[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.28,0:00:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Molecules! So many of them in their infinite\Nand beautiful variety,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.50,0:00:08.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but while that variety is great, it can also\Nbe pretty dang overwhelming.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.11,0:00:14.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, in order to help this complicated chemical world make a little more sense, we classify and we categorize.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.99,0:00:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's our nature as humans, and it's extremely\Nuseful.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.52,0:00:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most important of those classifications\Nis whether a molecule is polar or non-polar.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.99,0:00:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a kind of symmetry, not just of the molecule,\Nbut of the charge.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.25,0:00:27.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty easy to see when you're just lookin'\Nat 'em.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.71,0:00:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You got polar and non-polar, polar, non-polar,\Npolar, non-polar.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.26,0:00:35.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm gonna take sides right now.\NI'm on team polar.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.67,0:00:40.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think polar molecules are way more interesting,\Ndespite their wonky, off-balance selves.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.51,0:00:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Non-polar molecules are useful, and their\Nsymmetry has a kind of beauty,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.19,0:00:45.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but polar, in my humble opinion, is where\Nit's at.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.99,0:00:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Theme Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.16,0:00:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right. Now here are two very different\Ntypes of chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.48,0:01:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right here I have a stick of butter, and then\Nin this bowl, that's just normal water.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.20,0:01:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm just gonna go ahead and squeeze this butter, which if you're wondering is both a terrible and wonderful feeling.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.66,0:01:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I'm going to [laughs] just drop that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.14,0:01:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm going to attempt to wash that butter\Noff my hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.62,0:01:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that is just not hap...\Nthat's just, it's not going anywhere, ever.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.20,0:01:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ever.\NIt's just beading up on me.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.90,0:01:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Because water is a polar molecule, and the various chemicals that make up butter are non-polar,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.74,0:01:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and water wants nothing to do with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.44,0:01:37.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So. What makes a molecule polar?\NWell, two things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.45,0:01:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, asymmetrical electron distribution\Naround the molecule.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.71,0:01:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't have a polar molecule made up entirely\Nof the same element
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.03,0:01:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because those atoms will all have the same\Nelectronegativity,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.97,0:01:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thus the electron distribution will be\Ncompletely symmetrical.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.65,0:01:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Electronegativity is usually thought of as how much an element wants electrons around it,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.91,0:01:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think it's more about how much electrons\Nwant to be near that element.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.81,0:02:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If electrons were 13-year-old girls, fluorine\Nwould be Niall Horan.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.06,0:02:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They'll do anything just to be near it.\NWhy? Some simple periodic trends.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.67,0:02:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Electronegativity increases from left to right\Nbecause there are more protons in the atoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.94,0:02:14.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more protons means more boys in the band.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.99,0:02:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, it decreases as you move from top\Nto bottom
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.05,0:02:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because as the crowd of electrons gets bigger, they start to shield each other from the effects of the protons.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.18,0:02:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I'm trying to say is that electrons are\Nhipsters.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.73,0:02:29.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If a bunch of other electrons are into that\Nthing, they're less interested.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.13,0:02:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there are a number of other factors here,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.85,0:02:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just like the relationship between tweens\Nand their latest boy band fixation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.04,0:02:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's complicated and weird and you probably\Ndon't want to think too much about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.05,0:02:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in this nice little map, you can see that\Nthe trend is pretty clear.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.38,0:02:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The upper-right is where all the superstars\Nof electro-fame are.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.74,0:02:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, and bromine are basically the One Direction of the periodic table.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.24,0:02:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for polarity to occur in a molecule, you\Nhave to have two different elements at a minimum,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.72,0:02:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the difference between their electronegativities\Nhas to be 0.5 or greater.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.70,0:03:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If that's the case, the outer electrons spend enough extra time around the element that's more electronegative
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.46,0:03:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that chemists label the molecule polar.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.86,0:03:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The result is a partially negative charge\Non the more electronegative part of the molecule
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.40,0:03:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a partially positive charge on the less\Nelectronegative side.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.54,0:03:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in extreme cases, like if the electronegativity\Nis greater than 1.6,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.60,0:03:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we end up with two ions in the same molecule.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.02,0:03:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't what we're talking about here when\Nwe talk about polar molecules.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.16,0:03:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're talking about differences between 0.5\Nand 1.6.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.41,0:03:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another requirement for polarity: you gotta\Nhave geometrical asymmetry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.13,0:03:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CO2 here has the charge asymmetry locked up,\Nbut because the molecule is linear, in a straight
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.43,0:03:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,line, it's a kind of symmetrical asymmetry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.21,0:03:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same thing does for CH4 with its tetrahedron\Nof weakly electronegative hydrogens around
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.21,0:03:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a more strongly electronegative carbon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.18,0:03:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These molecules have polar bonds, but the\Nmolecules themselves are not polar
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.38,0:03:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the symmetry of the bonds cancels\Nout the asymmetry of the charges.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.32,0:03:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order for a molecule to be polar, there\Nhas to be a dipole moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.55,0:03:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a separation of the charge around the molecule into a more positive area and a more negative area.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.48,0:04:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots of molecules are asymmetrical in both\Nelectronegativity and geometry.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.57,0:04:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are our polar molecules, the asymmetrical\Nbeauties of chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.76,0:04:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at 'em all! They're so quirky and weird!
