research the science\Nand the habits of the place,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.20,0:01:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I started with the genetic profile.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.77,0:01:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I discovered soon enough
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.95,0:01:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that genes account for just\N25 percent of their longevity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.83,0:01:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other 75 percent is lifestyle.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.50,0:01:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does it take to live\Nto 100 or beyond?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.72,0:01:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are they doing right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.70,0:01:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you're looking at\Nis an aerial view of Villagrande.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.05,0:01:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a village at the epicenter\Nof the blue zone
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.25,0:01:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I went to investigate this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.74,0:01:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as you can see, architectural beauty
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.83,0:01:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not its main virtue,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.78,0:01:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,density is:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.82,0:01:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tightly spaced houses,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.75,0:01:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interwoven alleys and streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.30,0:01:49.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that the villagers' lives\Nconstantly intersect.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.63,0:01:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as I walked through the village,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.17,0:01:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could feel hundreds\Nof pairs of eyes watching me
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.43,0:01:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from behind doorways and curtains,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.21,0:01:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from behind shutters.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.72,0:02:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because like all ancient villages,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.37,0:02:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Villagrande couldn't have survived
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.90,0:02:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without this structure,\Nwithout its walls, without its cathedral,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.31,0:02:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without its village square,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.02,0:02:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because defense and social cohesion\Ndefined its design.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.22,0:02:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Urban priorities changed as we moved\Ntowards the Industrial Revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.94,0:02:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because infectious disease\Nbecame the risk of the day.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.07,0:02:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what about now?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.42,0:02:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, social isolation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.53,0:02:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the public health risk of our time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.24,0:02:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, a third of the population says
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.81,0:02:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have two or fewer\Npeople to lean on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.89,0:02:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's go to Villagrande\Nnow as a contrast
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.99,0:02:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to meet some centenarians.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.03,0:02:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meet Giussepe Marino. He's 102,\Na supercentenerian
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.89,0:02:46.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lifelong restaurant\Nof the village of Villagrande.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.09,0:02:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a gregarious man.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.12,0:02:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He loved to recount stories
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.70,0:02:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as how he lived like a bird\Nfrom what he could find
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.30,0:02:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the forest floor
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.42,0:02:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during not but two world wars,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.88,0:03:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how he and his wife,\Nwho also lived past 100,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.38,0:03:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,raised six children\Nin his small, homey kitchen
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.30,0:03:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I interviewed him.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.41,0:03:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here he is with his sons\NAngelo and Domenico,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.95,0:03:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both in their 70s and looking\Nafter their father,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.09,0:03:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who were quite frankly
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.32,0:03:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very suspicious of me and my daughter
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.20,0:03:18.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who came along with me\Non this research trip,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.95,0:03:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the flip side of social cohesion
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.68,0:03:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a wariness of strangers and outsiders.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.72,0:03:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Giuseppe, he wasn't suspicious at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.66,0:03:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a happy-go-lucky guy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.36,0:03:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very outgoing with a positive outlook.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.31,0:03:36.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I wondered: so is that what it takes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.65,0:03:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to live to be 100 or beyond,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.80,0:03:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinking positively?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.28,0:03:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, no.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.55,0:03:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.09,0:03:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meet Giovanni Coreas. He's 101,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.65,0:03:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the grumpiest person I have ever met,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.25,0:03:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he put a lie to the notion\Nthat you have to be positive
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.96,0:04:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to live a long life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.70,0:04:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there is evidence for this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.54,0:04:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I asked him why he lived so long,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.01,0:04:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he kind of looked at me\Nunder hooded eyelids, and he growled,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.58,0:04:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Nobody has to know my secrets."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.94,0:04:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.04,0:04:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But despite being a sourpuss,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.49,0:04:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the niece who lived with him\Nand looked after him called him
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.16,0:04:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Il Tesoro," "my treasure."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.58,0:04:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she respected him and loved him,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.07,0:04:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she told me, when I questioned
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.01,0:04:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this obvious loss of her freedom,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.67,0:04:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You just don't understand, do you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.60,0:04:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking after this man is a pleasure.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.55,0:04:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a huge privilege for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.23,0:04:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is my heritage."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.01,0:04:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And indeed, wherever I went\Nto interview these centenarians,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.14,0:04:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I found a kitchen party.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.70,0:04:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's Giovanni with his two nieces,\NMaria above him
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.41,0:04:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and beside him his great-niece Sara,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.90,0:04:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who came when I was there\Nto bring fresh fruits and vegetables.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.38,0:04:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I quickly discovered by being there
