0:00:00.960,0:00:03.936
This story begins in 1985,

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when at age 22,

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I became the World Chess Champion

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after beating Anatoly Karpov.

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Earlier that year,

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I played what is called[br]simultaneous exhibition

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against 32 of the world's[br]best chess-playing machines

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in Hamburg, Germany.

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I won all the games,

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and then it was not considered[br]much of a surprise

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that I could beat 32 computers[br]at the same time.

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To me, that was the golden age.

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(Laughter)

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Machines were weak,

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and my hair was strong.

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(Laughter)

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Just 12 years later,

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I was fighting for my life[br]against just one computer

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in a match

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called by the cover of "Newsweek"

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"The Brain's Last Stand."

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No pressure.

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(Laughter)

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From mythology to science fiction,

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human versus machine

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has been often portrayed[br]as a matter of life and death.

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John Henry,

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called the steel-driving man

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in the 19th century[br]African American folk legend,

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was pitted in a race

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against a steam-powered hammer

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bashing a tunnel through mountain rock.

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John Henry's legend[br]is a part of a long historical narrative

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pitting humanity versus technology.

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And this competitive rhetoric[br]is standard now.

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We are in a race against the machines,

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in a fight or even in a war.

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Jobs are being killed off.

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People are being replaced[br]as if they had vanished from the Earth.

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It's enough to think that the movies[br]like "The Terminator" or "The Matrix"

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are nonfiction.

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There are very few instances of an arena

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where the human body and mind[br]can compete on equal terms

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with a computer or a robot.

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Actually, I wish there were a few more.

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Instead,

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it was my blessing and my curse

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to literally become the proverbial man

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in the man versus machine competition

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that everybody is still talking about.

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In the most famous human-machine[br]competition since John Henry,

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I played two matches

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against the IBM supercomputer, Deep Blue.

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Nobody remembers[br]that I won the first match --

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(Laughter)

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(Applause)

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In Philadelphia, before losing the rematch[br]the following year in New York.

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But I guess that's fair.

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There is no day in history,[br]special calendar entry

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for all the people[br]who failed to climb Mt. Everest

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before Sir Edmund Hillary[br]and Tenzing Norgay

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made it to the top.

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And in 1997, I was still[br]the world champion

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when chess computers finally came of age.

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I was Mt. Everest,

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and Deep Blue reached the summit.

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I should say of course,[br]not that Deep Blue did it,

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but its human creators --

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Anantharaman, Campbell, Hoane, Hsu.

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Hats off to them.

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As always, machine's triumph[br]was a human triumph,

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something we tend to forget when humans[br]are surpassed by our own creations.

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Deep Blue was victorious,

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but was it intelligent?

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No, no it wasn't,

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at least not in the way Alan Turing[br]and other founders of computer science

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had hoped.

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It turned out that chess[br]could be crunched by brute force,

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once hardware got fast enough

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and algorithms got smart enough.

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Although by the definition of the output,

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grandmaster-level chess,

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Deep Blue was intelligent.

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But even at the incredible speed,

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200 million positions per second,

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Deep Blue's method

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provided little of the dreamed-of insight[br]into the mysteries of human intelligence.

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Soon,

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machines will be taxi drivers

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and doctors and professors,

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but will they be "intelligent?"

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I would rather leave these definitions

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to the philosophers and to the dictionary.

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What really matters is how we humans

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feel about living and working[br]with these machines.

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When I first met Deep Blue[br]in 1996 in February,

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I had been the world champion[br]for more than 10 years,

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and I had played 182[br]world championship games

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and hundreds of games against[br]other top players in other competitions.

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I knew what to expect from my opponents

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and what to expect from myself.

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I was used to measure their moves

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and to gauge their emotional state

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by watching their body language[br]and looking into their eyes.

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And then I sat across[br]the chessboard from Deep Blue.

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I immediately sensed something new,

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something unsettling.

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You might experience a similar feeling

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the first time you ride[br]in a driverless car

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or the first time your new computer[br]manager issues an order at work.

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But when I sat at that first game,

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I couldn't be sure

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what is this thing capable of.

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Technology can advance in leaps,[br]and IBM had invested heavily.

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I lost that game.

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And I couldn't help wondering,

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might it be invincible?

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Was my beloved game of chess over?

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These were human doubts, human fears,

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and the only thing I knew for sure

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was that my opponent Deep Blue[br]had no such worries at all.

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(Laughter)

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I fought back

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after this devastating blow

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to win the first match,

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but the writing was on the wall.

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I eventually lost to the machine

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but I didn't suffer the fate of John Henry

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who won but died[br]with his hammer in his hand.

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It turned out that the world of chess

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still wanted to have[br]a human chess champion.

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And even today,

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when a free chess app[br]on the latest mobile phone

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is stronger than Deep Blue,

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people are still playing chess,

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even more than ever before.

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Doomsayers predicted[br]that nobody would touch the game

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that could be conquered by the machine,

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and they were wrong, proven wrong,

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but doomsaying has always been[br]a popular pastime

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when it comes to technology.

