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Pravednost Michael Sandel

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Moralna strana ubojstva

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Ovo je kolegij o pravednosti
i započet ćemo jednom pričom.

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Pretpostavimo da ste vozač tramvaja

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i vaš tramvaj juri tračnicama
90 km na sat,

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a na kraju tračnica uočavate
pet radnika koji rade na pruzi.

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Pokušavate stati, ali ne možete,

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kočnice vam ne rade.

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Očajni ste jer znate

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da ako se zaletite u tih pet radnika,

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svi će poginuti.

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Pretpostavimo da to znate sa sigurnošću

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i osjećate se bespomoćni

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dok ne primijetite sporedni kolosijek
s desne strane

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a na kraju tog kolosijeka je jedan radnik
koji radi na pruzi.


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Vaš upravljač radi pa možete
skrenuti tramvaj, ako želite,

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na sporedni kolosijek,

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i tako ubiti jednog radnika,
ali poštedivši petoricu.

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Evo našeg prvog pitanja.

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Što je ispravno učiniti?

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Što biste vi učinili?

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Hajde da provedemo anketu.

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Koliko bi vas skrenulo tramvaj
na sporedni kolosijek?

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Dignite ruke.

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Koliko vas ne bi?

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Koliko bi vas nastavilo ravno?

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Ostavite podignute ruke, 
oni koji bi išli ravno naprijed.

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Šačica ljudi bi, velika većina
bi skrenula.

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Da čujemo prvo ...

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Sada moramo istražiti razloge
zašto mislite da je to ispravno.

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Počnimo s većinom,
koja bi skrenula na sporedni kolosijek.

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Zašto bi to učinili?

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Koji bi bio vaš razlog?

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Tko bi nam iznio svoj razlog?

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Samo naprijed, ustanite.

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Zato jer ne može biti ispravno ubiti petoro
kad možete ubiti samo jednoga, umjesto toga.

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Ne bi bilo u redu ubiti petoricu,
ako možete ubiti samo jednog umjesto toga.

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To je dobar razlog.

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Tko još?

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Da li se svi slažu s tim razlogom?

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Izvolite.

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Mislim da je to isti razlog zbog kojeg
ljude koji su u 9/11 upravljali avionom

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i spustili ga na polje u Pennsilvaniji,
smatramo herojima

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jer odabrali da ubiju ljude u avionu,
a ne još više ljudi u zgradama.

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Znači, princip je bio isti u 9/11,
tragična okolnost,

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bolje ubiti jednoga
da bi petorica preživjela?

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Je li to razlog za većinu vas
koja bi skrenula?

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Da čujemo sada one 
koji su u manjini,

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one koji ne bi skrenuli.

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Mislim da je to ista vrsta mentaliteta
koja opravdava genocid i totalitarizam,

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kako bi spasili jednu naciju,
istrebljujete drugu.

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Pa što bi vi učinili u tom slučaju?

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Kako bi izbjegli užase genocida,
vi bi se zaletili u petoricu i ubili ih?

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Po svoj prilici, da.

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Dobro, tko još?

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To je hrabar odgovor, hvala.

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Razmotrimo drugi slučaj
s tramvajem

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i pogledajmo da li bi,
oni od vas koji su u većini,

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i dalje žele ostati uz princip,

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bolje da umre jedan,
da bi preživjela petorica.

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Ovaj puta vi niste vozač tramvaja,
nego promatrač.

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Stojite na mostu iznad 
tramvajske pruge,

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a prugom se približava tramvaj.

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Na kraju pruge nalazi se 5 radnika,

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kočnice ne rade,

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tramvaj samo što nije naletio na petoricu
i ubio ih.

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A sada, vi niste vozač i zaista
se osjećate bespomoćni.

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Dok ne primijetite da pokraj vas stoji

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naginjući se preko ograde mosta,

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jedan vrlo debeli čovjek.

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I mogli biste ga gurnuti

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on bi pao s mosta na tračnice

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točno ispred tramvaja,

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on bi poginuo, ali bi spasio petoricu.

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Koliko vas bi gurnulo
debelog čovjeka s mosta? Dignite ruke.

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Koliko vas ne bi?

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Većina ljudi ne bi.

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Postavlja se očito pitanje,

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što se dogodilo s principom

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Bolje spaiti pet života, čak i po cijenu
žrtvovanja jednog, što je s principom

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koji su skoro svi podržali
u prvom slučaju?

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Želio bih čuti nekoga iz većine
u oba slučaja.

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Kako objašnjavate razliku
između ta dva slučaja?

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Mislim da drugi uključuje
aktivni izbor da se osobu gurne.

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Mislim da se, u suprotnom, ta osoba sama
ne bi uplela u tu situaciju,

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pa birati u njegovo ime

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da ga se uključi u nešto što bi
u protivnom izbjegao,

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mislim da je više od onog
što imate u prvoj situaciji

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gdje tri strane, vozač i dvije grupe radnika
već jesu u toj situaciji.

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Ali momak koji radi na sporednom kolosijeku,

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on nije odabrao da žrtvuje svoj život
ništa više od debelog čovjeka, zar ne?

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To je istina, ali bio je na pruzi.

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Ovaj momak je bio na mostu!

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Možete nastaviti ako želite.

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Dobro, to je teško pitanje.

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Bili ste dobri, jako dobri,
to je teško pitanje.

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Tko bi još pokušao naći način
za usaglašavanje

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reakcije većine u ova dva slučaja?

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Pretpostavljam, u prvom slučaju,
gdje imate jednog radnika i petoricu,

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izbor je između te dvije grupe
i morate jednu izabrati

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i ljude će poginuti zbog tramvaja,

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ne nužno zbog vaše direktne akcije.

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Tramvaj je van kontrole i vi u djeliću sekunde
morate donijetu određenu odluku,

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dok je guranje čovjeka s mosta
stvarni čin ubojstva s vaše strane,

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nad time imate kontrolu,
dok nad tramvajem nemate kontrolu.

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Zato mislim da je to malo drugačija situacija.

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U redu, tko ima odgovor?

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Tko želi odgovoriti?

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Je li to pravo objašnjenje?

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Ja mislim da to nije baš dobar razlog

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jer u oba slučaja morate odlučiti
tko će umrijeti

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jer ili ćete izabrati da skrenete
i ubijete osobu

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što je aktivna svjesna
odluka da skrenete,

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ili ćete izabrati da gurnete deebelog čovjeka,
što je također aktivni svjesni čin.

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Dakle u oba slučaja radite izbor.

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Želite li odgovoriti?

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Nisam baš siguran da je tako,
još uvijek mi se čini da je drrugačije,

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time što ste nekoga bacili na tračnice
i ubili ga,

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vi ste ga ustvari sami ubili.

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Gurate ga, vlastitim rukama.

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Gurate ga, a to je drugačije od
upravljanja nečim što će uzrokovati smrt.

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To zaista ne zvuči ispravno
kad to ovako govorim.

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Ne, to je dobro, kako se zovete?

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Andrew.

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Andrew, dozvoli da te pitam ovo:

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Pretpostavimo,

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stojeći na mostu kraj tog debelog čovjeka,

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ne moram ga gurnuti,

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pretpostavimo da stoji na poklopcu
koji mogu otvoriti okrećući neki kotač, ovako.

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Biste li ga okrenuli?

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Zbog nekog razloga to izgleda
još više pogrešno.

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Mislim, možda ako bi se slučajno naslonili
na taj kotač ili tako nešto.

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Ili recimo da tramvaj leti prema
sklopci koja će otvoriti poklopac,

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onda bih se mogao složiti s tim.

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Pošteno, to još uvijek izgleda pogrešno

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na način na koji nije izgledalo
u prvom slučaju skretanja.

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I na još jedan način, u prvoj situaciji
vi ste direktno uključeni u situaciju,

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u drugoj ste samo promatrač,

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pa imate izbor da se uključite ili ne
guranjem debelog čovjeka.

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Zaboravimo na trenutak na ovaj slučaj.

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Zamislimo drugačiji slučaj.
Ovaj puta vi ste doktor na hitnoj

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i dolazi vam šest pacijenata

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koji su stradali u groznoj
prometnoj nesreći.

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Njih pet zadobilo je srednje teške povrede,

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jedan je u kritičnom stanju i
trebao bi vam cijeli dan da se pobrinete za njega,

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no za to vrijeme onih pet bi moglo umrijeti.

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Ili se možete pobrinuti za tu petoricu, ali
za to vrijeme onaj kritični bi mogao umrijeti.

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203
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Koliko vas bi spasilo petoricu
da ste doktor?

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Koliko bi vas spasilo jednoga?

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Vrlo malo ljudi,
samo šačica.

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Isti razlog, pretpostavljam?

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Jedan život nasuprot pet.

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Sada razmotrite slučaj drugog doktora.

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Ovaj puta vi ste kirurg za transplantacije,

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imate 5 pacijenata i svakom je očajnički nužna
transplantacija organa kako bi preživio.

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Jednom treba srce, jednom pluća,
jednom bubreg, jednom jetra

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i petom gušterača.

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Ali nemate nijednog darivatelja organa.

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Uskoro ćete gledati kako umiru.

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A onda vam sine,

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da je u sobi do zdravi mladić
koji je došao na pregled.

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Sviđa vam se to?

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I on je zadrijemao,

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mogli biste potiho ući,

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izvaditi mu pet organa,
ta osoba bi umrla,

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ali mogli biste spasiti petoricu.

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Koliko bi vas to učinilo? Itko?

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Koliko? Dignite ruke, ako bi to učinili.

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Netko na balkonu?

237
00:12:21,840 --> 00:12:24,280
Vi bi? Budite oprezni,
ne naginjite se previše.

238
00:12:26,269 --> 00:12:29,340
Koliko ne bi?

239
00:12:29,340 --> 00:12:30,360
U redu.

240
00:12:30,360 --> 00:12:33,600
Što vi kažete, govorite vi sa balkona
koji bi izvadili organe, zašto?

241
00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:35,840


242
00:12:35,840 --> 00:12:38,629
Ja bi zapravo htio razmotriti
malo drugačiju mogućnost,

243
00:12:38,629 --> 00:12:40,188
tako da uzmem jednog od onih
kojima treba organ,

244
00:12:40,188 --> 00:12:44,419
koji će prvi umrijeti i iskoristio
bi njegova četiri zdrava organa

245
00:12:44,419 --> 00:12:50,229
da spasim preostalu četvoricu.

