0:00:01.175,0:00:04.215
This story begins in 1985,

0:00:04.215,0:00:06.157
when at age 22,

0:00:06.157,0:00:08.708
I became the world chess champion

0:00:08.708,0:00:12.636
after beating Anatoly Karpov.

0:00:12.636,0:00:13.994
Earlier that year,

0:00:13.994,0:00:17.586
I played what is called[br]simultaneous exhibition

0:00:17.586,0:00:22.001
against 32 of the world's[br]best chess playing machines

0:00:22.001,0:00:24.179
in Hamburg, Germany.

0:00:24.179,0:00:26.386
I won all the games,

0:00:26.386,0:00:29.686
and then it was not considered[br]much of a surprise

0:00:29.686,0:00:34.752
that I could beat 32 computers[br]at the same time.

0:00:34.752,0:00:37.291
To me, that was the golden age.

0:00:37.291,0:00:39.847
(Laughter)

0:00:39.847,0:00:41.671
Machines were weak,

0:00:41.671,0:00:43.684
and my hair was strong.

0:00:43.684,0:00:46.030
(Laughter)

0:00:46.030,0:00:49.076
Just 12 years later,

0:00:49.076,0:00:53.706
I was fighting for my life[br]against just one computer

0:00:53.706,0:00:55.041
in a match

0:00:55.041,0:00:57.676
called by the cover of Newsweek

0:00:57.676,0:00:59.573
"The Brain's Last Stand."

0:00:59.573,0:01:00.971
No pressure.

0:01:00.971,0:01:03.140
(Laughter)

0:01:03.140,0:01:06.018
From mythology to science fiction,

0:01:06.018,0:01:08.436
human versus machine

0:01:08.436,0:01:12.274
has been often portrayed[br]as a matter of life and death.

0:01:12.274,0:01:15.611
John Henry called the steel-driving man

0:01:15.611,0:01:19.394
in the 19th century[br]African American folk legend

0:01:19.394,0:01:20.889
was pitted in a race

0:01:20.889,0:01:23.748
against steam-powered hammer

0:01:23.748,0:01:27.247
bashing a tunnel through mountain rock.

0:01:27.247,0:01:31.883
John Henry's legend is a part[br]of a long historical narrative

0:01:31.883,0:01:36.026
pitting humanity versus technology.

0:01:36.026,0:01:39.840
And this competitive rhetoric[br]is standard now.

0:01:39.840,0:01:42.452
We are in a race against the machines,

0:01:42.452,0:01:46.146
in a fight or even in a war.

0:01:46.146,0:01:47.779
Jobs are being killed off.

0:01:47.779,0:01:51.902
People are being replaced[br]as if they had vanished from the Earth.

0:01:51.902,0:01:55.992
It's enough to think that the movies[br]like "The Terminator" or "The Matrix"

0:01:55.992,0:01:58.180
are nonfiction.

0:01:58.180,0:02:05.577
There are very few instances in an arena

0:02:05.577,0:02:09.715
where the human body and mind[br]can compete on equal terms

0:02:09.715,0:02:12.454
with a computer or a robot.

0:02:12.454,0:02:14.841
Actually, I wish there were a few more.

0:02:14.841,0:02:22.971
Instead, it was my blessing and my curse

0:02:22.971,0:02:25.500
to literally become the proverbial man

0:02:25.500,0:02:28.582
in the man versus machine competition

0:02:28.582,0:02:33.362
that everybody is still talking about.

0:02:33.362,0:02:38.433
In a most famous human-machine[br]competition since John Henry,

0:02:38.433,0:02:41.003
I played two matches

0:02:41.003,0:02:44.616
against the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue.

0:02:47.539,0:02:49.758
Nobody remembers[br]that I won the first match --

0:02:49.758,0:02:51.596
(Laughter)

0:02:51.596,0:02:57.750
(Applause) --

0:02:57.750,0:03:00.849
in Philadelphia, before losing the rematch[br]the following year in New York.

0:03:00.849,0:03:04.286
But I guess that's fair.

0:03:04.286,0:03:09.841
There is no day in history[br]special calendar entry

0:03:09.841,0:03:13.348
for all the people who failed[br]to climb Mt. Everest

0:03:13.348,0:03:16.033
before Sir Edmund Hillary[br]and Tenzing Norgay

0:03:16.033,0:03:18.152
made it to the top.

0:03:18.470,0:03:22.683
And in 1997, I was still[br]the world champion

0:03:22.683,0:03:30.012
when chess computers finally came of age.

