[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.20,0:00:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Funding for this program is provided by:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.24,0:00:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Additional funding provided by
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.51,0:00:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a course about Justice and we begin with a story
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.75,0:00:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suppose you're the driver of a trolley car,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.18,0:00:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your trolley car is hurdling down the track at sixty miles an hour
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.64,0:00:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the end of the track you notice five workers working on the track
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.39,0:00:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you tried to stop but you can't
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.80,0:00:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brakes don't work
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.83,0:00:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you feel desperate because you know
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.78,0:00:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you crash into these five workers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.59,0:01:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will all die
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.49,0:01:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's assume you know that for sure
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.08,0:01:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so you feel helpless
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.42,0:01:09.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until you notice that there is
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.45,0:01:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off to the right
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.29,0:01:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a side track
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.17,0:01:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the end of that track
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.58,0:01:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's one worker
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.39,0:01:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working on track
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.08,0:01:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're steering wheel works
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.37,0:01:23.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you can
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.03,0:01:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turn the trolley car if you want to
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.01,0:01:28.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto this side track
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.84,0:01:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,killing the one
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.40,0:01:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but sparing the five.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.27,0:01:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's our first question
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.11,0:01:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's the right thing to do?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.82,0:01:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would you do?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.48,0:01:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a poll,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.56,0:01:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.18,0:01:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would turn the trolley car onto the side track?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.02,0:01:53.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many wouldn't?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.53,0:01:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many would go straight ahead
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.18,0:02:04.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keep your hands up, those of you who'd go straight ahead.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.05,0:02:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A handful of people would, the vast majority would turn
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.38,0:02:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's hear first
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.88,0:02:14.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now we need to begin to investigate the reasons why you think
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.15,0:02:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the right thing to do. Let's begin with those in the majority, who would turn
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.80,0:02:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go onto side track?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.06,0:02:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would you do it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.67,0:02:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what would be your reason?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.81,0:02:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who's willing to volunteer a reason?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.19,0:02:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go ahead, stand up.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.22,0:02:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it can't be right to kill five people when you can only kill one person instead.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.58,0:02:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it wouldn't be right to kill five
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.24,0:02:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you could kill one person instead
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.07,0:02:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a good reason
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.53,0:02:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a good reason
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.96,0:02:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who else?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.78,0:02:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does everybody agree with that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.66,0:03:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reason? go ahead.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.22,0:03:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well I was thinking it was the same reason it was on
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.62,0:03:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,9/11 we regard the people who flew the plane
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.46,0:03:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who flew the plane into the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.01,0:03:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pennsylvania field as heroes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.53,0:03:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they chose to kill the people on the plane
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.72,0:03:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not kill more people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.42,0:03:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in big buildings.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.11,0:03:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the principle there was the same on 9/11
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.26,0:03:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's tragic circumstance,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.64,0:03:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but better to kill one so that five can live
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.36,0:03:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the reason most of you have, those of you who would turn, yes?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.75,0:03:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's hear now
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.63,0:03:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.63,0:03:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those in the minority
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.51,0:03:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those who wouldn't turn.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.56,0:03:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well I think that same type of mentality that justifies genocide and totalitarianism
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.47,0:03:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to save one type of race you wipe out the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.36,0:03:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so what would you do in this case? You would
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.28,0:03:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to avoid
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.38,0:03:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the horrors of genocide
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.80,0:04:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would crash into the five and kill them?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.99,0:04:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Presumably yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.63,0:04:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,okay who else?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.93,0:04:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a brave answer, thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.50,0:04:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's consider another
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.98,0:04:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trolley car case
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.24,0:04:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.69,0:04:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.19,0:04:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those of you in the majority
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.43,0:04:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,want to adhere to the principle,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.99,0:04:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better that one should die so that five should live.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.50,0:04:38.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This time you're not the driver of the trolley car, you're an onlooker
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.53,0:04:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,standing on a bridge overlooking a trolley car track
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.68,0:04:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and down the track comes a trolley car
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.66,0:04:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the end of the track are five workers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.62,0:04:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brakes don't work
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.74,0:04:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the trolley car is about to careen into the five and kill them
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.95,0:04:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.22,0:04:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're not the driver
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.79,0:05:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you really feel helpless
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.31,0:05:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until you notice
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.26,0:05:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,standing next to you
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.88,0:05:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaning over
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.64,0:05:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bridge
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.89,0:05:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is it very fat man.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.22,0:05:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you could
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.18,0:05:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give him a shove
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.67,0:05:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he would fall over the bridge
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.73,0:05:27.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto the track
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.95,0:05:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right in the way of
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.54,0:05:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the trolley car
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.20,0:05:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he would die
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.42,0:05:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he would spare the five.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.93,0:05:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how many would push
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.11,0:05:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fat man over the bridge? Raise your hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.09,0:05:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many wouldn't?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.20,0:05:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people wouldn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.07,0:05:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the obvious question,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.79,0:05:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what became
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.88,0:06:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the principle
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.17,0:06:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better to save five lives even if it means sacrificing one, what became of the principal
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.11,0:06:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that almost everyone endorsed
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.49,0:06:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the first case
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.24,0:06:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I need to hear from someone who was in the majority in both
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.81,0:06:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cases is
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.58,0:06:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do you explain the difference between the two?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.76,0:06:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second one I guess involves an active choice of
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.86,0:06:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pushing a person
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.51,0:06:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and down which
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.28,0:06:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.20,0:06:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that person himself would otherwise not have been involved in the situation at all
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.83,0:06:31.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.27,0:06:33.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to choose on his behalf I guess
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.77,0:06:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.77,0:06:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involve him in something that he otherwise would have this escaped is
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.99,0:06:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess more than
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.79,0:06:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you have in the first case where
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.62,0:06:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the three parties, the driver and
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.97,0:06:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the two sets of workers are
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.67,0:06:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,already I guess in this situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.60,0:06:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the guy working, the one on the track off to the side
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.11,0:07:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he didn't choose to sacrifice his life any more than the fat guy did, did he?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.07,0:07:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's true, but he was on the tracks.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.40,0:07:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this guy was on the bridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.44,0:07:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go ahead, you can come back if you want.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.55,0:07:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, it's a hard question
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.33,0:07:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you did well you did very well it's a hard question.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.63,0:07:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who else