246
00:12:50,230 --> 00:12:54,639
To je prilično dobra ideja.

247
00:12:54,639 --> 00:12:57,830
To je sjajna ideja,

248
00:12:57,830 --> 00:13:00,160
osim činjenice

249
00:13:00,159 --> 00:13:06,159
da ste upravo uništili filozofsku poantu.

250
00:13:06,159 --> 00:13:07,360
Odmaknimo se malo 
od ovih priča i argumenata.

251
00:13:07,360 --> 00:13:10,240


252
00:13:10,240 --> 00:13:12,750
da uočimo nekoliko stvari u načinu
kako su se argumenti počeli razvijati.

253
00:13:12,750 --> 00:13:17,809


254
00:13:17,809 --> 00:13:18,649
Određeni moralni principi
već su se počeli pojavljivati

255
00:13:18,649 --> 00:13:20,360


256
00:13:20,360 --> 00:13:23,340


257
00:13:23,340 --> 00:13:25,879
u diskusijama koje smo vodili.

258
00:13:25,879 --> 00:13:27,570
Pa hajde da vidimo koji su to
moralni principi.

259
00:13:27,570 --> 00:13:29,740


260
00:13:29,740 --> 00:13:31,250


261
00:13:31,250 --> 00:13:35,710
Prvi moralni princip koji se pojavio
u diskusiji kaže

262
00:13:35,710 --> 00:13:39,110
da spravna stvar, moralna stvar
koju treba učiniti

263
00:13:39,110 --> 00:13:43,139
ovisi o posljedicama kojima će rezultirati
vaše djelovanje.

264
00:13:43,139 --> 00:13:45,480


265
00:13:45,480 --> 00:13:47,080
Na kraju dana, bolje je da prežive petorica

266
00:13:47,080 --> 00:13:49,250


267
00:13:49,250 --> 00:13:52,320
čak i ako jedan mora umrijeti.

268
00:13:52,320 --> 00:13:53,700
To je primjer konsekvencijalnog (posljedičnog)
moralnog rasuđivanja.

269
00:13:53,700 --> 00:13:56,280


270
00:13:56,279 --> 00:13:59,459


271
00:13:59,460 --> 00:14:04,310
Konsekvencijalno moralno rasuđivanje
locira moralnost u posljedicama nekog čina

272
00:14:04,309 --> 00:14:06,549
u stanju svijeta koji će biti rezultat
onoga što učinite.

273
00:14:06,549 --> 00:14:09,049


274
00:14:09,049 --> 00:14:12,789
Ali onda smo otišli malo dalje
razmatrajući druge slučajeve

275
00:14:12,789 --> 00:14:15,319
i ljudi nisu baš bili sigurni

276
00:14:15,320 --> 00:14:17,300
u konsekvencijalno moralno
rasuđivanje

277
00:14:17,299 --> 00:14:20,529


278
00:14:20,529 --> 00:14:22,419
kad su oklijevali gurnuti debelog čovjeka
s mosta

279
00:14:22,419 --> 00:14:24,269


280
00:14:24,269 --> 00:14:25,789


281
00:14:25,789 --> 00:14:28,639
ili iščupati organe nevinog pacijenta.

282
00:14:28,639 --> 00:14:29,750


283
00:14:29,750 --> 00:14:32,259
Ljudi su ukazivali na razloge

284
00:14:32,259 --> 00:14:34,259


285
00:14:34,259 --> 00:14:35,379
povezane s intrinzičnom kvalitetom
samog čina.

286
00:14:35,379 --> 00:14:37,250


287
00:14:37,250 --> 00:14:39,230


288
00:14:39,230 --> 00:14:40,690


289
00:14:40,690 --> 00:14:42,770
bez obzira na posljedice.

290
00:14:42,769 --> 00:14:45,179
Ljudi su se opirali,

291
00:14:45,179 --> 00:14:47,819
ljudi su mislili da je to jednostavno pogrešno,
kategorički pogrešno,

292
00:14:47,820 --> 00:14:49,480


293
00:14:49,480 --> 00:14:50,500
ubiti osobu, nevinu osobu,
čak i u ime spašavanja pet života.

294
00:14:50,500 --> 00:14:51,408


295
00:14:51,408 --> 00:14:53,509


296
00:14:53,509 --> 00:14:54,689


297
00:14:54,690 --> 00:14:55,819


298
00:14:55,818 --> 00:14:58,500
Bar su tako ljudi mislili u drugoj verziji
priče koju smo razmatrali.

299
00:14:58,500 --> 00:15:00,610


300
00:15:00,610 --> 00:15:05,120


301
00:15:05,120 --> 00:15:06,519
To ukazuje na drugi kategorički način
razmišljanja o moralnom rasuđivanju.

302
00:15:06,519 --> 00:15:09,539


303
00:15:09,539 --> 00:15:10,689


304
00:15:10,690 --> 00:15:12,660


305
00:15:12,659 --> 00:15:14,679


306
00:15:14,679 --> 00:15:16,429


307
00:15:16,429 --> 00:15:22,429
Kategoričko moralno rasuđivanje locira moralnost
u određenim apslutnim moralnim uvjetima,

308
00:15:22,429 --> 00:15:24,439
određenim kategoričkim dužnostima i pravima
bez obzira na posljedice.

309
00:15:24,440 --> 00:15:27,440


310
00:15:27,440 --> 00:15:29,230
U danima i tjednima pred nama
istraživat ćemo razlike između

311
00:15:29,230 --> 00:15:33,070


312
00:15:33,070 --> 00:15:36,540
konsekvencijalnih i kategoričkih
moralnih principa.

313
00:15:36,539 --> 00:15:38,370
Najutjecajniji primjer konsekvecijlanog
moralnog rasuđivanja utilitarizam,

314
00:15:38,370 --> 00:15:40,419


315
00:15:40,419 --> 00:15:45,919
doktrina koju je razvio Jeremy Bentham,
engleski političkii filozof 18. stoljeća.

316
00:15:45,919 --> 00:15:51,099


317
00:15:51,100 --> 00:15:54,139
Najvažniji filozof kategoričkog
moralnog rasuđivanja

318
00:15:54,139 --> 00:15:56,850


319
00:15:56,850 --> 00:15:58,170


320
00:15:58,169 --> 00:16:02,589
je Emmanuel Kant,
njemački filozof 18. stoljeća.

321
00:16:02,590 --> 00:16:03,860
Stoga ćemo razmotriti ova dva
različita načina moralnog rasuđivanja

322
00:16:03,860 --> 00:16:07,259


323
00:16:07,259 --> 00:16:08,299
procijeniti ih
i također razmotriti druge.

324
00:16:08,299 --> 00:16:10,669


325
00:16:10,669 --> 00:16:16,099
Ako pogledate nastavni program, primijetit
ćete da čitamo niz sjajnih i čuvenih knjiga,

326
00:16:16,100 --> 00:16:18,310
knjige Aristotela, Johna Lockea,
Immanuela Kanta, Johna Stewarta Milla i drugih.

327
00:16:18,309 --> 00:16:19,889


328
00:16:19,889 --> 00:16:22,080


329
00:16:22,080 --> 00:16:24,030


330
00:16:24,029 --> 00:16:28,169
Također ćete primijetiti u programu
da ne čitamo samo te knjige,

331
00:16:28,169 --> 00:16:30,069
također se bavimo suvremenim političkim
i pravnim kontraverzama

332
00:16:30,070 --> 00:16:32,010


333
00:16:32,009 --> 00:16:37,000
koja potiču filozofska pitanja.

334
00:16:37,000 --> 00:16:40,190
Diskutirat ćemo o jednakosti i nejednakosti,

335
00:16:40,190 --> 00:16:41,490
afirmativnu akciju
(pozitivnu diskriminaciju),

336
00:16:41,490 --> 00:16:43,698
slobodu govora nasuprot
govora mržnje,

337
00:16:43,698 --> 00:16:47,039
istospolne brakove,
vojnu obavezu,

338
00:16:47,039 --> 00:16:50,980
spektar praktičnih pitanja.

339
00:16:50,980 --> 00:16:55,350
Zašto? Ne samo da bi oživjeli
te apstraktne i daleke knjige,

340
00:16:55,350 --> 00:17:01,040
već da rasvjetlimo, razotkrijemo,
kako filozofija utječe na

341
00:17:01,039 --> 00:17:03,519
naše svakidašnje živote,
uključujući naše političke živote.

342
00:17:03,519 --> 00:17:05,639


343
00:17:05,640 --> 00:17:07,720
Zato ćemo čitati te knjige
i raspravljati o tim pitanjima

344
00:17:07,720 --> 00:17:09,818
i vidjeti kako svaki od njih utječe
i rasvjetljava druge.

345
00:17:09,818 --> 00:17:15,480


346
00:17:15,480 --> 00:17:17,599
To može zvučati dosta privlačno,
ali ovdje vas moram upozoriti na nešto.

347
00:17:17,599 --> 00:17:19,109


348
00:17:19,109 --> 00:17:22,549


349
00:17:22,549 --> 00:17:25,210
A upozorenje je sljedeće:

350
00:17:25,210 --> 00:17:28,500
čitanje ovih knjiga
na ovaj način,

351
00:17:28,500 --> 00:17:31,549


352
00:17:31,549 --> 00:17:34,119
kao vježbu u samo-spoznaji,

353
00:17:34,119 --> 00:17:38,849
čitanje na ovaj način
nosi određene rizike,

354
00:17:38,849 --> 00:17:42,119
rizike koji su istovremeno 
osobni i politički,

355
00:17:42,119 --> 00:17:47,799
rizike koje poznaje svaki student
političke filozofije.

356
00:17:47,799 --> 00:17:50,690
Ti rizici proizlaze iz činjenice

357
00:17:50,690 --> 00:17:52,580
da nas filozofija uči i zbunjuje

358
00:17:52,579 --> 00:17:54,220


359
00:17:54,220 --> 00:17:56,400


360
00:17:56,400 --> 00:18:01,390
suočavajući nas s onim 
što već znamo.