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What I learned from my own experience

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is that we must face our fears

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if we want to get the most[br]out of our technology,

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and we must conquer those fears

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if we want to get the best[br]out of our humanity.

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While licking my wounds,

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I got a lot of inspiration

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from my battles against Deep Blue.

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As the old Russian saying goes,[br]if you can't beat them, join them.

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Then I thought,

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what if I could play with a computer --

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together with a computer at my side,[br]combining our strengths,

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human intuition[br]plus machine's calculation,

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human strategy, machine tactics,

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human experience, machine's memory.

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Could it be the perfect game ever played?

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My idea came to life

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in 1998 under the name of Advanced Chess

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when I played this human-plus-machine[br]competition against another elite player.

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But in this first experiment,

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we both failed to combine[br]human and machine skills effectively.

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Advanced Chess found[br]its home on the internet,

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and in 2005, a so-called[br]freestyle chess tournament

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produced a revelation.

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A team of grandmasters[br]and top machines participated,

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but the winners were not grandmasters,

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not a supercomputer.

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The winners were a pair[br]of amateur American chess players

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operating three ordinary PCs[br]at the same time.

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Their skill of coaching their machines

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effectively counteracted[br]the superior chess knowledge

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of their grandmaster opponents

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and much greater[br]computational power of others.

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And I reached this formulation.

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A weak human player plus a machine

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plus a better process is superior

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to a very powerful machine alone,

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but more remarkably,[br]is superior to a strong human player

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plus machine

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and an inferior process.

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This convinced me that we would need

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better interfaces[br]to help us coach our machines

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towards more useful intelligence.

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Human plus machine isn't the future,

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it's the present.

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Everybody that's used online translation

0:11:07.040,0:11:11.336
to get the gist of a news article[br]from a foreign newspaper,

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knowing its far from perfect.

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Then we use our human experience

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to make sense out of that,

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and then the machine[br]learns from our corrections.

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This model is spreading and investing[br]in medical diagnosis, security analysis.

0:11:26.440,0:11:28.560
The machine crunches data,

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calculates probabilities,

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gets 80 percent of the way, 90 percent,

0:11:34.760,0:11:39.136
making it easier for analysis

0:11:39.160,0:11:41.760
and decision-making of the human party.

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But you are not going to send your kids

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to school in a self-driving car[br]with 90 percent accuracy,

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even with 99 percent.

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So we need a leap forward

0:11:58.440,0:12:04.600
to add a few more crucial decimal places.

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Twenty years after[br]my match with Deep Blue,

0:12:12.200,0:12:13.816
second match,

0:12:13.840,0:12:20.136
this sensational[br]"The Brain's Last Stand" headline

0:12:20.160,0:12:21.736
has become commonplace

0:12:21.760,0:12:24.296
as intelligent machines

0:12:24.320,0:12:25.520
move

0:12:26.560,0:12:28.760
in every sector, seemingly every day.

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But unlike in the past,

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when machines replaced

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farm animals, manual labor,

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now they are coming[br]after people with college degrees

0:12:41.400,0:12:42.680
and political influence.

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And as someone[br]who fought machines and lost,

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I am here to tell you[br]this is excellent, excellent news.

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Eventually, every profession

0:12:53.240,0:12:55.336
will have to feel these pressures

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or else it will mean humanity[br]has ceased to make progress.

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We don't

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get to choose

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when and where[br]technological progress stops.

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We cannot

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slow down.

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In fact,

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we have to speed up.

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Our technology excels at removing

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difficulties and uncertainties[br]from our lives,

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and so we must seek out

0:13:37.840,0:13:39.696
ever more difficult,

0:13:39.720,0:13:43.800
ever more uncertain challenges.

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Machines have

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calculations.

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We have understanding.

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Machines have instructions.

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We have purpose.

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Machines have

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objectivity.

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We have passion.

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We should not worry[br]about what our machines can do today.

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Instead, we should worry[br]about what they still cannot do today,

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because we will need the help[br]of the new, intelligent machines

0:14:24.720,0:14:28.800
to turn our grandest dreams into reality.

0:14:30.000,0:14:31.320
And if we fail,

0:14:32.240,0:14:36.896
if we fail, it's not because our machines[br]are too intelligent,

0:14:36.920,0:14:38.320
or not intelligent enough.

0:14:39.200,0:14:42.280
If we fail, it's because[br]we grew complacent

0:14:43.680,0:14:45.240
and limited our ambitions.

0:14:46.520,0:14:49.560
Our humanity is not defined by any skill,

0:14:51.280,0:14:53.960
like swinging a hammer[br]or even playing chess.

0:14:54.560,0:14:57.576
There's one thing only a human can do.

0:14:57.600,0:14:58.800
That's dream.

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So let us dream big.

0:15:02.680,0:15:03.896
Thank you.

0:15:03.920,0:15:07.807
(Applause)