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.18,0:07:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.60,0:07:26.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find a way of reconciling
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.03,0:07:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reaction of the majority in these two cases? Yes?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.16,0:07:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well I guess
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.55,0:07:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the first case where
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.54,0:07:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have the one worker and the five
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.18,0:07:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a choice between those two, and you have to
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.43,0:07:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make a certain choice and people are going to die because of the trolley car
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.22,0:07:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not necessarily because of your direct actions. The trolley car is a runway,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.03,0:07:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thing and you need to make in a split second choice
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.21,0:07:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas pushing the fat man over is an actual act of murder on your part
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.66,0:07:54.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have control over that
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.49,0:07:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas you may not have control over the trolley car.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.28,0:08:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think that it's a slightly different situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.09,0:08:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright who has a reply? Is that, who has a reply to that? no that was good, who has a way
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.36,0:08:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who wants to reply?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.32,0:08:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that a way out of this?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.49,0:08:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think that's a very good reason because you choose
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.44,0:08:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either way you have to choose who dies because you either choose to turn and kill a person
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.89,0:08:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is an act of conscious
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.50,0:08:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought to turn,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.72,0:08:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you choose to push the fat man
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.32,0:08:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over which is also an active
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.61,0:08:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conscious action so either way you're making a choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.69,0:08:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you want to reply?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.73,0:08:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well I'm not really sure that that's the case, it just still seems kind of different, the act of actually
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.19,0:08:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pushing someone over onto the tracks and killing them,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.23,0:08:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are actually killing him yourself, you're pushing him with your own hands you're pushing and
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.60,0:08:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's different
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.71,0:08:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than steering something that is going to cause death
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.09,0:08:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into another...you know
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.67,0:08:52.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't really sound right saying it now when I'm up here.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.83,0:08:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No that's good, what's your name?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.74,0:08:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andrew.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.74,0:08:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andrew and let me ask you this question Andrew,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.57,0:09:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suppose
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.24,0:09:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,standing on the bridge
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.68,0:09:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,next to the fat man
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.81,0:09:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't have to push him, suppose he was standing
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.85,0:09:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over a trap door that I could open by turning a steering wheel like that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.45,0:09:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would you turn it?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.69,0:09:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For some reason that still just seems more
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.96,0:09:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.13,0:09:30.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean maybe if you just accidentally like leaned into this steering wheel or something like that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.35,0:09:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or but,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.06,0:09:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or say that the car is
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.12,0:09:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hurdling towards a switch that will drop the trap
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.85,0:09:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then I could agree with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.85,0:09:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fair enough, it still seems
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.23,0:09:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wrong in a way that it doesn't seem wrong in the first case to turn, you say
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.50,0:09:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An in another way, I mean in the first situation you're involved directly with the situation
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.42,0:09:52.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the second one you're an onlooker as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.45,0:09:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you have the choice of becoming involved or not by pushing the fat man.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.92,0:09:59.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's forget for the moment about this case,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.55,0:10:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's good,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.27,0:10:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let's imagine a different case. This time your doctor in an emergency room
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.46,0:10:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and six patients come to you
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.63,0:10:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've been in a terrible trolley car wreck
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.50,0:10:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five of them sustained moderate injuries one is severely injured you could spend all day
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.89,0:10:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caring for the one severely injured victim,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.72,0:10:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in that time the five would die, or you could look after the five, restore them to health, but
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.33,0:10:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during that time the one severely injured
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.49,0:10:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,person would die.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.47,0:10:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many would save
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.66,0:10:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the five
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.54,0:10:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now as the doctor?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.85,0:10:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many would save the one?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.48,0:10:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very few people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.30,0:10:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a handful of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.27,0:10:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Same reason I assume,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.44,0:10:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one life versus five.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.57,0:10:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now consider
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.23,0:10:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another doctor case
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.07,0:11:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this time you're a transplant surgeon
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.08,0:11:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have five patients each in desperate need
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.16,0:11:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an organ transplant in order to survive
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.64,0:11:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on needs a heart one a lung,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.22,0:11:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one a kidney,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.55,0:11:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one a liver
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.09,0:11:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fifth
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.68,0:11:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a pancreas.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.21,0:11:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you have no organ donors
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.78,0:11:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are about to
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.91,0:11:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see you them die
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.65,0:11:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.86,0:11:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it occurs to you
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.65,0:11:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in the next room
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.47,0:11:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a healthy guy who came in for a checkup.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.45,0:11:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he is
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.74,0:11:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you like that
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.16,0:11:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he's taking a nap
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.27,0:11:56.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could go in very quietly
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.77,0:12:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yank out the five organs, that person would die
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.60,0:12:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you can save the five.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.17,0:12:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many would do it? Anyone?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.39,0:12:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many? Put your hands up if you would do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.10,0:12:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyone in the balcony?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.84,0:12:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would? Be careful don't lean over too much
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.27,0:12:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many wouldn't?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.34,0:12:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.36,0:12:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you say, speak up in the balcony, you who would
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.60,0:12:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yank out the organs, why?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.84,0:12:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd actually like to explore slightly alternate
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.63,0:12:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possibility of just taking the one
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.19,0:12:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the five he needs an organ who dies first
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.42,0:12:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and using their four healthy organs to save the other four
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.23,0:12:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a pretty good idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.64,0:12:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a great idea
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.83,0:13:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except for the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.16,0:13:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you just wrecked the philosophical point.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.16,0:13:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's step back
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.36,0:13:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from these stories and these arguments
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.24,0:13:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to notice a couple of things
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.75,0:13:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the way the arguments have began to unfold.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.81,0:13:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Certain
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.65,0:13:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moral principles
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.36,0:13:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have already begun to emerge
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.34,0:13:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the discussions we've had
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.88,0:13:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let's consider
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.57,0:13:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what those moral principles
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.74,0:13:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look like
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.25,0:13:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first moral principle that emerged from the discussion said
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.71,0:13:39.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the right thing to do the moral thing to do
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.11,0:13:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depends on the consequences that will result
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.14,0:13:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from your action
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.48,0:13:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the end of the day
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.08,0:13:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better that five should live
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.25,0:13:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if one must die.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.32,0:13:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's an example
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.70,0:13:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of consequentialist
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.28,0:13:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moral reasoning.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.46,0:14:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consequentialist moral reasoning locates morality in the consequences of an act. In the state of the