0:03:30.012,0:03:32.020
I was Mt. Everest,

0:03:32.020,0:03:34.264
and Deep Blue reached the summit.

0:03:34.264,0:03:38.946
I should stay of course,[br]not that Deep Blue did it,

0:03:38.946,0:03:41.391
but its human creators --

0:03:41.391,0:03:44.748
Anantharaman, Campbell, Hoane, Hsu.

0:03:44.748,0:03:46.374
Hats off to them.

0:03:46.374,0:03:51.626
As always, machine's triumph[br]was a human triumph,

0:03:51.626,0:03:58.585
something we tend to forget when humans[br]are surpassed by our own creations.

0:03:58.585,0:04:00.780
Deep Blue was victorious,

0:04:00.780,0:04:03.687
but was it intelligent?

0:04:03.687,0:04:06.600
No, no it wasn't,

0:04:06.600,0:04:11.539
at least not in the way Alan Turing[br]and other founders of computer science

0:04:11.539,0:04:13.486
had hoped.

0:04:13.486,0:04:18.048
It turned out that chess could be[br]crunched by brute force,

0:04:18.048,0:04:22.625
once hardware got fast enough

0:04:22.625,0:04:26.637
and algorithms got smart enough.

0:04:26.637,0:04:30.453
Although by the definition of the output,

0:04:30.453,0:04:36.772
grandmaster-level chess,[br]Deep Blue was intelligent,

0:04:36.772,0:04:40.525
but even at the incredible speed,

0:04:40.525,0:04:45.549
200 million positions per second,

0:04:45.549,0:04:47.833
Deep Blue's method

0:04:47.833,0:04:54.986
provided little of the dreamed-of insight[br]into the mysteries of human intelligence.

0:04:57.425,0:05:01.266
Soon, machines will be taxi drivers

0:05:01.266,0:05:03.860
and doctors and professors,

0:05:03.860,0:05:06.145
but will they be "intelligent?"

0:05:06.145,0:05:10.115
I would rather leave these definitions

0:05:10.115,0:05:15.472
to the philosophers and to the dictionary.

0:05:15.472,0:05:19.809
What really matters is how we humans

0:05:19.809,0:05:25.703
feel about living and working[br]with these machines.

0:05:25.703,0:05:31.929
When I first met Deep Blue[br]in 1996 in February,

0:05:31.929,0:05:35.340
I had been the world champion[br]for more than 10 years,

0:05:35.340,0:05:40.634
and I had played 182[br]world championship games

0:05:40.634,0:05:45.672
and hundreds of games against[br]other top players in other competitions.

0:05:45.672,0:05:50.640
I knew what to expect[br]from my opponents

0:05:50.640,0:05:53.246
and what to expect from myself.

0:05:53.246,0:05:55.600
I was used to measure

0:05:55.600,0:06:01.889
their moves and to gauge[br]their emotional state

0:06:01.889,0:06:04.233
by watching their body language[br]and looking into their eyes.

0:06:04.233,0:06:12.192
And then I sat across[br]the chess board from Deep Blue.

0:06:12.192,0:06:16.375
I immediately sensed something new,

0:06:16.375,0:06:18.631
something unsettling.

0:06:18.631,0:06:26.390
You might experience a similar feeling

0:06:26.390,0:06:28.339
the first time you ride[br]in a driverless car

0:06:28.339,0:06:32.499
or the first time your new computer[br]manager issues an order at work.

0:06:32.499,0:06:38.745
But when I sat at that first game,

0:06:38.745,0:06:42.804
I couldn't be sure

0:06:42.804,0:06:45.485
what is the thing capable of.

0:06:45.485,0:06:49.102
Technology can advance in leaps,[br]and IBM had invested heavily.

0:06:49.102,0:06:52.816
I lost that game,

0:06:52.816,0:06:54.821
and I couldn't help wondering,

0:06:54.821,0:06:57.427
might it be invincible?

0:06:57.427,0:07:02.027
Was my beloved game of chess over?

0:07:02.027,0:07:05.904
These were human doubts, human fears,

0:07:05.904,0:07:07.743
and the only thing I knew for sure

0:07:07.743,0:07:13.133
was that my opponent Deep Blue[br]had no such worries at all.

0:07:13.133,0:07:14.189
(Laughter)

0:07:14.189,0:07:16.768
I fought back

0:07:16.768,0:07:19.451
after this devastating blow[br]to win the first match,

0:07:19.451,0:07:24.877
but the writing was on the wall.

