0:00:01.175,0:00:04.215
This story begins in 1985,

0:00:04.215,0:00:06.157
when at age 22,

0:00:06.157,0:00:08.708
I became the world chess champion

0:00:08.708,0:00:12.636
after beating Anatoly Karpov.

0:00:12.636,0:00:13.994
Earlier that year,

0:00:13.994,0:00:17.586
I played what is called[br]simultaneous exhibition

0:00:17.586,0:00:22.001
against 32 of the world's[br]best chess playing machines

0:00:22.001,0:00:24.179
in Hamburg, Germany.

0:00:24.179,0:00:26.386
I won all the games,

0:00:26.386,0:00:29.686
and then it was not considered[br]much of a surprise

0:00:29.686,0:00:34.752
that I could beat 32 computers[br]at the same time.

0:00:34.752,0:00:37.291
To me, that was the golden age.

0:00:37.291,0:00:39.847
(Laughter)

0:00:39.847,0:00:41.671
Machines were weak,

0:00:41.671,0:00:43.684
and my hair was strong.

0:00:43.684,0:00:46.030
(Laughter)

0:00:46.030,0:00:49.076
Just 12 years later,

0:00:49.076,0:00:53.706
I was fighting for my life[br]against just one computer

0:00:53.706,0:00:55.041
in a match

0:00:55.041,0:00:57.676
called by the cover of Newsweek

0:00:57.676,0:00:59.573
"The Brain's Last Stand."

0:00:59.573,0:01:00.971
No pressure.

0:01:00.971,0:01:03.140
(Laughter)

0:01:03.140,0:01:06.018
From mythology to science fiction,

0:01:06.018,0:01:08.436
human versus machine

0:01:08.436,0:01:12.274
has been often portrayed[br]as a matter of life and death.

0:01:12.274,0:01:15.611
John Henry called the steel-driving man

0:01:15.611,0:01:19.394
in the 19th century[br]African American folk legend

0:01:19.394,0:01:20.889
was pitted in a race

0:01:20.889,0:01:23.748
against steam-powered hammer

0:01:23.748,0:01:27.247
bashing a tunnel through mountain rock.

0:01:27.247,0:01:31.883
John Henry's legend is a part[br]of a long historical narrative

0:01:31.883,0:01:36.026
pitting humanity versus technology.

0:01:36.026,0:01:39.840
And this competitive rhetoric[br]is standard now.

0:01:39.840,0:01:42.452
We are in a race against the machines,

0:01:42.452,0:01:46.146
in a fight or even in a war.

0:01:46.146,0:01:47.779
Jobs are being killed off.

0:01:47.779,0:01:51.902
People are being replaced[br]as if they had vanished from the Earth.

0:01:51.902,0:01:55.992
It's enough to think that the movies[br]like "The Terminator" or "The Matrix"

0:01:55.992,0:01:58.180
are nonfiction.

0:01:58.180,0:02:05.577
There are very few instances in an arena

0:02:05.577,0:02:09.715
where the human body and mind[br]can compete on equal terms

0:02:09.715,0:02:12.454
with a computer or a robot.

0:02:12.454,0:02:14.841
Actually, I wish there were a few more.

0:02:14.841,0:02:22.971
Instead, it was my blessing and my curse

0:02:22.971,0:02:25.500
to literally become the proverbial man

0:02:25.500,0:02:28.582
in the man versus machine competition

0:02:28.582,0:02:33.362
that everybody is still talking about.

0:02:33.362,0:02:38.433
In a most famous human-machine[br]competition since John Henry,

0:02:38.433,0:02:41.003
I played two matches

0:02:41.003,0:02:44.616
against the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue.

0:02:47.539,0:02:49.758
Nobody remembers[br]that I won the first match --

0:02:49.758,0:02:51.596
(Laughter)

0:02:51.596,0:02:57.750
(Applause) --

0:02:57.750,0:03:00.849
in Philadelphia, before losing the rematch[br]the following year in New York.

0:03:00.849,0:03:04.286
But I guess that's fair.

0:03:04.286,0:03:09.841
There is no day in history[br]special calendar entry

0:03:09.841,0:03:13.348
for all the people who failed[br]to climb Mt. Everest

0:03:13.348,0:03:16.033
before Sir Edmund Hillary[br]and Tenzing Norgay

0:03:16.033,0:03:18.152
made it to the top.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And in 1997, I was still[br]the world champion

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
when chess computers finally came of age.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I was Mt. Everest,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and Deep Blue reached the summit.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I should stay of course,[br]not that Deep Blue did it,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but its human creators --

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Anantharaman, Campbell, Hoane, Hsu.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Hats off to them.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
As always, machine's triumph[br]was a human triumph,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
something we tend to forget when humans[br]are surpassed by our own creations.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Deep Blue was victorious,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but was it intelligent?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
No, no it wasn't,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
at least not in the way Alan Turing[br]and other founders of computer science

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
had hoped.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
It turned out that chess could be[br]crunched by brute force,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
once hardware got fast enough

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and algorithms got smart enough.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Although by the definition of the output,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
grandmaster-level chess,[br]Deep Blue was intelligent,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but even at the incredible speed,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
200 million positions per second,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Deep Blue's method

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
provide little of the dreamed-of insight[br]into the mysteries of human intelligence.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Soon, machines will be taxi drivers

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and doctors and professors,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but will they be "intelligent?"