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.31,0:14:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world that will result
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.55,0:14:09.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the thing you do
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.05,0:14:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then we went a little further, we considered those other cases
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.79,0:14:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people weren't so sure
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.32,0:14:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.30,0:14:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consequentialist moral reasoning
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.53,0:14:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when people hesitated
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.42,0:14:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to push the fat man
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.27,0:14:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the bridge
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.79,0:14:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to yank out the organs of the innocent
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.64,0:14:29.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,patient
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.75,0:14:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people gestured towards
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.26,0:14:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reasons
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.26,0:14:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having to do
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.38,0:14:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the intrinsic
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.25,0:14:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quality of the act
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.23,0:14:40.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.69,0:14:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consequences be what they may.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.77,0:14:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People were reluctant
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.18,0:14:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people thought it was just wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.82,0:14:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,categorically wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.48,0:14:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to kill
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.50,0:14:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a person
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.41,0:14:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an innocent person
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.51,0:14:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even for the sake
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.69,0:14:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of saving
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.82,0:14:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five lives, at least these people thought that
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.50,0:15:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the second
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.61,0:15:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,version of each story we reconsidered
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.12,0:15:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this points
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.52,0:15:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a second
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.54,0:15:10.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,categorical
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.69,0:15:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.66,0:15:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of thinking about
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.68,0:15:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moral reasoning
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.43,0:15:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,categorical moral reasoning locates morality in certain absolute moral requirements in
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.43,0:15:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certain categorical duties and rights
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.44,0:15:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regardless of the consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.44,0:15:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to explore
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.23,0:15:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the days and weeks to come the contrast between
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.07,0:15:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consequentialist and categorical moral principles.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.54,0:15:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most influential
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.37,0:15:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,example of
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.42,0:15:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consequential moral reasoning is utilitarianism, a doctrine invented by
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.92,0:15:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jeremy Bentham, the eighteenth century English political philosopher.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.10,0:15:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most important
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.14,0:15:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,philosopher of categorical moral reasoning
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.85,0:15:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.17,0:16:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eighteenth century German philosopher Emmanuel Kant.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.59,0:16:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we will look
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.86,0:16:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at those two different modes of moral reasoning
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.26,0:16:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assess them
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.30,0:16:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also consider others.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.67,0:16:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at the syllabus, you'll notice that we read a number of great and famous books.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.10,0:16:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Books by Aristotle
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.31,0:16:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,John Locke
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.89,0:16:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Emanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.08,0:16:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and others.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.03,0:16:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll notice too from the syllabus that we don't only read these books,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.17,0:16:30.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we also all
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.07,0:16:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take up
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.01,0:16:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contemporary political and legal controversies that raise philosophical questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.00,0:16:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will debate equality and inequality,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.19,0:16:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affirmative action,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.49,0:16:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,free speech versus hate speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.70,0:16:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,same sex marriage, military conscription,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.04,0:16:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a range of practical questions, why
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.98,0:16:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just to enliven these abstract and distant books
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.35,0:17:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to make clear to bring out what's at stake in our everyday lives including our political
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.04,0:17:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.52,0:17:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for philosophy.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.64,0:17:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we will read these books
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.72,0:17:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we will debate these
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.82,0:17:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,issues and we'll see how each informs and illuminates the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.48,0:17:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This may sound appealing enough
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.60,0:17:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but here
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.11,0:17:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to issue a warning,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.55,0:17:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the warning is this
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.21,0:17:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to read these books
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.50,0:17:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this way,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.55,0:17:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an exercise in self-knowledge,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.12,0:17:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to read them in this way carry certain risks
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.85,0:17:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,risks that are both personal and political,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.12,0:17:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,risks that every student of political philosophy have known.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.80,0:17:50.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These risks spring from that fact
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.69,0:17:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that philosophy
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.58,0:17:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teaches us
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.22,0:17:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and unsettles us
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.40,0:18:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by confronting us with what we already know.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.39,0:18:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's an irony
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.39,0:18:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the difficulty of this course consists in the fact that it teaches what you already know.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.79,0:18:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It works by taking
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.16,0:18:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we know from familiar unquestioned settings,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.47,0:18:20.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and making it strange.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.37,0:18:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how those examples worked
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.39,0:18:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,worked
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.12,0:18:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hypotheticals with which we began with their mix of playfulness and sobriety.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.03,0:18:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's also how these philosophical books work. Philosophy
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.94,0:18:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,estranges us
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.64,0:18:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the familiar
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.52,0:18:40.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not by supplying new information
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.39,0:18:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but by inviting
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.78,0:18:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and provoking
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.60,0:18:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new way of seeing
Dialogue: 0,0:18:47.42,0:18:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, and here's the risk,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.97,0:18:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.72,0:18:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the familiar turns strange,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.30,0:18:58.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's never quite the same again.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.26,0:19:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Self-knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.21,0:19:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is like lost innocence,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.20,0:19:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,however unsettling
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.72,0:19:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you find it,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.03,0:19:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can never
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.29,0:19:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be unthought
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.72,0:19:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or unknown
Dialogue: 0,0:19:13.39,0:19:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what makes this enterprise difficult
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.26,0:19:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also riveting,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.97,0:19:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.88,0:19:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moral and political philosophy is a story
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.40,0:19:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you don't know where this story will lead but what you do know
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.34,0:19:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the story
Dialogue: 0,0:19:31.32,0:19:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about you.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.48,0:19:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are the personal risks,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:37.08,0:19:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now what of the political risks.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.22,0:19:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one way of introducing of course like this
Dialogue: 0,0:19:43.04,0:19:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be to promise you
Dialogue: 0,0:19:44.73,0:19:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that by reading these books
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.46,0:19:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and debating these issues
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.07,0:19:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will become a better more responsible citizen.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:51.77,0:19:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will examine the presuppositions of public policy, you will hone your political
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.45,0:19:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,judgment
Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.29,0:20:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll become a more effective participant in public affairs
Dialogue: 0,0:20:02.82,0:20:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this would be a partial and misleading promise
Dialogue: 0,0:20:06.87,0:20:11.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,political philosophy for the most part hasn't worked that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:11.49,0:20:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to allow for the possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:20:14.66,0:20:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that political philosophy may make you a worse citizen
Dialogue: 0,0:20:19.10,0:20:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than a better one
Dialogue: 0,0:20:21.97,0:20:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at least a worse citizen
Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.81,0:20:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before it makes you
Dialogue: 0,0:20:25.63,0:20:27.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a better one
Dialogue: 0,0:20:27.95,0:20:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's because philosophy
Dialogue: 0,0:20:30.40,0:20:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a distancing
Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.62,0:20:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even debilitating
Dialogue: 0,0:20:34.71,0:20:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,activity
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.60,0:20:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you see this
Dialogue: 0,0:20:37.76,0:20:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going back to Socrates
Dialogue: 0,0:20:39.89,0:20:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a dialogue, the Gorgias
Dialogue: 0,0:20:42.29,0:20:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which one of Socrates’ friends
Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.68,0:20:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Calicles
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.62,0:20:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tries to talk him out
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.24,0:20:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of philosophizing.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.97,0:20:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calicles tells Socrates philosophy is a pretty toy
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.40,0:20:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if one indulges in it with moderation at the right time of life
Dialogue: 0,0:20:57.98,0:21:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if one pursues it further than one should it is absolute ruin.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.78,0:21:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take my advice calicles says,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.82,0:21:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abandon argument
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.37,0:21:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learn the accomplishments of active life, take
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.67,0:21:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for your models not those people who spend their time on these petty quibbles,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.88,0:21:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but those who have a good livelihood and reputation
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.08,0:21:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many other blessings.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.32,0:21:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Calicles is really saying to Socrates
Dialogue: 0,0:21:26.81,0:21:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quit philosophizing,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:28.69,0:21:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get real
Dialogue: 0,0:21:30.55,0:21:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go to business school
Dialogue: 0,0:21:35.17,0:21:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and calicles did have a point
Dialogue: 0,0:21:38.30,0:21:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he had a point
Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.69,0:21:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because philosophy distances us
Dialogue: 0,0:21:42.21,0:21:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from conventions from established assumptions
Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.01,0:21:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from settled beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.75,0:21:48.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those are the risks,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:48.65,0:21:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,personal and political
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.97,0:21:54.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the face of these risks there is a characteristic evasion,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.09,0:21:57.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the name of the evasion is skepticism. It's the idea
Dialogue: 0,0:21:57.47,0:21:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well it goes something like this
Dialogue: 0,0:21:58.99,0:22:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we didn't resolve, once and for all,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.66,0:22:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either the cases or the principles we were arguing when we began
Dialogue: 0,0:22:09.76,0:22:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if Aristotle
Dialogue: 0,0:22:11.39,0:22:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Locke and Kant and Mill haven't solved these questions after all of these years
Dialogue: 0,0:22:17.22,0:22:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are we to think
Dialogue: 0,0:22:19.59,0:22:23.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we here in Sanders Theatre over the course a semester
Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.73,0:22:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can resolve them
Dialogue: 0,0:22:26.43,0:22:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so maybe it's just a matter of
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.46,0:22:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each person having his or her own principles and there's nothing more to be said about
Dialogue: 0,0:22:33.52,0:22:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.17,0:22:36.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no way of reasoning
Dialogue: 0,0:22:36.59,0:22:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.65,0:22:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evasion. The evasion of skepticism
Dialogue: 0,0:22:39.44,0:22:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to which I would offer the following
Dialogue: 0,0:22:41.28,0:22:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reply:
Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.66,0:22:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's true
Dialogue: 0,0:22:43.72,0:22:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these questions have been debated for a very long time
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.56,0:22:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the very fact
Dialogue: 0,0:22:49.06,0:22:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they have reoccurred and persisted
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.70,0:22:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may suggest
Dialogue: 0,0:22:54.65,0:22:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that though they're impossible in one sense
Dialogue: 0,0:22:57.17,0:22:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their unavoidable in another
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.80,0:23:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the reason they're unavoidable
Dialogue: 0,0:23:02.30,0:23:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reason they're inescapable is that we live some answer
Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.50,0:23:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to these questions every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.07,0:23:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So skepticism, just throwing up their hands and giving up on moral reflection,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.13,0:23:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is no solution
Dialogue: 0,0:23:18.28,0:23:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Emanuel Kant
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.99,0:23:23.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,described very well the problem with skepticism when he wrote
Dialogue: 0,0:23:23.71,0:23:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,skepticism is a resting place for human reason
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.31,0:23:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it can reflect upon its dogmatic wanderings
Dialogue: 0,0:23:29.10,0:23:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is no dwelling place for permanent settlement.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.07,0:23:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simply to acquiesce in skepticism, Kant wrote,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:35.94,0:23:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can never suffice to overcome the restless of reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:42.66,0:23:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've tried to suggest through theses stories and these arguments
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.04,0:23:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some sense of the risks and temptations
Dialogue: 0,0:23:49.90,0:23:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the perils and the possibilities I would simply conclude by saying
Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.59,0:23:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the aim of this course
Dialogue: 0,0:23:58.10,0:23:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to awaken
Dialogue: 0,0:23:59.63,0:24:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the restlessness of reason
Dialogue: 0,0:24:02.24,0:24:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to see where it might lead
Dialogue: 0,0:24:04.38,0:24:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:15.44,0:24:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, in a situation that desperate,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.98,0:24:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to do what you have to do to survive. You have to do what you have to do you? You've gotta do
Dialogue: 0,0:24:21.26,0:24:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you
Dialogue: 0,0:24:22.78,0:24:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gotta do. pretty much,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.62,0:24:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you've been going nineteen days without any food
Dialogue: 0,0:24:25.70,0:24:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone has to take the sacrifice, someone has to make the sacrifice and people can survive. Alright that's good, what's your name? Marcus.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:33.57,0:24:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marcus, what do you say to Marcus?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:40.35,0:24:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last time
Dialogue: 0,0:24:44.57,0:24:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we started out last time
Dialogue: 0,0:24:46.96,0:24:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with some stores
Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.98,0:24:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with some moral dilemmas
Dialogue: 0,0:24:51.02,0:24:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about trolley cars
Dialogue: 0,0:24:53.05,0:24:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about doctors
Dialogue: 0,0:24:54.51,0:24:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and healthy patients
Dialogue: 0,0:24:56.27,0:24:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vulnerable
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.56,0:25:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to being victims of organ transplantation
Dialogue: 0,0:25:00.91,0:25:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we noticed two things
Dialogue: 0,0:25:04.09,0:25:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the arguments we had
Dialogue: 0,0:25:06.89,0:25:10.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one had to do with the way we were arguing
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.83,0:25:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it began with our judgments in particular cases
Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.57,0:25:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we tried to articulate the reasons or the principles
Dialogue: 0,0:25:18.47,0:25:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lying behind our judgments
Dialogue: 0,0:25:22.55,0:25:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then confronted with a new case
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.40,0:25:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found ourselves re-examining those principles
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.76,0:25:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,revising each in the light of the other
Dialogue: 0,0:25:34.02,0:25:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we noticed the built-in pressure to try to bring into alignment
Dialogue: 0,0:25:38.92,0:25:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our judgments about particular cases
Dialogue: 0,0:25:41.68,0:25:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the principles we would endorse
Dialogue: 0,0:25:43.94,0:25:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on reflection
Dialogue: 0,0:25:46.36,0:25:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we also noticed something about the substance of the arguments
Dialogue: 0,0:25:50.59,0:25:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that emerged from the discussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:55.25,0:26:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We noticed that sometimes we were tempted to locate the morality of an act in the consequences
Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.86,0:26:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the results, in the state of the world that it brought about.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:06.52,0:26:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We called is consequentialist
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.02,0:26:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moral reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.69,0:26:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we also noticed that
Dialogue: 0,0:26:13.24,0:26:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some cases
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.44,0:26:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we weren't swayed only
Dialogue: 0,0:26:18.61,0:26:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the results
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.09,0:26:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:23.40,0:26:25.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of us felt,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:25.35,0:26:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that not just consequences but also the intrinsic quality or character of the act
Dialogue: 0,0:26:31.67,0:26:35.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,matters morally.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:35.37,0:26:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people argued that there are certain things that are just categorically wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:26:40.98,0:26:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if they bring about
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.58,0:26:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a good result
Dialogue: 0,0:26:44.46,0:26:45.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.49,0:26:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they save five people
Dialogue: 0,0:26:47.20,0:26:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the cost of one life.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.79,0:26:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we contrasted consequentialist
Dialogue: 0,0:26:52.73,0:26:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moral principles
Dialogue: 0,0:26:54.57,0:26:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with categorical ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:58.14,0:26:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today
Dialogue: 0,0:26:59.79,0:27:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the next few days
Dialogue: 0,0:27:00.82,0:27:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will begin to examine one of the most influential
Dialogue: 0,0:27:06.57,0:27:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versions of consequentialist
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.84,0:27:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moral theory
Dialogue: 0,0:27:10.97,0:27:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the philosophy of utilitarianism.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:16.33,0:27:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jeremy Bentham,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:17.43,0:27:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the eighteenth century
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.08,0:27:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,English political philosopher
Dialogue: 0,0:27:21.69,0:27:22.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gave first
Dialogue: 0,0:27:22.91,0:27:26.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first clear systematic expression
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.63,0:27:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the utilitarian
Dialogue: 0,0:27:28.67,0:27:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moral theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:32.21,0:27:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Bentham's idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:36.40,0:27:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his essential idea
Dialogue: 0,0:27:38.44,0:27:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a very simple one
Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.93,0:27:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a lot of
Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.81,0:27:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,morally
Dialogue: 0,0:27:46.33,0:27:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,intuitive appeal.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:48.43,0:27:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bentham's idea is
Dialogue: 0,0:27:50.45,0:27:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the following
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.59,0:27:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the right thing to do
Dialogue: 0,0:27:54.44,0:27:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the just thing to do
Dialogue: 0,0:27:57.80,0:27:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's to
Dialogue: 0,0:27:58.82,0:28:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maximize
Dialogue: 0,0:28:01.37,0:28:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,utility.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:02.34,0:28:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What did he mean by utility?