0:07:24.877,0:07:28.113
I eventually lost to the machine

0:07:28.113,0:07:30.217
but I didn't suffer the fate of John Henry

0:07:30.217,0:07:37.927
who won but died[br]with his hammer in his hand.

0:07:37.927,0:07:40.717
It turned out that the world of chess

0:07:40.717,0:07:45.293
still wanted to have[br]a human chess champion.

0:07:45.293,0:07:50.069
And even today, when a free chess app

0:07:50.069,0:07:54.360
on the latest mobile phone[br]is stronger than Deep Blue,

0:07:54.360,0:07:57.090
people are still playing chess,

0:07:57.090,0:08:01.741
even more than ever before.

0:08:01.741,0:08:04.013
Doomsayers predicted that nobody[br]would touch the game

0:08:04.013,0:08:05.742
that could be conquered by the machine,

0:08:05.742,0:08:08.099
and they were wrong, proving wrong,

0:08:08.099,0:08:11.695
but doomsaying has always been[br]a popular pasttime

0:08:11.695,0:08:14.840
when it comes to technology.

0:08:14.840,0:08:17.660
What I learned from my own experience

0:08:17.660,0:08:22.380
is that we must face our fears

0:08:22.380,0:08:25.343
if we want to get the most[br]out of our technology,

0:08:25.343,0:08:29.102
and we must conquer those fears

0:08:29.102,0:08:35.698
if we want to get the best[br]out of our humanity.

0:08:35.698,0:08:38.242
While licking my wounds,

0:08:38.242,0:08:41.726
I got a lot of inspiration

0:08:41.726,0:08:44.556
from my battles against Deep Blue.

0:08:44.556,0:08:49.367
As the old Russian saying goes,[br]if you can't beat them, join them.

0:08:49.367,0:08:50.676
Then I thought,

0:08:50.676,0:08:54.119
what if I could play with a computer,

0:08:54.119,0:08:57.545
together with a computer at my side,[br]combining our strengths,

0:08:57.545,0:09:01.998
human intuition[br]plus machine's calculation,

0:09:01.998,0:09:04.252
human strategy, machine tactics,

0:09:04.252,0:09:06.513
human experience, machine's memory.

0:09:06.513,0:09:10.556
Could it be the perfect game ever played?

0:09:10.556,0:09:13.245
My idea came to life

0:09:13.245,0:09:16.960
in 1998 on the name of advanced chess

0:09:16.960,0:09:20.907
when I played this human-plus-machine[br]competition against another elite player,

0:09:20.907,0:09:25.516
but in this first experiment,

0:09:25.516,0:09:35.307
we both failed to combine human[br]and machine skills effectively.

0:09:35.307,0:09:38.798
Advanced chess found[br]its home on the Internet,

0:09:38.798,0:09:43.623
and in 2005, a so-called freestyle[br]chess tournament

0:09:43.623,0:09:46.206
produced a revelation.

0:09:46.206,0:09:51.055
A team of grandmasters[br]and top machines participated,

0:09:51.055,0:09:54.632
but the winners were not grandmasters,

0:09:54.632,0:09:55.986
not a supercomputer.

0:09:55.986,0:10:01.138
The winners were a pair of amateur[br]American chess players

0:10:01.138,0:10:05.944
operating three ordinary PCs[br]at the same time.

0:10:05.944,0:10:09.101
Their skill of coaching their machines

0:10:09.101,0:10:12.466
effectively counteracted[br]the superior chess knowledge

0:10:12.466,0:10:16.593
of their grandmaster opponents

0:10:16.593,0:10:21.964
and much greater computational[br]power of others,

0:10:21.964,0:10:24.860
and I reached this formulation.

0:10:24.860,0:10:28.349
A weak human player plus a machine

0:10:28.349,0:10:31.550
plus a better process is superior

0:10:31.550,0:10:34.007
to a very power machine alone,

0:10:34.007,0:10:37.655
but more remarkably, is superior[br]to a strong human player

0:10:37.655,0:10:46.803
plus machine and an inferior process.

0:10:46.803,0:10:49.999
This convinced me that we would need

0:10:49.999,0:10:54.716
better interfaces to help us[br]coach our machines

0:10:54.716,0:10:57.672
towards more useful intelligence.

0:10:57.672,0:11:01.935
Human plus machine isn't the future,

0:11:01.935,0:11:03.108
it's present.