361
00:18:01,390 --> 00:18:03,390
Tu postoji jedna ironija,

362
00:18:03,390 --> 00:18:09,790
teškoća ovog kolegija skriva se u činjenici
da vas uči ono što već znate.

363
00:18:09,789 --> 00:18:12,159
To radi uzimajući ono što 
znamo iz poznatih neupitnih okruženja,

364
00:18:12,160 --> 00:18:16,470


365
00:18:16,470 --> 00:18:20,370
i pretvarajući to u nešto nepoznato.

366
00:18:20,369 --> 00:18:22,389
Na taj način su funkcionirali oni primjeri,

367
00:18:22,390 --> 00:18:23,120


368
00:18:23,119 --> 00:18:29,029
s hipotetičkim pretpostavkama s kojima smo
započinjali, mješavinom šaljivog i razboritog.

369
00:18:29,029 --> 00:18:33,940
Jednako tako funkcioniraju i te
filozofske knjige.

370
00:18:33,940 --> 00:18:35,640
Filozofija nas otuđuje od poznatog,

371
00:18:35,640 --> 00:18:37,520


372
00:18:37,519 --> 00:18:40,389
ne tako da nam daje nove informacije,

373
00:18:40,390 --> 00:18:41,780
nego pozivajući i provocirajući

374
00:18:41,779 --> 00:18:43,599


375
00:18:43,599 --> 00:18:47,419
novi način gledanja,

376
00:18:47,420 --> 00:18:49,970
ali, i tu postoji rizik,

377
00:18:49,970 --> 00:18:50,720
jednom kada ono poznato
postane strano,

378
00:18:50,720 --> 00:18:54,299


379
00:18:54,299 --> 00:18:58,259
nikada više nije potpuno isto.

380
00:18:58,259 --> 00:19:00,210
Samo-spoznaja je kao
izgubljena nevinost,

381
00:19:00,210 --> 00:19:03,200


382
00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:04,720
kako god bilo uznemirujuće,
kada ju nađete

383
00:19:04,720 --> 00:19:06,029


384
00:19:06,029 --> 00:19:07,289
nikada je više ne možete
od-misliti

385
00:19:07,289 --> 00:19:09,720


386
00:19:09,720 --> 00:19:13,390
ili ne-znati.

387
00:19:13,390 --> 00:19:17,259
Ono što čini ovaj poduhvat teškim

388
00:19:17,259 --> 00:19:19,970
ali također intrigantnim,

389
00:19:19,970 --> 00:19:20,880


390
00:19:20,880 --> 00:19:25,400
je to da je moralna i politička filozofija priča

391
00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:29,340
i vi ne znate kuda ta priča vodi,
ali ono što znate

392
00:19:29,339 --> 00:19:31,319
je da je to priča o vama.

393
00:19:31,319 --> 00:19:34,480


394
00:19:34,480 --> 00:19:37,079
To su osobni rizici,

395
00:19:37,079 --> 00:19:40,220
a što je s političkim rizicima?

396
00:19:40,220 --> 00:19:43,038
Jedan način predstavljanja kolegija
poput ovog

397
00:19:43,038 --> 00:19:44,730
bio bi obečavajući vam da 
čitanjem ovih knjiga

398
00:19:44,730 --> 00:19:46,460


399
00:19:46,460 --> 00:19:48,069
i diskutiranjem o ovim pitanjima

400
00:19:48,069 --> 00:19:51,769
postat ćete bolji, odgovorniji građani.

401
00:19:51,769 --> 00:19:56,450
Propitivat ćete presumpcije javnih politika,

402
00:19:56,450 --> 00:19:57,289
dorađivati svoje političke prosudbe,

403
00:19:57,289 --> 00:20:02,819
postat ćete učinkovitiji sudionik
javnih zbivanja.

404
00:20:02,819 --> 00:20:06,869
Ali to bi bilo nepotpuno i obmanjujuće
obećanje.

405
00:20:06,869 --> 00:20:11,489
Politička fizofija uglavnom
ne funkcionira na taj način.

406
00:20:11,490 --> 00:20:14,660
Morate dozvoliti mogućnost

407
00:20:14,660 --> 00:20:19,100
da vas politička filozofija može
učiniti gorim građaninom,

408
00:20:19,099 --> 00:20:21,969
a ne boljim,

409
00:20:21,970 --> 00:20:23,809
ili barem gorim građaninom
prije no što vas učini boljim.

410
00:20:23,809 --> 00:20:25,629


411
00:20:25,630 --> 00:20:27,950


412
00:20:27,950 --> 00:20:30,400
A to je zbog toga jer je filozofija

413
00:20:30,400 --> 00:20:32,620


414
00:20:32,619 --> 00:20:34,709
aktivnost koja udaljava i čak iscrpljuje.

415
00:20:34,710 --> 00:20:36,600


416
00:20:36,599 --> 00:20:37,759
A to vidite vraćajući se Sokratu;

417
00:20:37,759 --> 00:20:39,890


418
00:20:39,890 --> 00:20:42,290
ima jedan dijalog, Gorgija,

419
00:20:42,289 --> 00:20:44,680
u kojem jedan od Sokratovih prijatelja,
Kalikle, pokušava odvratiti ga od filozofiranja.

420
00:20:44,680 --> 00:20:45,620


421
00:20:45,619 --> 00:20:47,239


422
00:20:47,240 --> 00:20:49,970


423
00:20:49,970 --> 00:20:54,400
Kalikle kaže Sokratu, 'Filozofija
je zgodna igračka,

424
00:20:54,400 --> 00:20:57,980
ako se u nju upuštamo umjereno
u primjereno životno doba,

425
00:20:57,980 --> 00:21:03,779
ali ako na njoj ustrajemo više no što treba,
ona je apsolutna propast,'

426
00:21:03,779 --> 00:21:06,819
'Poslušaj moj savjet,' kaže Kalikle,
'ostavi se rasprave,

427
00:21:06,819 --> 00:21:08,369
nauči vještine aktivnog života,

428
00:21:08,369 --> 00:21:11,669


429
00:21:11,670 --> 00:21:16,880
neka ti modeli ne budu ti ljudi koji
vrijeme provode u tim sitničavim igrama riječi,

430
00:21:16,880 --> 00:21:20,080
već oni koji imaju dobro situiran život
i reputaciju i mnoge druge blagodati.'

431
00:21:20,079 --> 00:21:22,319


432
00:21:22,319 --> 00:21:26,808
Kalikle zapravo Sokratu kaže,

433
00:21:26,808 --> 00:21:28,690
'Okani se filozofiranja, uozbilji se,

434
00:21:28,690 --> 00:21:30,549


435
00:21:30,549 --> 00:21:35,169
upiši se u poslovnu školu.'

436
00:21:35,170 --> 00:21:38,300
I Kalikle je bio u pravu.

437
00:21:38,299 --> 00:21:39,690
Bio je u pravu utoliko

438
00:21:39,690 --> 00:21:42,210
što nas filozofija udaljava od konvencija,
utvrđenih postavki i prihvaćenih vjerovanja.

439
00:21:42,210 --> 00:21:45,009


440
00:21:45,009 --> 00:21:46,750


441
00:21:46,750 --> 00:21:48,650
To su rizici, osobni i politički,

442
00:21:48,650 --> 00:21:49,970


443
00:21:49,970 --> 00:21:54,089
a unatoč tim rizicima
postoji karakteristično odstupanje,

444
00:21:54,089 --> 00:21:57,470
ime tog odstupanja je skepticizam.

445
00:21:57,470 --> 00:21:58,990
To je ideja, ide ovako nekako:

446
00:21:58,990 --> 00:22:03,660
nismo riješili, jednom zauvijek,

447
00:22:03,660 --> 00:22:09,759
ni slučajeve ni principe o kojima smo
raspravljali na početku,

448
00:22:09,759 --> 00:22:11,390
a kad Aristotel i Locke i Kant i Mill
nisu mogli riješiti ta pitanja nakon svih tih godina,

449
00:22:11,390 --> 00:22:17,220


450
00:22:17,220 --> 00:22:19,589
tko smo mi da mislimo

451
00:22:19,589 --> 00:22:23,730
da ih mi, ovdje u Sanders Theatre
tijekom jednog semestra možemo riješiti?

452
00:22:23,730 --> 00:22:26,430


453
00:22:26,430 --> 00:22:29,460
Možda je samo stvar u tome da svaka osoba
ima vlastite principe

454
00:22:29,460 --> 00:22:33,519
i ništa se više o tome nema za reći,
nikakvo rasuđivanje.

455
00:22:33,519 --> 00:22:34,170


456
00:22:34,170 --> 00:22:36,590


457
00:22:36,589 --> 00:22:37,649
To je izbjegavanje.

458
00:22:37,650 --> 00:22:39,440
Izbjegavanje spepticizmom

459
00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:41,279
na što bih ja dao sljedeći odgovor:

460
00:22:41,279 --> 00:22:42,660


461
00:22:42,660 --> 00:22:43,720
Istina, o ovim pitanjima se rspravlja
već dugo vremena,

462
00:22:43,720 --> 00:22:47,559


463
00:22:47,559 --> 00:22:49,059
ali sam činjenica da se uvijek iznova
pojavljuju i ustraju,

464
00:22:49,059 --> 00:22:52,700


465
00:22:52,700 --> 00:22:54,650
može sugerirati da,
iako su u nekom smislu nemoguća,

466
00:22:54,650 --> 00:22:57,169


467
00:22:57,169 --> 00:22:59,800
neizbježna su u drugom,

468
00:22:59,799 --> 00:23:02,299
a razlog zašto su neizbježna.

469
00:23:02,299 --> 00:23:06,500
Razlog zašto su neizbježna je

470
00:23:06,500 --> 00:23:10,069
da mi svakoga dana živimo
odgovarajući na ta pitanja.

471
00:23:10,069 --> 00:23:16,129
Zato skepticizam, dizanje ruku
i odustajanje od moralnog promišljanja,

472
00:23:16,130 --> 00:23:18,280
nije rješenje.

473
00:23:18,279 --> 00:23:19,990
Immanuel Kant vrlo dobro je opisao
problem sa skepticizmom kad je napisao:

474
00:23:19,990 --> 00:23:23,710


475
00:23:23,710 --> 00:23:26,308
'Skepticizam je počivalište
za ljudski razum

476
00:23:26,308 --> 00:23:29,099
gdje mo razmišljati o svojim
dogmatskim lutanjima,

477
00:23:29,099 --> 00:23:33,069
ali nije mjesto za trajno obitavanje.'