Dialogue: 0,0:28:06.33,0:28:11.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He meant by utility the balance
Dialogue: 0,0:28:11.49,0:28:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of pleasure over pain,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.00,0:28:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happiness over suffering.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:16.78,0:28:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's how we arrived
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.21,0:28:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the principle
Dialogue: 0,0:28:19.26,0:28:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of maximizing utility.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.31,0:28:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He started out by observing
Dialogue: 0,0:28:24.45,0:28:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all of us
Dialogue: 0,0:28:26.40,0:28:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all human beings
Dialogue: 0,0:28:27.75,0:28:31.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are governed by two sovereign masters,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:31.49,0:28:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pain and pleasure.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:34.62,0:28:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We human beings
Dialogue: 0,0:28:37.48,0:28:42.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like pleasure and dislike pain
Dialogue: 0,0:28:42.31,0:28:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we should base morality
Dialogue: 0,0:28:45.84,0:28:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether we are thinking of what to do in our own lives
Dialogue: 0,0:28:49.17,0:28:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether
Dialogue: 0,0:28:50.49,0:28:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as legislators or citizens
Dialogue: 0,0:28:52.58,0:28:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are thinking about what the law should be,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.03,0:29:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the right thing to do individually or collectively
Dialogue: 0,0:29:02.07,0:29:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to maximize, act in a way that maximizes
Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.84,0:29:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the overall level
Dialogue: 0,0:29:07.66,0:29:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of happiness.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:11.52,0:29:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bentham's utilitarianism is sometimes summed up with the slogan
Dialogue: 0,0:29:15.43,0:29:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the greatest good for the greatest number.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:18.87,0:29:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this
Dialogue: 0,0:29:20.40,0:29:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basic principle of utility on hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:22.99,0:29:26.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's begin to test it and to examine it
Dialogue: 0,0:29:26.41,0:29:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by turning to another case
Dialogue: 0,0:29:28.41,0:29:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another story but this time
Dialogue: 0,0:29:30.62,0:29:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not a hypothetical story,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:32.64,0:29:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a real-life story
Dialogue: 0,0:29:34.12,0:29:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the case of
Dialogue: 0,0:29:35.06,0:29:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Queen versus Dudley and Stephens.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.33,0:29:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a nineteenth-century British law case
Dialogue: 0,0:29:41.89,0:29:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's famous
Dialogue: 0,0:29:44.01,0:29:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and much debated in law schools.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.54,0:29:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's what happened in the case
Dialogue: 0,0:29:50.06,0:29:51.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll summarize the story
Dialogue: 0,0:29:51.87,0:29:54.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then I want to hear
Dialogue: 0,0:29:54.91,0:29:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how you would rule
Dialogue: 0,0:29:57.64,0:30:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagining that you are the jury.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:04.35,0:30:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A newspaper account of the time
Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.18,0:30:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,described the background:
Dialogue: 0,0:30:09.29,0:30:11.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A sadder story of disaster at sea
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.46,0:30:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was never told
Dialogue: 0,0:30:12.79,0:30:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than that of the survivors of the yacht
Dialogue: 0,0:30:15.29,0:30:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mignonette.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:16.24,0:30:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ship foundered in the south Atlantic
Dialogue: 0,0:30:19.11,0:30:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thirteen hundred miles from the cape
Dialogue: 0,0:30:21.79,0:30:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were four in the crew,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:24.00,0:30:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dudley was the captain
Dialogue: 0,0:30:26.50,0:30:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stephens was the first mate
Dialogue: 0,0:30:28.40,0:30:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brooks was a sailor,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:30.22,0:30:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all men of
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.28,0:30:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,excellent character,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.49,0:30:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or so the newspaper account
Dialogue: 0,0:30:34.25,0:30:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells us.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:35.82,0:30:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fourth crew member was the cabin boy,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:38.64,0:30:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Richard Parker
Dialogue: 0,0:30:40.30,0:30:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seventeen years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:42.85,0:30:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was an orphan
Dialogue: 0,0:30:44.63,0:30:46.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he had no family
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.93,0:30:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was on his first long voyage at sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:51.41,0:30:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He went, the news account tells us,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:53.70,0:30:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather against the advice of his friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.73,0:31:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He went in the hopefulness of youthful ambition
Dialogue: 0,0:31:00.21,0:31:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinking the journey would make a man of him.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:03.39,0:31:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sadly it was not to be,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:05.14,0:31:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the facts of the case were not in dispute,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:07.78,0:31:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a wave hit the ship
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.97,0:31:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Mignonette went down.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:12.00,0:31:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The four crew members escaped to a lifeboat
Dialogue: 0,0:31:14.86,0:31:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the only
Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.20,0:31:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,food they had
Dialogue: 0,0:31:18.38,0:31:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were two
Dialogue: 0,0:31:19.66,0:31:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cans of preserved
Dialogue: 0,0:31:20.99,0:31:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turnips
Dialogue: 0,0:31:21.78,0:31:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no fresh water
Dialogue: 0,0:31:23.98,0:31:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the first three days they ate nothing
Dialogue: 0,0:31:26.61,0:31:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the fourth day that opened one of the cans of turnips
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.46,0:31:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ate it.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:31.59,0:31:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next day they caught a turtle
Dialogue: 0,0:31:34.45,0:31:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,together with the other can of turnips
Dialogue: 0,0:31:36.96,0:31:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the turtle
Dialogue: 0,0:31:38.55,0:31:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enabled them to subsist
Dialogue: 0,0:31:40.06,0:31:43.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the next few days and then for eight days
Dialogue: 0,0:31:43.07,0:31:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had nothing