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.14,0:04:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've also got a system for indicating where\Ntheir charges are.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.88,0:04:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We draw an arrow with a plus sign at the tail\Npointing toward the negative side of the molecule.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.94,0:04:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A little lowercase delta plus (δ+) or delta\Nminus (δ–) by the individual atoms signify
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.50,0:04:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a partial positive pr partial negative charge.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.12,0:04:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Liquids made up of polar molecules are really\Ngood at
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.53,0:04:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dissolving solids that are composed of polar\Nor ionic compounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.71,0:04:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ionic solids are basically just polarity taken\Nto the extreme,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.34,0:04:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so far that instead of having a partial positive\Nand partial negative dipole moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.06,0:04:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the electrons have completely transferred,\Ncreating two charged ions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.39,0:04:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I assume we've all heard that like dissolves\Nlike,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.18,0:04:48.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the easiest way to figure out if a liquid is polar or non-polar is just to dump it in some water.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.62,0:04:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the why of this phenomenon is usually\Njust totally glossed over.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.97,0:04:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's actually happening to those molecules?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.59,0:05:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems like they're all just bigots, terrified\Nof anything a little bit different than themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.87,0:05:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is chemistry, so there must be some\Nfundamental reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.72,0:05:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if it's fundamental, it probably has something\Nto do with decreasing the energy of the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.94,0:05:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And indeed it does.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.10,0:05:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those partial positive and partial negative\Ncharges of water?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're at their lowest energy state when\Nthey're lining up together, positive to negative,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.92,0:05:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a kind of liquid crystal.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.96,0:05:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's an arrangement there.\NIt flows, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.12,0:05:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the oxygen sides are always doing their\Nbest to orient themselves toward the hydrogen
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.84,0:05:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sides of other molecules.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.03,0:05:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can even see the effects of that attraction
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.55,0:05:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the surface tension that allows me to pour more than 100 milliliters of water into a 100 mil container.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.64,0:05:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The strength of that surface tension depends on the intermolecular forces that pull molecules of a liquid together.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.92,0:05:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These attractive, also called cohesive, forces\Npull the surface molecules inward.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.77,0:05:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what you see when you look at this pile\Nof water is the result of those cohesive forces,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.86,0:05:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,minimized surface area in the water in this\Nbeaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.46,0:06:00.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you pit a bit of oil into that mix, the\Nwater totally freaks out.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.23,0:06:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oils have notoriously non-polar molecules,\Nso suddenly
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.66,0:06:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's this mass of uncharged gunk interfering with the nice, orderly arrangement of polar water molecules.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.56,0:06:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you take a closer look, the processes are very similar to those between water and air.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.84,0:06:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Water does everything it can to minimize its\Nsurface area and kind of expels the oil droplets.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.76,0:06:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather than the water disliking the oil, it actually just likes itself much more, so it won't mix with the oil.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.95,0:06:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if you put polar stuff in, water is all\Nabout that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.77,0:06:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those polar water molecules just go after\Nwhatever other partial charges they can find.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.23,0:06:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, in the case of many ionic solids,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.63,0:06:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the partial negative charges on the oxygen\Nside all gang up on the positive ions,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.14,0:06:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the partial positives on the hydrogen\Nside surround the negative ions,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.91,0:06:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breaking the crystals apart and dissolving\Nthem into freely moving ions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.08,0:06:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some cases we can actually witness these\Ninteractions in unexpected ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.07,0:06:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mix 50 milliliters of water with 50 mils of alcohol and what the heck? There's less than 100 mils of liquid!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.96,0:07:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The arrangement of water mixed with alcohol is actually more structured, and thus more dense,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.20,0:07:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resulting in a smaller volume.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.98,0:07:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The polarity of water also results in a phenomenon\Nthat makes life possible: hydrogen bonding.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.72,0:07:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The partially negative oxygen and positive\Nhydrogen atoms in a water molecule are not