478
00:23:33,069 --> 00:23:35,939
'Jednostavno se pomiriti sa skepticizmom,'
pisao je Kant,

479
00:23:35,940 --> 00:23:42,660
'nikada ne može biti dovoljno za
prevladavanje nemira razuma.'

480
00:23:42,660 --> 00:23:47,040
Pokušao sam, kroz ove priče i argumente,
izložiti neki vid rizika i iskušenja

481
00:23:47,039 --> 00:23:49,898


482
00:23:49,898 --> 00:23:55,589
opasnosti i mogućnosti.

483
00:23:55,589 --> 00:23:58,099
Zaključit ću rekavši:
da je cilj ovog kolegija

484
00:23:58,099 --> 00:23:59,629
probuditi nemir razuma
i vidjeti kuda bi mogao voditi.

485
00:23:59,630 --> 00:24:02,240


486
00:24:02,240 --> 00:24:04,380


487
00:24:04,380 --> 00:24:11,380
Hvala vam.

488
00:24:15,440 --> 00:24:16,980
U tako očajnoj situaciji morate učiniti
ono što morate da bi preživjeli.

489
00:24:16,980 --> 00:24:21,259
Morate učiniti ono što morate?

490
00:24:21,259 --> 00:24:22,779
Što morate, morate, baš tako.

491
00:24:22,779 --> 00:24:23,619


492
00:24:23,619 --> 00:24:25,699
Ako 19 dana niste ništa jeli, netko se mora
žrtvovati da ljudi mogu preživjeti.

493
00:24:25,700 --> 00:24:32,700
U redu, dobro je. Kako se zovete?

494
00:24:33,569 --> 00:24:40,349
Marcus.

495
00:24:40,349 --> 00:24:44,569
Što ćete kazati Marcusu?

496
00:24:44,569 --> 00:24:46,960
Prošli puta samo započeli
s nekim pričama,

497
00:24:46,960 --> 00:24:48,980
moralnim dilemama u vezi tramvaja.

498
00:24:48,980 --> 00:24:51,019


499
00:24:51,019 --> 00:24:53,049


500
00:24:53,049 --> 00:24:54,509
i doktora i zdravih pacijenata
u opasnosti da budu žrtve transplantacije organa.

501
00:24:54,509 --> 00:24:56,269


502
00:24:56,269 --> 00:24:57,559


503
00:24:57,559 --> 00:25:00,909


504
00:25:00,910 --> 00:25:04,090
Uočili smo dvije stvari
u vezi diskusija koje smo imali

505
00:25:04,089 --> 00:25:06,889


506
00:25:06,890 --> 00:25:10,830
Jedna se odnosi na način
na koji smo diskutirali;

507
00:25:10,829 --> 00:25:13,569
počelo s našim ocjenama
u danim slučajevima.

508
00:25:13,569 --> 00:25:18,470
Pokušali smo artikulirati razloge
odnosno principe

509
00:25:18,470 --> 00:25:22,549
koji leže iza naših ocjena,

510
00:25:22,549 --> 00:25:25,399
a onda, suočeni s drugim slučajem
našli smo se da preispitujemo te principe

511
00:25:25,400 --> 00:25:30,759


512
00:25:30,759 --> 00:25:34,019
mijenjajući ih u ovisnosti
o drugima.

513
00:25:34,019 --> 00:25:38,920
I primijetili smo ugrađeno nastojanje
da ih uskladimo,

514
00:25:38,920 --> 00:25:41,680
naše ocjene danih slučajeva

515
00:25:41,680 --> 00:25:43,940
i principe koje bismo usvojili
nakon promišljanja.

516
00:25:43,940 --> 00:25:46,360


517
00:25:46,359 --> 00:25:50,589
Također smo uočili nešto u vezi
sadržaja argumenata

518
00:25:50,589 --> 00:25:55,250
koji su se pojavili tokom diskusije.

519
00:25:55,250 --> 00:26:00,859
Primijetili smo da smo ponekad u iskušenju
locirati moralnost nekog čina u posljedicama,

520
00:26:00,859 --> 00:26:06,519
u rezultatima, u stanju svijeta
koje proizvodi taj čin.

521
00:26:06,519 --> 00:26:09,019
To smo nazvali konsekvencijalnim
moralnim rasuđivanjem.

522
00:26:09,019 --> 00:26:11,690


523
00:26:11,690 --> 00:26:13,240
No, primijetili smo također
da u nekim slučajevima

524
00:26:13,240 --> 00:26:16,440


525
00:26:16,440 --> 00:26:18,610
nisu dominirali samo rezultati.

526
00:26:18,609 --> 00:26:22,089


527
00:26:22,089 --> 00:26:23,399
Ponekad mnogi od nas su osjećali

528
00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:25,350


529
00:26:25,349 --> 00:26:31,669
da ne samo posljedice, nego i intrinzična
karakteristika čina ima moralnu važnost.

530
00:26:31,670 --> 00:26:35,370


531
00:26:35,369 --> 00:26:40,979
Neki ljudi su tvrdili da postoje određene
stvari koje su kategorički neispravne,

532
00:26:40,980 --> 00:26:42,579
čak i ako donose dobar rezultat,

533
00:26:42,579 --> 00:26:44,460


534
00:26:44,460 --> 00:26:45,490
čak i ako spašavaju petoro ljudi
po cijenu jednog života.

535
00:26:45,490 --> 00:26:47,200


536
00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:49,788


537
00:26:49,788 --> 00:26:52,730
Stoga smo suprotstavili konsekvencijalne
moralne principe kategoričkima.

538
00:26:52,730 --> 00:26:54,569


539
00:26:54,569 --> 00:26:58,139


540
00:26:58,140 --> 00:26:59,790
Danas i sljedećih nekoliko dana

541
00:26:59,789 --> 00:27:00,819


542
00:27:00,819 --> 00:27:06,569
preispitat ćemo jednu od najutjecajnijih
verzija konsekvencijalne teorije morala,

543
00:27:06,569 --> 00:27:08,839


544
00:27:08,839 --> 00:27:10,970


545
00:27:10,970 --> 00:27:16,329
a to je filozofija utilitarizma.

546
00:27:16,329 --> 00:27:17,429
Jeremy Bentham, engleski politički
filozof 18. stoljeća,

547
00:27:17,430 --> 00:27:19,080


548
00:27:19,079 --> 00:27:21,689


549
00:27:21,690 --> 00:27:22,910
prvi je jasno sistematski izložio
utilitarističku teoriju morala,

550
00:27:22,910 --> 00:27:26,630


551
00:27:26,630 --> 00:27:28,670


552
00:27:28,670 --> 00:27:32,210


553
00:27:32,210 --> 00:27:36,400
a Benthamova ideja,
njegova ključna ideja,

554
00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:38,440


555
00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:42,930
vrlo je jednostavna

556
00:27:42,930 --> 00:27:44,808
i moralno intuitivno vrlo dopadljiva.

557
00:27:44,808 --> 00:27:46,329


558
00:27:46,329 --> 00:27:48,429


559
00:27:48,430 --> 00:27:50,450
Benthamova ideja je sljedeća:

560
00:27:50,450 --> 00:27:51,590


561
00:27:51,589 --> 00:27:54,439
ono što je ispravno učiniti,
što je pravedno učiniti,

562
00:27:54,440 --> 00:27:57,799


563
00:27:57,799 --> 00:27:58,819
je maksimizirati korisnost.

564
00:27:58,819 --> 00:28:01,369


565
00:28:01,369 --> 00:28:02,339


566
00:28:02,339 --> 00:28:06,329
Što je mislio pod korisnost?

567
00:28:06,329 --> 00:28:11,490
Pod korisnost je podrazumijevao ravnotežu

568
00:28:11,490 --> 00:28:14,000
ugode i boli,
radosti i patnje.

569
00:28:14,000 --> 00:28:16,778


570
00:28:16,778 --> 00:28:18,210
Tako smo došli do principa
maksimiziranja korisnosti.

571
00:28:18,210 --> 00:28:19,259


572
00:28:19,259 --> 00:28:22,308


573
00:28:22,308 --> 00:28:24,450
Započeo uočivši da svima nama,

574
00:28:24,450 --> 00:28:26,399


575
00:28:26,398 --> 00:28:27,750
svim ljudskim bićima,

576
00:28:27,750 --> 00:28:31,490
upravljaju dva suverena gospodara,
bol i ugoda.

577
00:28:31,490 --> 00:28:34,620


578
00:28:34,619 --> 00:28:37,479
Mi ljudska bića volimo ugodu
i ne volimo bol

579
00:28:37,480 --> 00:28:42,308


580
00:28:42,308 --> 00:28:45,839
i zato bismo moralnost
morali bazirati

581
00:28:45,839 --> 00:28:49,169
- bez obzira da li se radi
o našem vlastitom životu

582
00:28:49,170 --> 00:28:50,490
ili kao zakonodavci ili građani 
razmišljamo kakav bi trebao biti zakon -

583
00:28:50,490 --> 00:28:52,579


584
00:28:52,579 --> 00:28:57,029


585
00:28:57,029 --> 00:29:02,069
- ispravno je da individualno ili kolektivno
djelujemo tako da maksimiziramo

586
00:29:02,069 --> 00:29:05,838


587
00:29:05,838 --> 00:29:07,659
sveopću razinu sreće,

588
00:29:07,660 --> 00:29:11,519


589
00:29:11,519 --> 00:29:15,430
Benthamov utilitarizam se ponekad
sažima sloganom:

590
00:29:15,430 --> 00:29:18,870
'najveće dobro za najveći broj'.

591
00:29:18,869 --> 00:29:20,398
S tim osnovnim principom korisnosti
pri ruci,

592
00:29:20,398 --> 00:29:22,989


593
00:29:22,990 --> 00:29:26,410
krenimo ga testirati i propitivati
kroz još jedan slučaj,

594
00:29:26,410 --> 00:29:28,409


595
00:29:28,409 --> 00:29:30,620
još jednu priču, ali ovoga puta
to nije hipotetska priča,

596
00:29:30,619 --> 00:29:32,639


597
00:29:32,640 --> 00:29:34,120
nego priča iz stvarnog života,

598
00:29:34,119 --> 00:29:35,059
slučaj Kraljice protiv Dudley i Stevensa.