Dialogue: 0,0:31:44.04,0:31:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no food no water.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:47.07,0:31:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine yourself in a situation like that
Dialogue: 0,0:31:50.07,0:31:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what would you do?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:52.85,0:31:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's what they did
Dialogue: 0,0:31:55.12,0:32:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by now the cabin boy Parker is lying at the bottom of the lifeboat in a corner
Dialogue: 0,0:32:00.97,0:32:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he had drunk sea water
Dialogue: 0,0:32:03.23,0:32:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the advice of the others
Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.49,0:32:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he had become ill
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.23,0:32:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he appeared to be dying
Dialogue: 0,0:32:10.67,0:32:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so on the nineteenth day Dudley, the captain, suggested
Dialogue: 0,0:32:14.62,0:32:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they should all
Dialogue: 0,0:32:17.35,0:32:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a lottery. That they should
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.76,0:32:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all draw lots to see
Dialogue: 0,0:32:19.62,0:32:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who would die
Dialogue: 0,0:32:20.86,0:32:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to save the rest.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:24.08,0:32:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brooks
Dialogue: 0,0:32:25.21,0:32:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,refused
Dialogue: 0,0:32:26.54,0:32:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he didn't like the lottery idea
Dialogue: 0,0:32:29.14,0:32:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't know whether this
Dialogue: 0,0:32:30.62,0:32:35.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was because he didn't want to take that chance or because he believed in categorical moral
Dialogue: 0,0:32:35.100,0:32:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,principles
Dialogue: 0,0:32:36.87,0:32:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in any case
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.62,0:32:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no lots were drawn.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.13,0:32:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next day
Dialogue: 0,0:32:43.23,0:32:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was still no ship in sight
Dialogue: 0,0:32:45.03,0:32:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so a Dudley told Brooks to avert his gaze
Dialogue: 0,0:32:48.47,0:32:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he motioned to Stephens
Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.72,0:32:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the boy Parker had better be killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.93,0:32:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dudley offered a prayer
Dialogue: 0,0:32:55.85,0:32:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he told a the boy his time had come
Dialogue: 0,0:32:58.48,0:33:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he killed him with a pen knife
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.68,0:33:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stabbing him in the jugular vein.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:03.90,0:33:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brooks emerged from his conscientious objection to share in the gruesome bounty.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:09.75,0:33:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For four days
Dialogue: 0,0:33:11.03,0:33:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the three of them fed on the body and blood of the cabin boy.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:15.23,0:33:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,True story.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:17.22,0:33:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they were rescued.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.39,0:33:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dudley describes their rescue
Dialogue: 0,0:33:22.84,0:33:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in his diary
Dialogue: 0,0:33:24.68,0:33:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with staggering euphemism, quote:
Dialogue: 0,0:33:27.57,0:33:29.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"on the twenty fourth day
Dialogue: 0,0:33:29.65,0:33:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we were having our breakfast
Dialogue: 0,0:33:34.75,0:33:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a ship appeared at last."
Dialogue: 0,0:33:38.60,0:33:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The three survivors were picked up by a German ship. They were taken back to Falmouth in England
Dialogue: 0,0:33:44.31,0:33:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they were arrested and tried
Dialogue: 0,0:33:47.08,0:33:47.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brooks
Dialogue: 0,0:33:47.83,0:33:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turned state's witness
Dialogue: 0,0:33:49.95,0:33:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dudley and Stephens went to trial. They didn't dispute the facts
Dialogue: 0,0:33:54.45,0:33:55.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they claimed
Dialogue: 0,0:33:55.39,0:33:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had acted out of necessity
Dialogue: 0,0:33:58.14,0:33:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was their defense
Dialogue: 0,0:33:59.43,0:34:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they argued in effect
Dialogue: 0,0:34:01.22,0:34:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better that one should die
Dialogue: 0,0:34:03.25,0:34:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that three could survive
Dialogue: 0,0:34:06.42,0:34:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the prosecutor
Dialogue: 0,0:34:08.62,0:34:10.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wasn't swayed by that argument
Dialogue: 0,0:34:10.85,0:34:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said murder is murder
Dialogue: 0,0:34:12.51,0:34:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so the case went to trial. Now imagine you are the jury
Dialogue: 0,0:34:16.43,0:34:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just to simplify the discussion
Dialogue: 0,0:34:19.49,0:34:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put aside the question of law,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:21.99,0:34:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let's assume that
Dialogue: 0,0:34:23.01,0:34:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you as the jury
Dialogue: 0,0:34:25.88,0:34:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are charged with deciding
Dialogue: 0,0:34:28.28,0:34:31.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether what they did was morally
Dialogue: 0,0:34:31.01,0:34:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,permissible or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.38,0:34:36.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many
Dialogue: 0,0:34:36.61,0:34:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would vote
Dialogue: 0,0:34:39.81,0:34:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not guilty, that what they did was morally permissible?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:49.53,0:34:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how many would vote guilty
Dialogue: 0,0:34:51.64,0:34:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they did was morally wrong?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:54.86,0:34:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A pretty sizable majority.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:57.100,0:35:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's see what people's reasons are, and let me begin with those who are in the minority.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:03.81,0:35:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's hear first from the defense
Dialogue: 0,0:35:07.74,0:35:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Dudley and Stephens.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:10.10,0:35:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would you morally exonerate them?
Dialogue: 0,0:35:14.16,0:35:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are your reasons?
Dialogue: 0,0:35:17.99,0:35:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's I think it is morally reprehensible
Dialogue: 0,0:35:20.80,0:35:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think that there's a distinction between what's morally reprehensible
Dialogue: 0,0:35:24.35,0:35:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what makes someone legally accountable
Dialogue: 0,0:35:26.61,0:35:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in other words the night as the judge said what's always moral isn't necessarily
Dialogue: 0,0:35:30.69,0:35:34.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the law and while I don't think that necessity
Dialogue: 0,0:35:34.79,0:35:36.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,justifies
Dialogue: 0,0:35:36.17,0:35:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,theft or murder any illegal act,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:38.58,0:35:43.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at some point your degree of necessity does in fact
Dialogue: 0,0:35:43.51,0:35:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exonerate you form any guilt. ok.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:45.85,0:35:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other defenders, other voices for the defense?
Dialogue: 0,0:35:50.59,0:35:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moral justifications for
Dialogue: 0,0:35:53.04,0:35:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they did?