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.76,0:04:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in the blue zone, as people age,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.44,0:05:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indeed across their lifespans,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.75,0:05:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're always surrounded
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.71,0:05:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by extended family, by friends,\Nby neighbors, the priest,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.58,0:05:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the barkeeper, the grocer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.99,0:05:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are always there or dropping by.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.49,0:05:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are never left\Nto live solitary lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.73,0:05:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is unlike the rest\Nof the developed world,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.62,0:05:20.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where as George Burns quipped,\N"Happiness is having a large,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.03,0:05:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,loving, caring family
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.29,0:05:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in another city."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.88,0:05:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.36,0:05:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, so far we've only met men,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.95,0:05:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long-living men, but I met women too,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.92,0:05:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here you see Tzia Teresa.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.95,0:05:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She, at over 100, taught me how\Nto make the local specialty,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.10,0:05:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is called [[?]],
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.23,0:05:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are these large pasta pockets
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.79,0:05:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like ravioli about this size,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.73,0:05:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this size,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.48,0:05:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're filled with high-fat\Nricotta and mint
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.73,0:05:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and drenched in tomato sauce.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.34,0:05:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she showed me how to make\Njust the right crimp
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.30,0:05:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they wouldn't open,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.05,0:05:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she makes them with her daughters
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.28,0:05:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every Sunday and distributes them
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.17,0:06:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the dozens to neighbors and friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.41,0:06:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's when I discovered\Na low-fat, gluten-free diet
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.76,0:06:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not what it takes to live\Nto 100 in the blue zone.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.51,0:06:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.97,0:06:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, these centenarians' stories\Nalong with the science that underpins them
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.16,0:06:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prompted me to ask myself\Nsome questions too,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.38,0:06:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as, when am I going to die
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.51,0:06:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how can I put that day off?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.61,0:06:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you will see,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.48,0:06:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the answer is not what we expect.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.87,0:06:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Julianne Holt-Lunstad is a researcher\Nat Brigham Young University
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.88,0:06:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she addressed this very question
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.98,0:06:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a series of studies
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.47,0:06:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of tens of thousands\Nof middle aged people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.19,0:06:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much like this audience here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.27,0:06:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she looked at every\Naspect of their lifestyle:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.96,0:06:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their diet, their exercise,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.73,0:06:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their marital status,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.12,0:06:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how often they went to the doctor,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.80,0:06:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether they smoked or drank, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.35,0:06:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She recorded all of this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.51,0:06:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then she and her colleagues\Nsat tight and waited for seven years
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.98,0:07:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see who would still be breathing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.05,0:07:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of the people left standing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.19,0:07:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what reduced their chances\Nof dying the most?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.87,0:07:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was her question.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.38,0:07:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's now look at her data
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.88,0:07:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in summary, going from\Nthe least powerful predictor
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.50,0:07:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the strongest. Okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.49,0:07:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So clean air, which is great,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.04,0:07:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't predict how long you will live.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.10,0:07:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether you had your hypertension treated
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.08,0:07:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is good.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.24,0:07:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still not a strong predictor.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.20,0:07:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether you're lean or overweight,\Nyou can stop feeling guilty about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.38,0:07:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's only in third place.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.07,0:07:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much exercise you get is next,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.60,0:07:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still only a moderate predictor.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.93,0:07:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether you've had a cardiac event\Nand you're in rehab and exercising,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.86,0:07:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting higher now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.50,0:07:50.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether you've had a flu vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.79,0:07:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did anybody here know\Nthat having a flu vaccine
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.04,0:07:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protects you more than doing exercise?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.88,0:07:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether you were drinking and quit,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.67,0:08:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether you're a moderate drinker,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.05,0:08:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether you don't smoke,\Nor if you did, whether you quit,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.86,0:08:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and getting towards the top predictors
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.21,0:08:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are two features of your social life.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.50,0:08:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, your close relationships.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.52,0:08:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the people that you\Ncan call on for a loan
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.23,0:08:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you need money suddenly,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.06,0:08:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who will call the doctor\Nif you're not feeling well
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.20,0:08:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or who will take you to the hospital,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.00,0:08:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or who will sit with you
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.89,0:08:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're having an existential crisis,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.05,0:08:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're in despair.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.36,0:08:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those people, that little clutch of people