599
00:29:35,059 --> 00:29:38,329


600
00:29:38,329 --> 00:29:41,889
To je čuveni britanski pravni spor
iz 19. stoljeća

601
00:29:41,890 --> 00:29:44,009


602
00:29:44,009 --> 00:29:47,538
o kojem se mnogo raspravlja
na pravnim fakultetima.

603
00:29:47,538 --> 00:29:50,059
Evo što se dogodilo:

604
00:29:50,059 --> 00:29:51,869
- ukratko ću ispričati priču,
a onda bih želio čuti kako bi vi presudili

605
00:29:51,869 --> 00:29:54,909
zamiljajući da ste vi porota.

606
00:29:54,910 --> 00:29:57,640


607
00:29:57,640 --> 00:30:04,350


608
00:30:04,349 --> 00:30:06,178
Tadašnja priča u novinama
opisala je pozadinu.

609
00:30:06,179 --> 00:30:09,290


610
00:30:09,289 --> 00:30:11,460
Nikada nije bila ispričana
tužnija priča o udesu na moru

611
00:30:11,460 --> 00:30:12,789


612
00:30:12,789 --> 00:30:15,288
no što je priča preživjelih 
sa broda Mignonette.

613
00:30:15,288 --> 00:30:16,240


614
00:30:16,240 --> 00:30:19,109
Brod je potonuo u Južnom Atlantiku
1300 milja od grada Cape.

615
00:30:19,109 --> 00:30:21,789


616
00:30:21,789 --> 00:30:24,000
Imao je četiri člana posade,
Dudley je bio kapetan,

617
00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:26,500


618
00:30:26,500 --> 00:30:28,400
Stephens je bio prvi oficir,
Brooks je bio mornar.

619
00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:30,220


620
00:30:30,220 --> 00:30:31,279
Sve ljudi odličnog karaktera
kako nam govori novinska priča.

621
00:30:31,279 --> 00:30:32,490


622
00:30:32,490 --> 00:30:34,249


623
00:30:34,249 --> 00:30:35,819


624
00:30:35,819 --> 00:30:38,639
Četvrti član posade bio je mali od palube,
Richard Parker star 17 godina.

625
00:30:38,640 --> 00:30:40,300


626
00:30:40,299 --> 00:30:42,849


627
00:30:42,849 --> 00:30:44,629
On je bio siroče,
nije imao obitelj

628
00:30:44,630 --> 00:30:46,930


629
00:30:46,930 --> 00:30:51,410
i to je bilo njegovo prvo
dulje putovanje morem.

630
00:30:51,410 --> 00:30:53,700
Pošao je, kaže novinska priča,
unatoč savjetima svojih prijatelja,

631
00:30:53,700 --> 00:30:56,730


632
00:30:56,730 --> 00:31:00,210
pošao je u nadi mladenačke ambicije
da će putovanje napraviti od njega čovjeka.

633
00:31:00,210 --> 00:31:03,390


634
00:31:03,390 --> 00:31:05,140
Nažalost, nije mu bilo suđeno.

635
00:31:05,140 --> 00:31:07,780
Činjenice slučaja nisu bile sporne,

636
00:31:07,779 --> 00:31:08,970
val je udario u brod i Mignonette
je potonuo.

637
00:31:08,970 --> 00:31:12,000


638
00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:14,859
Četvoro članova posade
spasilo se u čamcu za spasavanje.

639
00:31:14,859 --> 00:31:16,199
Jedina hrana koju su imali
bile su dvije konzerve konzervirane repe.

640
00:31:16,200 --> 00:31:18,380


641
00:31:18,380 --> 00:31:19,659


642
00:31:19,659 --> 00:31:20,990


643
00:31:20,990 --> 00:31:21,779


644
00:31:21,779 --> 00:31:23,980
Bez pitke vode.

645
00:31:23,980 --> 00:31:26,610
Prva tri dana nisu jeli ništa.

646
00:31:26,609 --> 00:31:30,459
Četvrti dan otvorili su jednu konzervu repe
i pjeli je.

647
00:31:30,460 --> 00:31:31,590


648
00:31:31,589 --> 00:31:34,449
Sljedeći dan uhvatili su kornjaču.

649
00:31:34,450 --> 00:31:36,960
Druga konzerva repe i kornjača
omogućili su im da prežive

650
00:31:36,960 --> 00:31:38,549
sljedećih nekoliko dana

651
00:31:38,549 --> 00:31:40,058


652
00:31:40,058 --> 00:31:43,069
i onda osam dana nisu jeli ništa.
Bez hrane i bez vode.

653
00:31:43,069 --> 00:31:44,038


654
00:31:44,038 --> 00:31:47,069


655
00:31:47,069 --> 00:31:50,069
Zamislite sebe u takvoj situaciji.

656
00:31:50,069 --> 00:31:52,849
Što biste vi učinili?

657
00:31:52,849 --> 00:31:55,119
Evo što su oni učinili.

658
00:31:55,119 --> 00:32:00,969
Mali od palube Parker je sada već
ležao na dnu čamca za spasavanje, u ćošku,

659
00:32:00,970 --> 00:32:03,230
jer se bio napio morske vode
protivno savjetima ostalih.

660
00:32:03,230 --> 00:32:05,490


661
00:32:05,490 --> 00:32:07,230
Bilo mu je zlo i izgledalo je da umire.

662
00:32:07,230 --> 00:32:10,669


663
00:32:10,669 --> 00:32:14,619
Pa je devetnaestog dana Dudley, kapetan,
predložio da izvlače slamku,

664
00:32:14,618 --> 00:32:17,349
da bi trebali vući slamke da vide
tko bi trebao umrijeti da spasi ostale.

665
00:32:17,349 --> 00:32:18,759


666
00:32:18,759 --> 00:32:19,619


667
00:32:19,619 --> 00:32:20,859


668
00:32:20,859 --> 00:32:24,079


669
00:32:24,079 --> 00:32:25,210
Brooks je odbio,
nije mu se sviđala ideja o lutriji.

670
00:32:25,210 --> 00:32:26,539


671
00:32:26,539 --> 00:32:29,139


672
00:32:29,140 --> 00:32:30,619
Ne znamo je li to bilo zbog toga
jer nije želio riskirati

673
00:32:30,618 --> 00:32:35,999
ili jer je vjerovao u
kategoričke moralne principe.

674
00:32:35,999 --> 00:32:36,870


675
00:32:36,869 --> 00:32:38,619
No, u svakom slučaju,
slamke se nisu izvlačile.

676
00:32:38,619 --> 00:32:42,129


677
00:32:42,130 --> 00:32:43,230
Sljedeći dan još uvijek nije bilo
nijednog broda na vidiku

678
00:32:43,230 --> 00:32:45,028


679
00:32:45,028 --> 00:32:48,470
pa je Dudley rekao Brooksu
da okrene glavu

680
00:32:48,470 --> 00:32:50,720
i dao znak Stephensu
da bi bilo bolje da ubiju dječaka Parkera.

681
00:32:50,720 --> 00:32:53,929


682
00:32:53,929 --> 00:32:55,850
Dudley se pomolio,
rekao dječaku da je kucnuo njegov čas

683
00:32:55,849 --> 00:32:58,480


684
00:32:58,480 --> 00:33:00,679
te ga usmrtio perorezom
ubadajaći ga u vratnu venu.

685
00:33:00,679 --> 00:33:03,900


686
00:33:03,900 --> 00:33:09,750
Brooks se oporavio od svog prigovora savjesti
kako bi sudjelovao u podjeli jezive blagodati.

687
00:33:09,750 --> 00:33:11,029
Četiri dana su se njih trojica hranila
tijelom i krvlju malog od palube.

688
00:33:11,029 --> 00:33:15,230


689
00:33:15,230 --> 00:33:17,220
Istinita priča.

690
00:33:17,220 --> 00:33:19,390
I onda su bili spašeni.

691
00:33:19,390 --> 00:33:22,840
Dudley opisuje njihovo spašavanje
u svom dnevniku;

692
00:33:22,839 --> 00:33:24,678


693
00:33:24,679 --> 00:33:27,570
zapanjujućim eufemizmom, citiram:

694
00:33:27,569 --> 00:33:29,648
'24-tog dana dok smo doručkovali
konačno se pojavio brod.'

695
00:33:29,648 --> 00:33:34,750


696
00:33:34,750 --> 00:33:38,599


697
00:33:38,599 --> 00:33:44,309
Trojicu preživjelih pokupio je njemački brod
i odveo natrag u Falmouth u Engleskoj

698
00:33:44,309 --> 00:33:47,079
gdje su uhapšeni i suđeni.

699
00:33:47,079 --> 00:33:47,829
Brooks je postao zaštićeni svjedok,
Dudley i Stephensu se sudilo.

700
00:33:47,829 --> 00:33:49,949


701
00:33:49,950 --> 00:33:54,450
Oni nisu osporavali činjenice,
tvrdili su da su postupali u krajnjoj nuždi.

702
00:33:54,450 --> 00:33:55,390


703
00:33:55,390 --> 00:33:58,140


704
00:33:58,140 --> 00:33:59,430
To je bila njihova obrana.

705
00:33:59,430 --> 00:34:01,220
Tvrdili su u suštini da je bolje
da jedan umre da bi trojica preživjela.

706
00:34:01,220 --> 00:34:03,250


707
00:34:03,250 --> 00:34:06,420


708
00:34:06,420 --> 00:34:08,619
Tužilac nije bio uvjeren ovim argumentom,
rekao je da je ubojstvo, ubojstvo

709
00:34:08,619 --> 00:34:10,849


710
00:34:10,849 --> 00:34:12,509


711
00:34:12,509 --> 00:34:16,429
i tako je slučaj dospio pred sud.

