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(English captions by Trisha Paul, University of Michigan.)

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Floods and Landslides.

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Flash floods are usually of rapid onset either
from rain or structural failure.

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Brief duration, associated with steep terrains,
or canyons, or valleys.

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There is little or no warning, and mortality
may be high.

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River floods are usually slow onset but of
long duration, associated with low lying, concave

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terrains, especially with people settling
in these areas, they usually provide some

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warning.

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Floods account for 40% of all world disasters,
and cause the most damage worldwide.

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These are the most lethal floods that have
occurred in modern history.

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In Uganda, as in other countries in Eastern
Africa, floods are an emerging public health

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problem.

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Every year, floods affect more and more people
in different localities.

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They are closely associated with heavy rains,
that is natural causes, and human settlement

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patterns, technological causes.

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An example of Uganda, floods occurred in Bududa, 2010,
Butalejja, 2010, Kisoro, 2010, Soroti, 2007,

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Kumi, 2007, and they occur in 
Kampala every year.

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Landslides can be predicted and risk reduction
and mitigation activities can be initiated.

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Factors that contribute to floods include
topographical makeup of the area, and then they

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may accompany other disasters like heavy rains
and river surges, breakdown of river embankments,

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hurricane sea surges, earthquake-related tsunamis,
landslides or volcanic eruptions.

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Natural factors include geological factors,
seasonal variations, climatic factors, and

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topographical factors.

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Human factors include urbanization, deforestation,
over-grazing, improper construction, and inadequate

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safeguards.

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Most deaths occur in flash floods, and most
deaths are due to drowning.

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Death rates vary according to country, rate
of onset and community resilience.

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Public health impact of floods includes medical
and public health needs that persist for many

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months after the river floods, normal health
care delivery may be disrupted, chronic illness

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may be worsened in the long run.

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However, serious infectious diseases are usually
rare in flood and landslide situations.

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Water and food shortages often develop.

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Key health issues and safety response issues
after floods include water quality, food safety,

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cleanup activity and safety, sanitation and hygiene,
disease vectors, chemical hazards, mental

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health for responders and victims, temporary
settlement, and early warning for subsequent

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floods.

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Outreach support after floods.

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Not all victims can seek help.

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They could be closed off due to geographical
limits, monetary limits, or disability.

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Prevent convergence on limited resources,
set up search and rescue efforts, set up immediate

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relief efforts, enhance surveillance 
and situational awareness.

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Prevention and control measures for floods
include mitigation, surveillance and early

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warning, rapid needs assessment, mechanisms
for search and rescue, mechanisms for immediate

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control of water surges, public information,
floodplain management, and responsible management

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of human settlements.

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Landslides.

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In Uganda, as an example, landslides are a
focal problem in areas that have topographic

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risk.

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Due to population pressures and land-use implications,
people are moving higher and higher into high

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risk areas.

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Landslides can be predicted and risk reduction
and mitigation activities can be initiated.

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Secondary disaster can be caused by landslides
and these include fires and explosions, building

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collapse, dam failures and floods, and release
of toxic materials.

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Contributing natural factors include geophysical
factors, topographic factors, and meteorological

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factors.

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Manmade factors include structural factors
like types of houses, land-use patterns, demography,

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and population pressures.

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Health impacts of landslides may include minor
injuries and lacerations, crush injuries to head

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and chest, hemorrhage, bleeding, and hypovolemia,
asphyxia, and drowning, and burns.

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Delayed impacts include dehydration, environmental
exposure, the crush syndrome in people who

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are severely crushed, wound infection and sepsis,
and smoke and dust inhalation.

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Landslides do not often create significant
outbreaks of new infectious diseases because

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of the wash-out affect.

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Prevention and control measures for landslides
include avoiding construction in areas of

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high geological risk, safer construction,
drills, scenarios and planning in areas that

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are landslide prone, planning for displaced
populations, planning for emergency services,

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and planning for search & rescue.

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Saving lives.

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Landslides have potential to cause 
Mass Casualty Incidents (MCIs).

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There is need for rapid assessment of impact,
timely and appropriate disaster response, surveillance

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for injuries and diseases, dissemination of
public health information, environmental health

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and control measures, and follow up epidemiology.