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I would rather leave these definitions

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
to the philosophers and to the dictionary.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
What really matters is how we humans

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
feel about living and working[br]with these machines.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
When I first met Deep Blue[br]in 1996 in February,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I had been the world champion[br]for more than 10 years,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and I had played 182[br]world championship games

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and hundreds of games against[br]other top players in other competitions.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I knew what to expect[br]from my opponents

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and what to expect from myself.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I was used to measure

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
their moves and to gauge[br]their emotional state

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
by watching their body language[br]and looking into their eyes.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And then I sat across[br]the chess board from Deep Blue.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I immediately sensed something new,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
something unsettling.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
You might experience a similar feeling

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
the first time you ride[br]in a driverless car

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
or the first time your new computer[br]manager issues an order at work.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But when I sat at that first game,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I couldn't be sure

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
what is the thing capable of.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Technology can advance in leaps,[br]and IBM had invested heavily.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I lost that game,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and I couldn't help wondering,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
might it be invincible?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Was my beloved game of chess over?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
These were human doubts, human fears,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and the only thing I knew for sure

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
was that my opponent Deep Blue[br]had no such worries at all.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
(Laughter)

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I fought back

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
after this devastating blow[br]to win the first match,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but the writing was on the wall.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I eventually lost to the machine

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but I didn't suffer the fate of John Henry

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
who won by died[br]with his hammer in his hand.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
It turned out that the world of chess

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
still wanted to have[br]a human chess champion.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And even today, when a free chess app

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
on the latest mobile phone[br]is stronger than Deep Blue,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
people are still playing chess,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
even more than ever before.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Doomsayers predicted that nobody[br]would touch the game

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
that could be conquered by the machine,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and they were wrong, proving wrong,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but doomsaying has always been[br]a popular pasttime

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
when it comes to technology.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
What I learned from my own experience

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
is that we must face our fears

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
if we want to get the most[br]out of our technology,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and we must conquer those fears

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
if we want to get the best[br]out of our humanity.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
While licking my wounds,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I got a lot of inspiration

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
from my battles against Deep Blue.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
As the old Russian saying goes,[br]if you can't beat them, join them.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Then I thought,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
what if I could play with a computer,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
together with a computer at my side,[br]combining our strengths,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
human intuition[br]plus machine's calculation,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
human strategy, machine tactics,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
human experience, machine's memory.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Could it be the perfect game ever played?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
My idea came to life

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
in 1998 on the name of advanced chess

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
when I played this human-plus-machine[br]competition against another elite player,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but in this first experiment,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
we both failed to combine human[br]and machine skills effectively.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Advanced chess found[br]its home on the Internet,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and in 2005, a so-called freestyle[br]chess tournament

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
produced a revelation.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
A team of grandmasters[br]and top machines participated,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but the winners were not grandmasters,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
not a supercomputer.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
The winners were a pair of amateur[br]American chess players

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
operating three ordinary PCs[br]at the same time.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Their skill of coaching their machines

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
effectively counteracted[br]the superior chess knowledge

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
of their grandmaster opponents

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and much greater computational[br]power of others,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and I reached this formulation.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
A weak human player plus a machine

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
plus a better process is superior

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
to a very power machine alone,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
but more remarkably, is superior[br]to a strong human player

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
plus machine and an inferior process.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
This convinced me that we would need

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
better interfaces to help us[br]coach our machines

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
towards more useful intelligence.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Human plus machine isn't the future,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
it's present.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Everybody that's used online translation[br]to get the gist of a news article

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
from a foreign newspaper

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
knowing its far from perfect.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Then we use our human experience

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
to make sense out of that,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and then machine learns[br]from our corrections.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
This model is spreading and investing[br]in medical diagnosis, security analysis.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
The machine crunches data,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
calculates probabilities,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
gets 80 percent of the way, 90 percent,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
making it easier for analysis

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and decision-making of the human party.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But you are not going to send your kids

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
to school in self-driving car[br]with 90 percent accuracy,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
even with 99 percent.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So we need a leap forward

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
to add a few more crucial decimal places.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Twenty years after[br]my match with Deep Blue,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
second match,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
this sensational "The Brain's[br]Last Stand" headline

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
has become commonplace

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
as intelligent machines

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
move in every sector, seemingly every day.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
But unlike in the past,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
when machines replaced farm animals,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
manual labor, now they are coming after[br]people with college degrees

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and political influence,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and as someone who fought machines[br]and lost, I am here to tell you

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
this is excellent, excellent news.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Eventually, every profession

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
will have to feel these pressures

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
or else it will mean humanity[br]has ceased to make progress.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
We don't get to choose

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
when and where[br]technological progress stops.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
We cannot slow down.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
In fact, we have to speed up.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Our technology excels at removing

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
difficulties and uncertainties

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
from our lives,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and so we must seek out

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
ever more difficult,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
ever more uncertain challenges.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Machines have calculations.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
We have understanding.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Machines have instructions.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
We have purpose.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Machines have objectivity.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
We have passion.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
We should not worry about what[br]our machines can do today.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Instead, we should worry about[br]what they still cannot do today,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
because we will need the help[br]of the new, intelligent machines

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
to turn our grandest dreams into reality.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
And if we fail,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
if we fail, it's not because our machines

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
are too intelligent,[br]or not intelligent enough.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
If we fail, it's because[br]we grew complacent

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
and limited our ambitions.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Our humanity is not defined by any skill,

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
like swinging a hammer[br]or even playing chess.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
There's one thing only a human can do.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
That's dream.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
So let us dream big.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
Thank you.

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
(Applause)