712
00:34:16,429 --> 00:34:19,489
Zamislite da ste vi porota,

713
00:34:19,489 --> 00:34:21,989
a da bismo pojednostavili diskusiju,

714
00:34:21,989 --> 00:34:23,010
ostavite po strani pitanje zakona
i pretpostavimo da ste vi kao porota

715
00:34:23,010 --> 00:34:25,879


716
00:34:25,878 --> 00:34:28,278
zaduženi da odlučite da li je ono što
su učinili moralno dopustivo ili nije.

717
00:34:28,278 --> 00:34:31,009


718
00:34:31,009 --> 00:34:34,378


719
00:34:34,378 --> 00:34:36,608
Koliko bi vas glasalo 'nisu krivi',

720
00:34:36,608 --> 00:34:39,808


721
00:34:39,809 --> 00:34:46,809
da je ono što su učinili
moralno dopustivo?

722
00:34:49,528 --> 00:34:51,639
A koliko bi vas glasalo 'krivi',
ono što su učinili je moralno neispravno?

723
00:34:51,639 --> 00:34:54,858


724
00:34:54,858 --> 00:34:57,998
Prilično znatna većina.

725
00:34:57,998 --> 00:35:03,808
Da vidimo sada razloge, 
a započet ću s onima u manjini.

726
00:35:03,809 --> 00:35:07,739
Da čujemo prvo obranu 
Dudleya i Stephensa.

727
00:35:07,739 --> 00:35:10,099


728
00:35:10,099 --> 00:35:14,160
Zašto bi ih oslobodili krivnje?

729
00:35:14,159 --> 00:35:17,989
Koji su vaši razlozi?

730
00:35:17,989 --> 00:35:20,798
Mislim da to zaslužuje moralnu osudu,

731
00:35:20,798 --> 00:35:24,349
ali također da postoji razlika između
moralno nedopustivog

732
00:35:24,349 --> 00:35:26,609
i onog što nekog čini pravno odgovornim.

733
00:35:26,608 --> 00:35:30,690
Drugim riječima, kao što je rekao sudac,
nemoralno nije nužno protiv zakona,

734
00:35:30,690 --> 00:35:34,789
pa iako ne mislim da nužnost opravdava
krađu ili ubojstvo ili bilo koji nezakoniti čin,

735
00:35:34,789 --> 00:35:36,169


736
00:35:36,168 --> 00:35:38,578


737
00:35:38,579 --> 00:35:43,509
u nekom času stupanj nužnosti ustvari
vas oslobađa krivnje.

738
00:35:43,509 --> 00:35:45,849


739
00:35:45,849 --> 00:35:50,588
Drugi branitelji, drugi glasovi u obrani?

740
00:35:50,588 --> 00:35:53,038
Moralna opravdanja za ono
što su učinili?

741
00:35:53,039 --> 00:35:56,989


742
00:35:56,989 --> 00:35:57,619


743
00:35:57,619 --> 00:35:58,798


744
00:35:58,798 --> 00:35:59,570
Meni se čini u tako očajnoj situaciji morate
činiti ono što morate kako bi preživjeli.

745
00:35:59,570 --> 00:36:03,139


746
00:36:03,139 --> 00:36:04,679
Morate učiniti ono što morate?

747
00:36:04,679 --> 00:36:06,789
Morate učiniti što morate, tako je.

748
00:36:06,789 --> 00:36:07,849
Ako ste izdržali 19 dana bez hrane

749
00:36:07,849 --> 00:36:09,899


750
00:36:09,898 --> 00:36:14,710
netko se jednostavno mora žrtvovati
da ljudi mogu preživjeti.

751
00:36:14,710 --> 00:36:16,139
I štoviše, recimo da su preživjeli i postali
produktivni članovi društva

752
00:36:16,139 --> 00:36:21,299
koji odu kući i, na primjer, dobrotvorne
organizacije i svašta drugo za opću dobrobit.

753
00:36:21,300 --> 00:36:26,230


754
00:36:26,230 --> 00:36:28,519
Ja ne znam što su oni radili poslije,
možda su ubili još ljudi ...

755
00:36:28,519 --> 00:36:30,478


756
00:36:30,478 --> 00:36:32,889


757
00:36:32,889 --> 00:36:35,708
Što ako su otišli kući i postali ubojice?

758
00:36:35,708 --> 00:36:38,908
Što ako su otišli kući i postali ubojice?

759
00:36:38,909 --> 00:36:42,878
Ne biste željeli znati koga su ubili?

760
00:36:42,878 --> 00:36:45,848
Istina, to je fer.

761
00:36:45,849 --> 00:36:49,609
Ne bih želio znati koga su ubili.

762
00:36:49,608 --> 00:36:50,708
Dobro je, kako se zovete?
Marcus.

763
00:36:50,708 --> 00:36:52,489
Čuli smo obranu,
par glasova u obrani,

764
00:36:52,489 --> 00:36:54,050


765
00:36:54,050 --> 00:36:55,660
sada treebamo čuti tužiteljstvo.

766
00:36:55,659 --> 00:36:57,298


767
00:36:57,298 --> 00:36:59,338
Većina ljudi misli da je ono
što su učinili neispravno, Zašto?

768
00:36:59,338 --> 00:37:05,068


769
00:37:05,068 --> 00:37:09,898
Jedna od prvih stvari koju sam ja pomislila
bilo je,

770
00:37:09,898 --> 00:37:11,409
'Pa, dobro, nisu jako dugo jeli,

771
00:37:11,409 --> 00:37:12,469
pa su možda mentalno oštećeni

772
00:37:12,469 --> 00:37:15,139


773
00:37:15,139 --> 00:37:16,408
pa se to može iskoristiti za obranu,
mogući argument

774
00:37:16,409 --> 00:37:20,619


775
00:37:20,619 --> 00:37:24,179
da nisu bili prisebni i donosili su odluke
koje inače ne bi,

776
00:37:24,179 --> 00:37:28,519
a ako je to prihvatljiv argument,

777
00:37:28,518 --> 00:37:33,608
da morate biti u stanju promijenjene svijesti
da bi učinili tako nešto,

778
00:37:33,608 --> 00:37:36,108
to navodi da ljudi koji taj argument
smatraju uvjerljivim

779
00:37:36,108 --> 00:37:40,088
zaista misle da postupaju nemoralno ...

780
00:37:40,088 --> 00:37:41,248
Ali ja želim znati što vi mislite.
Vi ih branite ...

781
00:37:45,548 --> 00:37:49,449
Vi ste za to da budu optuženi, zar ne?

782
00:37:49,449 --> 00:37:51,088
Ja ne mislim da su postupali
na moralno prihvatljiv način ...

783
00:37:51,088 --> 00:37:52,909
A zašto ne? Što kažete ...
Tu je Marcus, on ih je upravo branio.

784
00:37:52,909 --> 00:37:53,880
On je rekao, čuli ste što je rekao,

785
00:37:53,880 --> 00:37:55,249


786
00:37:55,248 --> 00:37:56,558


787
00:37:56,559 --> 00:38:00,119
da morate učiniti ono što morate
u takvoj situaciji.

788
00:38:00,119 --> 00:38:04,789
Što ćete mu odgovoriti?

789
00:38:04,789 --> 00:38:06,439


790
00:38:06,438 --> 00:38:13,438
Da ne postoji situacija u kojoj bi 
ljudima bilo dozvoljeno da uzmu

791
00:38:13,579 --> 00:38:17,959
ideju sudbine ili živote drugih ljudi
u svoje ruke,

792
00:38:17,958 --> 00:38:19,328
da mi nemamo tu vrstu moći.

793
00:38:19,329 --> 00:38:21,399
Dobro, u redu, hvala.
Kako se vi zovete?

794
00:38:21,398 --> 00:38:24,130
Britt.

795
00:38:24,130 --> 00:38:24,548
Tko još?

796
00:38:24,548 --> 00:38:26,028
Što vi kažete? Ustanite.

797
00:38:26,028 --> 00:38:28,159
Pitam se da li su Dudley i Stephens
tražili Parkerov pristanak na umiranje.

798
00:38:28,159 --> 00:38:35,159


799
00:38:35,429 --> 00:38:37,568
I da li bi ih to oslobodilo krivnje
za aktivno ubojstvo?

800
00:38:37,568 --> 00:38:41,228


801
00:38:41,228 --> 00:38:45,448
I ako je tako, da li je to još uvijek
moralno opravdano?

802
00:38:45,449 --> 00:38:51,720
Zanimljivo, pristanak.
Čekajte, kako se vi zovete?

803
00:38:51,719 --> 00:38:56,088
Kathleen.

804
00:38:56,088 --> 00:38:56,619
Kathleen kaže, pretpostavimo ...

805
00:38:56,619 --> 00:39:00,410
Kako bi izgledao taj scenario?

806
00:39:00,409 --> 00:39:02,608
Tu je Dudley, perorez u ruci,
ali umjesto molitve, ili prije molitve,

807
00:39:02,608 --> 00:39:04,588


808
00:39:04,588 --> 00:39:07,599
kaže, 'Parker, bi li smetalo,

809
00:39:07,599 --> 00:39:11,519
mi smo očajno gladni,

810
00:39:11,518 --> 00:39:14,348
- s čim Marcus suosjeća -

811
00:39:14,349 --> 00:39:17,679


812
00:39:17,679 --> 00:39:19,769
očajno smo gladni,

813
00:39:19,768 --> 00:39:22,168
ti ionako nećeš dugo,

814
00:39:22,168 --> 00:39:23,498
- mogao bi biti mučenik -

815
00:39:23,498 --> 00:39:25,748
bili bio mučenik,
što misliš o tome, Parker?'

816
00:39:25,748 --> 00:39:29,468


817
00:39:29,469 --> 00:39:33,220
Što mislite, bi li tada bilo
moralno opravdano?

818
00:39:33,219 --> 00:39:37,639


819
00:39:37,639 --> 00:39:38,219
Pretpostavimo da Parker,
napola pri svijesti,

820
00:39:38,219 --> 00:39:40,168


821
00:39:40,168 --> 00:39:42,498
kaže - ok.

822
00:39:42,498 --> 00:39:47,889
Ne mislim da bi bilo moralno opravdano,
ali pitam se ...

823
00:39:47,889 --> 00:39:50,650
Čak i tada, ne bi bilo?

824
00:39:50,650 --> 00:39:52,490
Ne.

825
00:39:52,489 --> 00:39:54,568
Vi mislite da čak i sa njegovim pristankom
to ne bi bilo moralno opravdano?