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.36,0:08:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are a strong predictor if you have them\Nof how long you'll live.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.89,0:08:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then something that surprised me,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.50,0:08:42.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something that's called\Nsocial integration.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.65,0:08:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means how much
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.88,0:08:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you interact with people\Nas you move through your day.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.89,0:08:51.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many people do you talk to?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.23,0:08:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these mean both your weak\Nand your strong bonds,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.72,0:08:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so not just the people\Nyou're really close to,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.59,0:08:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who mean a lot to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.73,0:09:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, like, do you talk to the guy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.29,0:09:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who every day makes you your coffee?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.85,0:09:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you talk to the postman?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.72,0:09:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you talk to the woman who walks\Nby your house every day with her dog?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.56,0:09:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you play bridge or poker,\Nhave a book club?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.64,0:09:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those interactions are one\Nof the strongest predictors
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.09,0:09:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how long you'll live.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.09,0:09:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this leads me to the next question:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.11,0:09:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we now spend more time
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.58,0:09:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,online than on any other activity,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.46,0:09:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including sleeping,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.26,0:09:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're now up to 11 hours a day,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.09,0:09:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one hour more than last year, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.13,0:09:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does it make a difference?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.98,0:09:36.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why distinguish between\Ninteracting in person
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.73,0:09:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and interacting via social media?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.27,0:09:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it the same thing as being there
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.88,0:09:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're in contact constantly\Nwith your kids through text, for example?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.44,0:09:48.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the short answer\Nto the question is no,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.69,0:09:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.24,0:09:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Face-to-face contact releases\Na whole cascade of neurotransmitters,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.94,0:09:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and like a vaccine, they protect you\Nnow in the present
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.52,0:10:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and well into the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.32,0:10:03.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So simply making\Neye contact with somebody,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.82,0:10:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shaking hands, giving somebody a high-five
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.49,0:10:08.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is enough to release oxytocin,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.59,0:10:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which increases your level of trust
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.84,0:10:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it lowers your cortisol levels.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.22,0:10:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it lowers your stress.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.52,0:10:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And dopamine is generated,\Nwhich gives us a little high
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.22,0:10:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it kills pain.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.36,0:10:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like a naturally produced morphine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.48,0:10:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now all of this passes\Nunder our conscious radar,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.80,0:10:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is why we conflate\Nonline activity with the real thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.57,0:10:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we do have evidence now, fresh\Nevidence, that there is a difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.92,0:10:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's look at some of the neuroscience.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.33,0:10:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Elizabeth Redcay, a neuroscientist\Nat the University of Maryland,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.26,0:10:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tried to map the difference
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.89,0:10:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between what goes on in our brains
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.30,0:10:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we interact in person
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.09,0:10:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus when we're watching\Nsomething that's static.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.35,0:10:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what she did was she\Ncompared the brain function
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.99,0:10:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of two groups of people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.85,0:10:55.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those interacting live with her
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.89,0:10:58.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or with one of her research associates
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.39,0:11:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a dynamic conversation,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.32,0:11:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she compared that\Nto the brain activity of people
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.70,0:11:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were watching her talk about
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.57,0:11:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same subject but in a canned video,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.75,0:11:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like on YouTube.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.14,0:11:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by the way, if you want to know\Nhow she fit two people
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.40,0:11:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an MRI scanner at the same time,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.80,0:11:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk to me later.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.49,0:11:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's the difference?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.65,0:11:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is your brain\Non real social interaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.74,0:11:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you're seeing is the difference
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.62,0:11:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in brain activity between\Ninteracting in person
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.98,0:11:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and taking in static content.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.24,0:11:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In orange, you see the brain areas
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.23,0:11:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are associated with attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.28,0:11:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,social intelligence --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.54,0:11:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that means anticipating what\Nsomebody else is thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.71,0:11:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and feeling and planning --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.76,0:11:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and emotional reward.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.46,0:11:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these areas become much more engaged
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.24,0:11:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we're interacting\Nwith a live partner.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.02,0:11:53.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, these richer brain signatures
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.11,0:11:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be why recruiters\Nfrom Fortune 500 companies
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.16,0:11:59.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evaluating candidates
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.45,0:12:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought that the candidates were smarter
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.04,0:12:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they heard their voices
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.50,0:12:07.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to when they just\Nread their pitches in a text, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.39,0:12:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or an email or a letter.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.12,0:12:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, our voices and body language\Nconvey a rich signal.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.05,0:12:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It shows that we're thinking, feeling,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.55,0:12:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sentient human beings