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.16,0:07:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100% faithful to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.48,0:07:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They engage in additional kind of loose relationships with other neighboring hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.02,0:07:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These loose, somewhat fleeting relationships\Nare called hydrogen bonds.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.04,0:07:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In ice, 100% of O and H atoms are involved\Nin hydrogen bonding.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.50,0:07:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most energetically favorable spatial arrangement\Nof these bonds
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.23,0:07:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually pushes the water molecules apart\Na bit,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.76,0:07:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resulting in the volume of ice being 10% larger\Nthan the volume of water,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.55,0:07:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is really weird for solids and liquids.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.85,0:07:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When ice melts, there are still about 80%\Nof Os and Hs engaged in hydrogen bonding,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.61,0:07:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creating ice-like clusters that keep the volume\Nof the cold water relatively high.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.29,0:07:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With rising temperatures, these clusters disappear,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.22,0:08:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the volume of the truly liquid water rises resulting in a major characteristic of water:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.70,0:08:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having its highest density at 4 °C.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.76,0:08:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yes, that's why ice floats on lakes in the winter and why the bottom of frozen lakes tends to be about 4 °C.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.96,0:08:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also why hockey was invented. And why soda bottles explode when you leave them in the freezer.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.20,0:08:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But hydrogen bonds are also why taking a warm bath is so great, why steam engines changed the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.98,0:08:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why temperatures on our planet are so constant when compared to other cosmic temperature fluctuations.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.02,0:08:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes a lot of energy to change the temperature\Nof water
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.43,0:08:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because each little temperature change is associated with breaking or forming lots of hydrogen bonds,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.98,0:08:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they absorb or give off a lot of heat.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.60,0:08:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the specific heat capacity of water\Nis about five times that of common rocks.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.80,0:08:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And amazingly, we haven't even finished talking about how powerfully useful these partial charges are.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.06,0:08:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also allow water to dissolve pretty much\Nanything that's even partially non-polar,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.12,0:08:58.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which includes sugars, proteins, ions, and\Ntons of inorganic chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.57,0:09:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Water and its useful little dipole moment can dissolve more compounds than any other chemical on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.00,0:09:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Frankly, it's amazing that it doesn't dissolve\Nus from the inside out.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.10,0:09:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which brings me to one last little polarity\Ntidbit, the hybrid molecule.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.83,0:09:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are lots of different molecules, like\Nthe surfactants in soap, for example, that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.47,0:09:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have both polar and non-polar areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.16,0:09:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dish soap is thus able to dissolve the fatty parts of my butter catastrophe here, and then stick the polar sides out,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.32,0:09:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allowing the whole mess to get washed away\Nby Avogadro's numbers of polar water molecules
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.85,0:09:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I'm sticking on my hand right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.98,0:09:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh yeah.\NThat's better, but not...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.23,0:09:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm gonna have to go to the bathroom to get\Nthis all the way fixed up. So, be right back.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.36,0:09:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Likewise, the fatty acids that make up your\Ncell membranes have polar heads,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.11,0:09:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which keeps them interacting with the aqueous\Nenvironment of out bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.24,0:09:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but non-polar tails, which prevent the cells from being just dissolved by the water around them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.50,0:09:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pretty dang elegant if you ask me.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.24,0:09:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\NCourse Chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.26,0:09:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were paying attention, you learned\Nthat
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.14,0:10:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a molecule needs to have both charge asymmetry\Nand geometric asymmetry to be non-polar,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.13,0:10:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that charge asymmetry is caused by a difference in electronegativities, and that I am totally team polar.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.44,0:10:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You also learned how to notate a dipole moment\Nor charge separation of a molecule,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.24,0:10:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the actual physical mechanism behind "like\Ndissolves like",
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.43,0:10:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why water is just so dang good at fostering\Nlife on this planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.79,0:10:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This episode was written by me, edited by\NBlake de Pastino.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.93,0:10:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our chemistry consultants are Dr. Heiko Langner\Nand Edi Gonzalez.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.20,0:10:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was filmed, edited, and directed by Nicholas\NJenkins.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.26,0:10:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Michael Aranda is our script supervisor and sound designer, and our graphics team is Thought Café.