826
00:39:54,568 --> 00:39:56,369
Ima li ljudi koji misle ...

827
00:39:56,369 --> 00:39:57,200
koji žele preuzeti Kathleeninu
ideju pristanka

828
00:39:57,199 --> 00:40:01,688
i koji misle da bi to tada bilo
moralno opravdano?

829
00:40:01,688 --> 00:40:05,868
Dignite ruke, ako bi bilo?
Ako mislite da bi bilo?

830
00:40:05,869 --> 00:40:07,588
To je vrlo zanimljivo.

831
00:40:07,588 --> 00:40:09,168
Zašto bi pristanak
predstavljao moralnu razliku?

832
00:40:09,168 --> 00:40:15,888
Zašto bi?

833
00:40:15,889 --> 00:40:18,509
Ja samo mislim ako je to njegova
vlastita originalna ideja,

834
00:40:18,509 --> 00:40:20,969
njegova ideja od početka,

835
00:40:20,969 --> 00:40:23,778
onda bi to bila jedina situacija
u kojoj bi ja to smatrala prihvatljivim.

836
00:40:23,778 --> 00:40:25,940
Jer na taj način ne možete tvrditi
da je bio pod pritiskom.

837
00:40:28,358 --> 00:40:30,579
Zante, tri protiv jednoga
ili bilo koji omjer bio.

838
00:40:30,579 --> 00:40:32,759


839
00:40:32,759 --> 00:40:34,070
I mislim ako on odlučuje da daje svoj život,
onda je njegova volja da se žrtvuje,

840
00:40:34,070 --> 00:40:38,009


841
00:40:38,009 --> 00:40:42,668
što neki ljudi mogu smatrati 
vrijednim divljenja,

842
00:40:42,668 --> 00:40:45,449
a drugi se mogu ne slagati s tom odlukom.

843
00:40:45,449 --> 00:40:49,099
Dakle, ako je on nadošao na tu ideju,

844
00:40:49,099 --> 00:40:52,820
to je jedina vrsta pristanka
u koju se možemo pouzdati, moralno,

845
00:40:52,820 --> 00:40:55,359
onda bi to bilo u redu?

846
00:40:55,358 --> 00:40:57,268


847
00:40:57,268 --> 00:40:59,788
U protivnom bilo bi to nešto kao
iznuđeni pristanak u tim okolnostima,

848
00:40:59,789 --> 00:41:01,469
mislite?

849
00:41:01,469 --> 00:41:05,278


850
00:41:05,278 --> 00:41:07,349
Da li itko misli da čak i 
Parkerov pristanak

851
00:41:07,349 --> 00:41:10,979


852
00:41:10,978 --> 00:41:13,419
ne bi opravdao njihovo ubojstvo?

853
00:41:13,420 --> 00:41:15,479


854
00:41:15,478 --> 00:41:18,088
Tko tako misli?

855
00:41:18,088 --> 00:41:19,538
Recite nam zašto, ustanite.

856
00:41:19,539 --> 00:41:21,260
Mislim da bi Parker bio ubijen u nadi
da će drugi članovi posade biti spašeni,

857
00:41:21,260 --> 00:41:22,319


858
00:41:22,318 --> 00:41:26,558


859
00:41:26,559 --> 00:41:29,250
pa onda nema definitivnog razloga
da on bude ubijen

860
00:41:29,250 --> 00:41:31,199
jer ne znate kada će oni biti spašeni.

861
00:41:31,199 --> 00:41:35,809
Pa ako ga ubijete i to bude uzalud,

862
00:41:35,809 --> 00:41:38,039
hoćete li nastaviti ubijati članove 
posade i na kraju nitko neće ostati?

863
00:41:38,039 --> 00:41:40,309
Jer netko će na koncu umrijeti.

864
00:41:40,309 --> 00:41:44,199
Pa, moralna logika situacije
izgleda da je takva.

865
00:41:44,199 --> 00:41:45,829
Da bi oni nadalje odabirali najslabije,
jednog po jednog,

866
00:41:45,829 --> 00:41:50,318


867
00:41:50,318 --> 00:41:51,818
dok ne bi bili spašeni.

868
00:41:51,818 --> 00:41:57,679
A u ovom slučaju, na sreću, bili su spašeni
kad ih još bar troje bilo živo.

869
00:41:57,679 --> 00:41:58,880
Da je Parker da svoj pristanak,

870
00:41:58,880 --> 00:42:01,298


871
00:42:01,298 --> 00:42:04,068
bili tada bilo u redu ili ne?

872
00:42:04,068 --> 00:42:06,329
Ne, još uvijek ne bi bilo u redu.

873
00:42:06,329 --> 00:42:08,030
Recite nam zašto ne bi bilo u redu?

874
00:42:08,030 --> 00:42:10,028
Prije svega ja vjerujem da je kanibalizam
moralno neispravan

875
00:42:10,028 --> 00:42:13,228


876
00:42:13,228 --> 00:42:14,509
i ne biste smjeli jesti
ljudsko biće ni u kom slučaju.

877
00:42:14,510 --> 00:42:17,449


878
00:42:17,449 --> 00:42:19,380
Dakle, kanibalizam je moralno nedopušten
izvan ...

879
00:42:19,380 --> 00:42:22,400
Dakle, čak i u scenariju
u kojem bi se čekalo da netko umre

880
00:42:22,400 --> 00:42:24,568


881
00:42:24,568 --> 00:42:27,018
još uvijek bi to bilo nedopušteno?

882
00:42:27,018 --> 00:42:27,929
Da, za mene osobno.

883
00:42:27,929 --> 00:42:29,739
Čini mi se da to sve ovisi
o osobnom moralu.

884
00:42:29,739 --> 00:42:31,199


885
00:42:31,199 --> 00:42:35,288
To je tek moje mišljenje.

886
00:42:35,289 --> 00:42:39,339
Naravno, drugi ljudi se neće složiti ...

887
00:42:39,338 --> 00:42:41,498
Pa da vidimo, da čujemo koja su 
njihova neslaganja

888
00:42:41,498 --> 00:42:42,639
i onda ćemo vidjeti da li imaju
dovoljne razloge da vas razuvjere.

889
00:42:42,639 --> 00:42:44,259


890
00:42:44,259 --> 00:42:46,228


891
00:42:46,228 --> 00:42:48,358


892
00:42:48,358 --> 00:42:50,098


893
00:42:50,099 --> 00:42:53,249
Ima li netko tko bi mogao objasniti,
vi koji ste skloni pristanku,

894
00:42:53,248 --> 00:42:57,908


895
00:42:57,909 --> 00:42:59,778
možete li objasniti zašto pristanak
čini takvu moralnu razliku.

896
00:42:59,778 --> 00:43:02,028


897
00:43:02,028 --> 00:43:03,358


898
00:43:03,358 --> 00:43:05,650
Što je s idejom lutrije?

899
00:43:05,650 --> 00:43:08,930
Da li se to računa kao pristanak?

900
00:43:08,929 --> 00:43:11,308
Sjetite se, na početku Dudley je
predložio lutriju.

901
00:43:11,309 --> 00:43:13,839
Pretpostavimo da su se složili
s lutrijom,

902
00:43:13,838 --> 00:43:16,338


903
00:43:16,338 --> 00:43:17,369


904
00:43:17,369 --> 00:43:20,798
koliko vas bi tada reklo,
to je bilo u redu.

905
00:43:20,798 --> 00:43:23,929
Pretpostavimo da su vukli slamku,
mali od palube je izgubio i priča ide dalje.

906
00:43:23,929 --> 00:43:25,380


907
00:43:25,380 --> 00:43:32,380
Koliko ljudi bi reklo
da je bilo moralno dopušteno?

908
00:43:33,199 --> 00:43:37,030
Brojevi rastu kad dodamo lutriju.
Da čujemo jednog od vas

909
00:43:37,030 --> 00:43:41,609
za kojega bi lutrija činila
moralnu razliku?

910
00:43:41,608 --> 00:43:43,458
Zašto bi?