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.70,0:12:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are much more than an algorithm.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.23,0:12:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this research by Nicholas Epley at\Nthe University of Chicago Business School
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.80,0:12:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is quite amazing because\Nit tells us a simple thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.56,0:12:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If somebody hears your voice,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.19,0:12:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they think you're smarter.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.12,0:12:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, that's quite a simple thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.65,0:12:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now to return to the beginning,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.36,0:12:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why do women live longer than men?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.47,0:12:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one major reason is that women\Nare more likely to prioritize
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.55,0:12:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and groom their face-to-face relationships
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.86,0:12:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over their lifespans.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.01,0:12:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fresh evidence shows
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.06,0:12:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these in-person friendships
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.36,0:12:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,create a biological force field\Nagainst disease and decline.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.13,0:12:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not just true of humans
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.97,0:13:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but their primate relations,\Nour primate relations as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.58,0:13:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anthropologist Joan Silswork\Nshows that female baboons
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.06,0:13:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have a core of female friends
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.24,0:13:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,show lower levels of stress\Nvia their cortisol levels,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.56,0:13:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they live longer and they have\Nmore surviving offspring.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.94,0:13:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least three stable relationships.\NThat was the the magic number.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.77,0:13:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.06,0:13:22.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope you guys have three.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.69,0:13:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The power of such face-to-face contact
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.06,0:13:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is really why they're the lowest\Nrates of dementia among people
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.76,0:13:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are socially engaged.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.55,0:13:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's why women who have breast cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.34,0:13:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are four times more likely\Nto survive their disease
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.15,0:13:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than loners are,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.62,0:13:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why men who've had a stroke\Nwho meet regularly to play poker
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.60,0:13:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to have coffee
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.73,0:13:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to play old-timer's hockey --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.79,0:13:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm Canadian, after all --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.04,0:13:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are better protected\Nby that social contact
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.90,0:13:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than they are by medication,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.62,0:13:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why men who've had a stroke\Nwho meet regularly,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.75,0:14:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is something very\Npowerful they can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.21,0:14:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This face-to-face contact\Nprovides stunning benefits,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.59,0:14:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet now almost a quarter of the population
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.50,0:14:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,says they have no one to talk to.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.62,0:14:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can do something about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.48,0:14:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like Sardinian villagers,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.46,0:14:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a biological imperative\Nto know we belong,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.90,0:14:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not just the women among us.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.38,0:14:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Building in-person interaction\Ninto our cities, into our workplaces,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.57,0:14:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into our agendas
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.98,0:14:29.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bolsters the immune system,\Nsends feel-good hormones
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.13,0:14:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surging through the bloodstream and brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.50,0:14:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and helps us live longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.19,0:14:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I call this building your village,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.83,0:14:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and building it and sustaining it
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.21,0:14:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a matter of life and death.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.18,0:14:43.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.91,0:14:48.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.63,0:14:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moderator: Susan, come back.\NI have a question for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.60,0:14:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm wondering if there's a middle path.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.18,0:14:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you talk about the neurotransmitters
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.93,0:14:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connecting when in face-to-face,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.34,0:14:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what about digital technology?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.04,0:15:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've seen enormous improvements\Nin digital technology
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.93,0:15:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like FaceTime, things like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.26,0:15:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does that work too?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.63,0:15:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, I see my nephew.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.57,0:15:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He plays Minecraft, and he's\Nyelling at his friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.83,0:15:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems like he's connecting pretty well.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.38,0:15:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that useful? Is that helpful?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.23,0:15:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Susan Pinker: You know, some\Nof the data are just emerging.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.91,0:15:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The data are so fresh
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.31,0:15:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the digital revolution happened
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.32,0:15:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the health data trailed behind.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.28,0:15:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're just learning,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.91,0:15:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I would say\Nthere are some improvements
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.38,0:15:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we could make in the technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.88,0:15:28.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, the camera on your laptop\Nis at the top of the screen,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.97,0:15:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so for example, when you're\Nlooking into the screen,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.16,0:15:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're not actually making eye contact.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.73,0:15:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So something as simple as even\Njust looking into the camera
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.79,0:15:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can increase those neurotransmitters,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.32,0:15:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe changing\Nthe position of the camera.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.98,0:15:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not identical, but I think\Nwe are getting closer
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.94,0:15:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.85,0:15:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moderator: Great. Thank you so much.\NSP: Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.79,0:15:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moderator: Thanks.\N(Applause)