Dialogue: 0,0:35:56.99,0:35:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes, thank you
Dialogue: 0,0:35:57.62,0:35:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:58.80,0:35:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just feel like
Dialogue: 0,0:35:59.57,0:36:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a situation that desperate you have to do what you have to do to survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:03.14,0:36:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to do what you have to do
Dialogue: 0,0:36:04.68,0:36:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ya, you gotta do what you gotta do, pretty much.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:06.79,0:36:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you've been
Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.85,0:36:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going nineteen days without any food
Dialogue: 0,0:36:09.90,0:36:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know someone just has to take the sacrifice has to make sacrifices and people can survive
Dialogue: 0,0:36:14.71,0:36:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and furthermore from that
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.14,0:36:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say they survived and then they become productive members of society who go home and then start like
Dialogue: 0,0:36:21.30,0:36:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a million charity organizations and this and that and this and that, I mean they benefit everybody in the end so
Dialogue: 0,0:36:26.23,0:36:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean I don't know what they did afterwards, I mean they might have
Dialogue: 0,0:36:28.52,0:36:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gone on and killed more people
Dialogue: 0,0:36:30.48,0:36:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but whatever.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:32.89,0:36:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what? what if they were going home and turned out to be assassins?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:35.71,0:36:38.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if they were going home and turned out to be assassins?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:38.91,0:36:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would want to know who they assassinated.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:42.88,0:36:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's true too, that's fair
Dialogue: 0,0:36:45.85,0:36:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would wanna know who they assassinated.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:49.61,0:36:50.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alright that's good, what's your name? Marcus.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:50.71,0:36:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've heard a defense
Dialogue: 0,0:36:52.49,0:36:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a couple voices for the defense
Dialogue: 0,0:36:54.05,0:36:55.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now we need to hear
Dialogue: 0,0:36:55.66,0:36:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the prosecution
Dialogue: 0,0:36:57.30,0:36:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most people think
Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.34,0:37:05.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they did was wrong, why?
Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.07,0:37:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the first things that I was thinking was, oh well if they haven't been eating for a really long time,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.90,0:37:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe
Dialogue: 0,0:37:11.41,0:37:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then
Dialogue: 0,0:37:12.47,0:37:15.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're mentally affected
Dialogue: 0,0:37:15.14,0:37:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could be used for the defense,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.41,0:37:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a possible argument that oh,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:20.62,0:37:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they weren't in a proper state of mind, they were making
Dialogue: 0,0:37:24.18,0:37:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decisions that they otherwise wouldn't be making, and if that's an appealing argument
Dialogue: 0,0:37:28.52,0:37:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you have to be in an altered mindset to do something like that it suggests that
Dialogue: 0,0:37:33.61,0:37:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who find that argument convincing
Dialogue: 0,0:37:36.11,0:37:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you think that they're acting immorally. But I want to know what you think you're defending
Dialogue: 0,0:37:40.09,0:37:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you k 0:37:41.249,0:37:45.549 you voted to convict right? yeah I don't think that they acted in morally
Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.55,0:37:49.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appropriate way. And why not? What do you say, Here's Marcus
Dialogue: 0,0:37:49.45,0:37:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he just defended them,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:51.09,0:37:52.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:52.91,0:37:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you heard what he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.88,0:37:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes I did
Dialogue: 0,0:37:55.25,0:37:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes
Dialogue: 0,0:37:56.56,0:38:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you've got to do what you've got to do in a case like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:00.12,0:38:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you say to Marcus?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:04.79,0:38:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.44,0:38:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there is no situation that would allow human beings to take
Dialogue: 0,0:38:13.58,0:38:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea of fate or the other people's lives into their own hands that we don't have
Dialogue: 0,0:38:17.96,0:38:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that kind of power.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:19.33,0:38:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good, okay
Dialogue: 0,0:38:21.40,0:38:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thanks you, and what's your name?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.13,0:38:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Britt? okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.55,0:38:26.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who else?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:26.03,0:38:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you say? Stand up
Dialogue: 0,0:38:28.16,0:38:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm wondering if Dudley and Stephens had asked for Richard Parker's consent in, you know, dying,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:35.43,0:38:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if that would
Dialogue: 0,0:38:37.57,0:38:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would that exonerate them
Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.23,0:38:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from an act of murder, and if so is that still morally justifiable?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:45.45,0:38:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's interesting, alright consent, now hang on, what's your name? Kathleen.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:51.72,0:38:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kathleen says suppose so what would that scenario look like?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:56.09,0:38:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so in the story
Dialogue: 0,0:38:56.62,0:39:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dudley is there, pen knife in hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:00.41,0:39:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but instead of the prayer
Dialogue: 0,0:39:02.61,0:39:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or before the prayer,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:04.59,0:39:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he says, Parker,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:07.60,0:39:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would you mind
Dialogue: 0,0:39:11.52,0:39:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're desperately hungry,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:14.35,0:39:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Marcus empathizes with
Dialogue: 0,0:39:17.68,0:39:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're desperately hungry
Dialogue: 0,0:39:19.77,0:39:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're not going to last long anyhow,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:22.17,0:39:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can be a martyr,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:23.50,0:39:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would you be a martyr
Dialogue: 0,0:39:25.75,0:39:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how about it Parker?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:29.47,0:39:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, then
Dialogue: 0,0:39:33.22,0:39:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then what do you think, would be morally justified then? Suppose
Dialogue: 0,0:39:37.64,0:39:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Parker
Dialogue: 0,0:39:38.22,0:39:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in his semi-stupor
Dialogue: 0,0:39:40.17,0:39:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,says okay
Dialogue: 0,0:39:42.50,0:39:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think it'll be morally justifiable but I'm wondering. Even then, even then it wouldn't be? No
Dialogue: 0,0:39:47.89,0:39:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't think that even with consent
Dialogue: 0,0:39:50.65,0:39:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would be morally justified.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:52.49,0:39:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are there people who think
Dialogue: 0,0:39:54.57,0:39:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who want to take up Kathleen's
Dialogue: 0,0:39:56.37,0:39:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consent idea
Dialogue: 0,0:39:57.20,0:40:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who think that that would make it morally justified? Raise your hand if it would
Dialogue: 0,0:40:01.69,0:40:05.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you think it would.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:05.87,0:40:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's very interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:40:07.59,0:40:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would consent
Dialogue: 0,0:40:09.17,0:40:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make a moral difference? Why would it?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:15.89,0:40:18.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well I just think that if he was making his own original idea
Dialogue: 0,0:40:18.51,0:40:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was his idea to start with
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.97,0:40:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then that would be the only situation in which I would
Dialogue: 0,0:40:23.78,0:40:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see it being appropriate in anyway 0:40:25.940,0:40:28.359 because that way you couldn't make the argument that
Dialogue: 0,0:40:28.36,0:40:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was pressured you know it’s three