911
00:43:43,458 --> 00:43:44,739


912
00:43:44,739 --> 00:43:45,718


913
00:43:45,719 --> 00:43:47,858


914
00:43:47,858 --> 00:43:53,848


915
00:43:53,849 --> 00:43:56,609


916
00:43:56,608 --> 00:43:57,688


917
00:43:57,688 --> 00:44:01,949


918
00:44:01,949 --> 00:44:04,798


919
00:44:04,798 --> 00:44:06,478


920
00:44:06,478 --> 00:44:09,239


921
00:44:09,239 --> 00:44:11,008


922
00:44:11,009 --> 00:44:12,949


923
00:44:12,949 --> 00:44:15,880


924
00:44:15,880 --> 00:44:18,959


925
00:44:18,958 --> 00:44:22,688


926
00:44:22,688 --> 00:44:25,578


927
00:44:25,579 --> 00:44:27,329


928
00:44:27,329 --> 00:44:31,389


929
00:44:31,389 --> 00:44:34,689


930
00:44:34,688 --> 00:44:38,170


931
00:44:38,170 --> 00:44:40,499


932
00:44:40,498 --> 00:44:41,378


933
00:44:41,378 --> 00:44:43,690


934
00:44:43,690 --> 00:44:47,099


935
00:44:47,099 --> 00:44:50,979


936
00:44:50,978 --> 00:44:55,568


937
00:44:55,568 --> 00:44:56,398


938
00:44:56,398 --> 00:45:00,478


939
00:45:00,478 --> 00:45:01,088


940
00:45:01,088 --> 00:45:04,420


941
00:45:04,420 --> 00:45:08,170


942
00:45:08,170 --> 00:45:11,900


943
00:45:11,900 --> 00:45:13,539


944
00:45:13,539 --> 00:45:16,418


945
00:45:16,418 --> 00:45:17,079


946
00:45:17,079 --> 00:45:18,878


947
00:45:18,878 --> 00:45:21,038


948
00:45:21,039 --> 00:45:21,919


949
00:45:21,918 --> 00:45:23,578


950
00:45:23,579 --> 00:45:28,829


951
00:45:28,829 --> 00:45:35,089


952
00:45:35,088 --> 00:45:40,989


953
00:45:40,989 --> 00:45:45,139


954
00:45:45,139 --> 00:45:45,999


955
00:45:45,998 --> 00:45:47,688


956
00:45:47,688 --> 00:45:51,969


957
00:45:51,969 --> 00:45:57,429


958
00:45:57,429 --> 00:46:01,939


959
00:46:01,938 --> 00:46:04,298


960
00:46:04,298 --> 00:46:08,909


961
00:46:08,909 --> 00:46:10,599


962
00:46:10,599 --> 00:46:13,109


963
00:46:13,108 --> 00:46:14,509


964
00:46:14,510 --> 00:46:17,049


965
00:46:17,048 --> 00:46:18,708


966
00:46:18,708 --> 00:46:24,048


967
00:46:24,048 --> 00:46:26,559


968
00:46:26,559 --> 00:46:28,439


969
00:46:28,438 --> 00:46:30,208


970
00:46:30,208 --> 00:46:32,838


971
00:46:32,838 --> 00:46:37,139


972
00:46:37,139 --> 00:46:38,588


973
00:46:38,588 --> 00:46:39,690


974
00:46:39,690 --> 00:46:40,749


975
00:46:40,748 --> 00:46:42,928


976
00:46:42,929 --> 00:46:45,139


977
00:46:45,139 --> 00:46:48,318


978
00:46:48,318 --> 00:46:49,019


979
00:46:49,019 --> 00:46:51,889


980
00:46:51,889 --> 00:46:54,528


981
00:46:54,528 --> 00:46:56,639


982
00:46:56,639 --> 00:46:58,548


983
00:46:58,548 --> 00:47:00,199


984
00:47:00,199 --> 00:47:01,898


985
00:47:01,898 --> 00:47:02,519


986
00:47:02,519 --> 00:47:04,579


987
00:47:04,579 --> 00:47:06,950


988
00:47:06,949 --> 00:47:08,018


989
00:47:08,018 --> 00:47:09,179


990
00:47:09,179 --> 00:47:10,838


991
00:47:10,838 --> 00:47:12,639


992
00:47:12,639 --> 00:47:14,248


993
00:47:14,248 --> 00:47:16,998


994
00:47:16,998 --> 00:47:18,818


995
00:47:18,818 --> 00:47:22,639


996
00:47:22,639 --> 00:47:25,568


997
00:47:25,568 --> 00:47:29,608


998
00:47:29,608 --> 00:47:31,440


999
00:47:31,440 --> 00:47:32,749


1000
00:47:32,748 --> 00:47:33,679


1001
00:47:33,679 --> 00:47:37,358


1002
00:47:37,358 --> 00:47:42,278


1003
00:47:42,278 --> 00:47:43,338


1004
00:47:43,338 --> 00:47:44,909


1005
00:47:44,909 --> 00:47:47,659


1006
00:47:47,659 --> 00:47:51,440


1007
00:47:51,440 --> 00:47:53,639


1008
00:47:53,639 --> 00:47:57,969


1009
00:47:57,969 --> 00:48:02,298


1010
00:48:02,298 --> 00:48:06,969


1011
00:48:06,969 --> 00:48:08,769


1012
00:48:08,768 --> 00:48:13,268


1013
00:48:13,268 --> 00:48:17,288


1014
00:48:17,289 --> 00:48:21,829


1015
00:48:21,829 --> 00:48:24,780


1016
00:48:24,780 --> 00:48:27,119


1017
00:48:27,119 --> 00:48:30,489


1018
00:48:30,489 --> 00:48:33,028


1019
00:48:33,028 --> 00:48:34,509


1020
00:48:34,509 --> 00:48:38,739


1021
00:48:38,739 --> 00:48:41,418


1022
00:48:41,418 --> 00:48:43,328


1023
00:48:43,329 --> 00:48:44,989


1024
00:48:44,989 --> 00:48:48,048


1025
00:48:48,048 --> 00:48:51,288


1026
00:48:51,289 --> 00:48:54,640


1027
00:48:54,639 --> 00:48:58,759


1028
00:48:58,759 --> 00:49:00,909


1029
00:49:00,909 --> 00:49:04,248


1030
00:49:04,248 --> 00:49:05,478


1031
00:49:05,478 --> 00:49:07,919


1032
00:49:07,920 --> 00:49:08,280


1033
00:49:08,280 --> 00:49:09,640


1034
00:49:09,639 --> 00:49:13,489


1035
00:49:13,489 --> 00:49:15,969


1036
00:49:15,969 --> 00:49:17,369


1037
00:49:17,369 --> 00:49:21,108


1038
00:49:21,108 --> 00:49:25,279


1039
00:49:25,280 --> 00:49:28,430


1040
00:49:28,429 --> 00:49:30,278


1041
00:49:30,278 --> 00:49:33,760


1042
00:49:33,760 --> 00:49:36,760


1043
00:49:36,760 --> 00:49:40,150


1044
00:49:40,150 --> 00:49:43,028


1045
00:49:43,028 --> 00:49:44,608


1046
00:49:44,608 --> 00:49:47,358


1047
00:49:47,358 --> 00:49:48,349


1048
00:49:48,349 --> 00:49:49,589


1049
00:49:49,590 --> 00:49:51,039


1050
00:49:51,039 --> 00:49:52,778


1051
00:49:52,778 --> 00:49:54,608


1052
00:49:54,608 --> 00:49:58,108


1053
00:49:58,108 --> 00:49:58,929


1054
00:49:58,929 --> 00:50:02,479


1055
00:50:02,478 --> 00:50:06,728


1056
00:50:06,728 --> 00:50:09,568


1057
00:50:09,568 --> 00:50:12,818


1058
00:50:12,818 --> 00:50:14,358


1059
00:50:14,358 --> 00:50:16,389


1060
00:50:16,389 --> 00:50:19,728


1061
00:50:19,728 --> 00:50:23,259


1062
00:50:23,259 --> 00:50:26,048


1063
00:50:26,048 --> 00:50:28,509


1064
00:50:28,509 --> 00:50:28,918


1065
00:50:28,918 --> 00:50:32,588


1066
00:50:32,588 --> 00:50:33,409


1067
00:50:33,409 --> 00:50:36,018


1068
00:50:36,018 --> 00:50:37,858


1069
00:50:37,858 --> 00:50:40,380


1070
00:50:40,380 --> 00:50:43,459


1071
00:50:43,458 --> 00:50:44,768


1072
00:50:44,768 --> 00:50:47,978


1073
00:50:47,978 --> 00:50:49,578


1074
00:50:49,579 --> 00:50:50,829


1075
00:50:50,829 --> 00:50:52,649


1076
00:50:52,648 --> 00:50:53,998


1077
00:50:53,998 --> 00:50:56,598


1078
00:50:56,599 --> 00:50:58,838


1079
00:50:58,838 --> 00:51:02,768


1080
00:51:02,768 --> 00:51:09,468


1081
00:51:09,469 --> 00:51:11,690


1082
00:51:11,690 --> 00:51:14,108


1083
00:51:14,108 --> 00:51:15,750


1084
00:51:15,750 --> 00:51:17,389


1085
00:51:17,389 --> 00:51:19,820


1086
00:51:19,820 --> 00:51:20,969


1087
00:51:20,969 --> 00:51:23,349


1088
00:51:23,349 --> 00:51:25,639


1089
00:51:25,639 --> 00:51:28,499


1090
00:51:28,498 --> 00:51:30,738


1091
00:51:30,739 --> 00:51:32,749


1092
00:51:32,748 --> 00:51:35,448


1093
00:51:35,449 --> 00:51:38,579


1094
00:51:38,579 --> 00:51:42,339


1095
00:51:42,338 --> 00:51:44,400


1096
00:51:44,400 --> 00:51:47,880


1097
00:51:47,880 --> 00:51:53,209


1098
00:51:53,208 --> 00:51:56,308


1099
00:51:56,309 --> 00:51:58,449


1100
00:51:58,449 --> 00:52:00,039


1101
00:52:00,039 --> 00:52:05,949


1102
00:52:05,949 --> 00:52:08,769


1103
00:52:08,768 --> 00:52:12,188


1104
00:52:12,188 --> 00:52:13,828


1105
00:52:13,829 --> 00:52:16,798


1106
00:52:16,798 --> 00:52:18,469


1107
00:52:18,469 --> 00:52:20,769


1108
00:52:20,768 --> 00:52:23,288


1109
00:52:23,289 --> 00:52:26,059


1110
00:52:26,059 --> 00:52:29,670


1111
00:52:29,670 --> 00:52:31,969


1112
00:52:31,969 --> 00:52:34,739


1113
00:52:34,739 --> 00:52:38,088


1114
00:52:38,088 --> 00:52:39,898


1115
00:52:39,898 --> 00:52:42,398


1116
00:52:42,398 --> 00:52:45,338


1117
00:52:45,338 --> 00:52:48,528


1118
00:52:48,528 --> 00:52:52,719


1119
00:52:52,719 --> 00:52:54,499


1120
00:52:54,498 --> 00:52:57,068


1121
00:52:57,068 --> 00:53:01,918


1122
00:53:01,918 --> 00:53:04,900


1123
00:53:04,900 --> 00:53:06,630


1124
00:53:06,630 --> 00:53:08,528


1125
00:53:08,528 --> 00:53:11,009


1126
00:53:11,009 --> 00:53:12,838


1127
00:53:12,838 --> 00:53:14,438


1128
00:53:14,438 --> 00:53:16,978


1129
00:53:16,978 --> 00:53:19,188


1130
00:53:19,188 --> 00:53:23,818


1131
00:53:23,818 --> 00:53:25,369


1132
00:53:25,369 --> 00:53:26,358


1133
00:53:26,358 --> 00:53:29,619


1134
00:53:29,619 --> 00:53:31,699


1135
00:53:31,699 --> 00:53:34,108


1136
00:53:34,108 --> 00:53:35,728


1137
00:53:35,728 --> 00:53:36,939


1138
00:53:36,940 --> 00:53:37,720


1139
00:53:37,719 --> 00:53:43,798


1140
00:53:43,798 --> 00:53:47,298


1141
00:53:43,798 --> 00:53:47,298


1142
00:53:49,869 --> 00:53:56,869


1143
00:54:36,219 --> 00:54:40,269


1144
00:54:40,268 --> 00:54:41,678