0:11:03.108,0:11:09.620
Everybody that's used online translation[br]to get the gist of a news article

0:11:09.620,0:11:11.755
from a foreign newspaper

0:11:11.755,0:11:14.041
knowing its far from perfect.

0:11:14.041,0:11:16.142
Then we use our human experience

0:11:16.142,0:11:18.252
to make sense out of that,

0:11:18.252,0:11:21.061
and then machine learns[br]from our corrections.

0:11:21.061,0:11:27.045
This model is spreading and investing[br]in medical diagnosis, security analysis.

0:11:27.045,0:11:30.527
The machine crunches data,

0:11:30.527,0:11:31.576
calculates probabilities,

0:11:31.576,0:11:35.047
gets 80 percent of the way, 90 percent,

0:11:35.047,0:11:39.173
making it easier for analysis

0:11:39.173,0:11:42.725
and decision-making of the human party.

0:11:42.725,0:11:48.764
But you are not going to send your kids

0:11:48.764,0:11:53.113
to school in self-driving car[br]with 90 percent accuracy,

0:11:53.113,0:11:55.827
even with 99 percent.

0:11:55.827,0:11:58.712
So we need a leap forward

0:11:58.712,0:12:07.236
to add a few more crucial decimal places.

0:12:07.236,0:12:12.450
Twenty years after[br]my match with Deep Blue,

0:12:12.450,0:12:14.363
second match,

0:12:14.363,0:12:19.365
this sensational "The Brain's[br]Last Stand" headline

0:12:19.365,0:12:22.239
has become commonplace

0:12:22.239,0:12:24.630
as intelligent machines

0:12:24.630,0:12:30.721
move in every sector, seemingly every day.

0:12:30.721,0:12:33.514
But unlike in the past,

0:12:33.514,0:12:38.186
when machines replaced farm animals,

0:12:38.186,0:12:42.637
manual labor, now they are coming after[br]people with college degrees

0:12:42.637,0:12:44.637
and political influence,

0:12:44.637,0:12:47.639
and as someone who fought machines[br]and lost, I am here to tell you

0:12:47.639,0:12:51.323
this is excellent, excellent news.

0:12:51.323,0:12:53.692
Eventually, every profession

0:12:53.692,0:12:55.768
will have to feel these pressures

0:12:55.768,0:13:02.583
or else it will mean humanity[br]has ceased to make progress.

0:13:02.583,0:13:08.749
We don't get to choose

0:13:08.749,0:13:13.484
when and where[br]technological progress stops.

0:13:13.484,0:13:18.215
We cannot slow down.

0:13:18.215,0:13:25.183
In fact, we have to speed up.

0:13:25.183,0:13:29.764
Our technology excels at removing

0:13:29.764,0:13:32.057
difficulties and uncertainties

0:13:32.057,0:13:35.341
from our lives,

0:13:35.341,0:13:38.361
and so we must seek out

0:13:38.361,0:13:40.403
ever more difficult,

0:13:40.403,0:13:48.766
ever more uncertain challenges.

0:13:48.766,0:13:54.044
Machines have calculations.

0:13:54.044,0:13:56.032
We have understanding.

0:13:56.032,0:13:58.316
Machines have instructions.

0:13:58.316,0:14:00.890
We have purpose.

0:14:00.890,0:14:04.253
Machines have objectivity.

0:14:04.253,0:14:08.781
We have passion.

0:14:08.781,0:14:15.038
We should not worry about what[br]our machines can do today.

0:14:15.038,0:14:19.457
Instead, we should worry about[br]what they still cannot do today,

0:14:19.457,0:14:25.064
because we will need the help[br]of the new, intelligent machines

0:14:25.064,0:14:30.410
to turn our grandest dreams into reality.

0:14:30.410,0:14:32.597
And if we fail,

0:14:32.597,0:14:36.299
if we fail, it's not because our machines

0:14:36.299,0:14:39.631
are too intelligent,[br]or not intelligent enough.

0:14:39.631,0:14:44.084
If we fail, it's because[br]we grew complacent

0:14:44.084,0:14:47.110
and limited our ambitions.

0:14:47.110,0:14:51.815
Our humanity is not defined by any skill,

0:14:51.815,0:14:54.888
like swinging a hammer[br]or even playing chess.

0:14:54.888,0:14:58.034
There's one thing only a human can do.

0:14:58.034,0:15:00.049
That's dream.

0:15:00.049,0:15:02.851
So let us dream big.

0:15:02.851,0:15:04.869
Thank you.

0:15:04.869,0:15:07.807
(Applause)