Dialogue: 0,0:40:30.58,0:40:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to one or whatever the ratio was,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:32.76,0:40:34.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think that
Dialogue: 0,0:40:34.07,0:40:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if he was making a decision to give his life then he took on the agency
Dialogue: 0,0:40:38.01,0:40:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sacrifice himself which some people might see as admirable and other people
Dialogue: 0,0:40:42.67,0:40:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might disagree with that decision.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:45.45,0:40:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if he came up with the idea
Dialogue: 0,0:40:49.10,0:40:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the only kind of consent we could have confidence in
Dialogue: 0,0:40:52.82,0:40:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,morally, then it would be okay
Dialogue: 0,0:40:55.36,0:40:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,otherwise
Dialogue: 0,0:40:57.27,0:40:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would be kind of coerced consent
Dialogue: 0,0:40:59.79,0:41:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the circumstances
Dialogue: 0,0:41:01.47,0:41:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you think.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:05.28,0:41:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is there anyone who thinks
Dialogue: 0,0:41:07.35,0:41:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the even the consent of Parker
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.98,0:41:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would not justify
Dialogue: 0,0:41:13.42,0:41:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their killing him?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:15.48,0:41:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who thinks that?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:18.09,0:41:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, tell us why, stand up
Dialogue: 0,0:41:19.54,0:41:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that Parker
Dialogue: 0,0:41:21.26,0:41:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be killed
Dialogue: 0,0:41:22.32,0:41:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the hope that the other crew members would be rescued so
Dialogue: 0,0:41:26.56,0:41:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no definite reason that he should be killed
Dialogue: 0,0:41:29.25,0:41:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you don't know
Dialogue: 0,0:41:31.20,0:41:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they're going to get rescued so if you kill him you're killing him in vain
Dialogue: 0,0:41:35.81,0:41:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you keep killing a crew member until you're rescued and then you're left with no one?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:38.04,0:41:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because someone's going to die eventually?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:40.31,0:41:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well the moral logic of the situation seems to be that.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:44.20,0:41:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That they would
Dialogue: 0,0:41:45.83,0:41:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keep on picking off the weakest maybe, one by one,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:50.32,0:41:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until they were
Dialogue: 0,0:41:51.82,0:41:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rescued and in this case luckily when three at least were still alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:57.68,0:41:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if
Dialogue: 0,0:41:58.88,0:42:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if Parker did give his consent
Dialogue: 0,0:42:01.30,0:42:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would it be all right do you think or not?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:04.07,0:42:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, it still wouldn't be right.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:06.33,0:42:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tell us why wouldn't be all right.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.03,0:42:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, cannibalism, I believe
Dialogue: 0,0:42:10.03,0:42:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is morally incorrect
Dialogue: 0,0:42:13.23,0:42:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you shouldn’t be eating a human anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:14.51,0:42:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.45,0:42:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannibalism is morally objectionable outside
Dialogue: 0,0:42:19.38,0:42:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so then even in the scenario
Dialogue: 0,0:42:22.40,0:42:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of waiting until someone died
Dialogue: 0,0:42:24.57,0:42:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still it would be objectionable.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:27.02,0:42:27.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, to me personally
Dialogue: 0,0:42:27.93,0:42:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I feel like of
Dialogue: 0,0:42:29.74,0:42:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it all depends on
Dialogue: 0,0:42:31.20,0:42:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one's personal morals, like we can't just, like this is just my opinion
Dialogue: 0,0:42:35.29,0:42:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course other people are going to disagree.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:39.34,0:42:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well let's see, let's hear what their disagreements are
Dialogue: 0,0:42:41.50,0:42:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we'll see
Dialogue: 0,0:42:42.64,0:42:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they have reasons
Dialogue: 0,0:42:44.26,0:42:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can persuade you or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:46.23,0:42:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's try that
Dialogue: 0,0:42:48.36,0:42:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's
Dialogue: 0,0:42:50.10,0:42:53.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now is there someone
Dialogue: 0,0:42:53.25,0:42:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who can explain, those of you who are tempted by consent
Dialogue: 0,0:42:57.91,0:42:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can you explain
Dialogue: 0,0:42:59.78,0:43:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why consent makes
Dialogue: 0,0:43:02.03,0:43:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such a moral difference,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:03.36,0:43:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what about the lottery idea
Dialogue: 0,0:43:05.65,0:43:08.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does that count as consent. Remember at the beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:43:08.93,0:43:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dudley proposed a lottery
Dialogue: 0,0:43:11.31,0:43:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suppose that they had agreed
Dialogue: 0,0:43:13.84,0:43:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a lottery
Dialogue: 0,0:43:16.34,0:43:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then
Dialogue: 0,0:43:17.37,0:43:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many would then say
Dialogue: 0,0:43:20.80,0:43:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was all right. Say there was a lottery,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:23.93,0:43:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cabin boy lost,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:25.38,0:43:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the rest of the story unfolded. How many people would say it's morally permissible?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:33.20,0:43:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the numbers are rising if we add a lottery, let's hear from one of you
Dialogue: 0,0:43:37.03,0:43:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for whom the lottery would make a moral difference
Dialogue: 0,0:43:41.61,0:43:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why would it?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:43.46,0:43:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the essential
Dialogue: 0,0:43:44.74,0:43:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,element,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:45.72,0:43:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in my mind that makes it a crime is
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.86,0:43:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea that they decided at some point that their lives were more important than his, and that
Dialogue: 0,0:43:53.85,0:43:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean that's kind of the basis for really any crime
Dialogue: 0,0:43:56.61,0:43:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right? It's like
Dialogue: 0,0:43:57.69,0:44:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my needs, my desire is a more important than yours and mine take precedent
Dialogue: 0,0:44:01.95,0:44:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if they had done a lottery were everyone consented
Dialogue: 0,0:44:04.80,0:44:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that someone should die
Dialogue: 0,0:44:06.48,0:44:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's sort of like they're all sacrificing themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:09.24,0:44:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to save the rest,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:11.01,0:44:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then it would be all right?
Dialogue: 0,0:44:12.95,0:44:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A little grotesque but,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:15.88,0:44:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But morally permissible? Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:18.96,0:44:22.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's your name? Matt.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:22.69,0:44:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, Matt for you
Dialogue: 0,0:44:25.58,0:44:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what bothers you is not
Dialogue: 0,0:44:27.33,0:44:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cannibalism, but the lack of due process.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:31.39,0:44:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess you could say that
Dialogue: 0,0:44:34.69,0:44:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And can someone who agrees with Matt
Dialogue: 0,0:44:38.17,0:44:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say a little bit more
Dialogue: 0,0:44:40.50,0:44:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about why
Dialogue: 0,0:44:41.38,0:44:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lottery
Dialogue: 0,0:44:43.69,0:44:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would make it, in your view,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:47.10,0:44:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,morally permissible.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:50.98,0:44:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way I understood it originally was that that was the whole issue is that the cabin boy was never
Dialogue: 0,0:44:55.57,0:44:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consulted
Dialogue: 0,0:44:56.40,0:45:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about whether or not it something was going to happen to him even though with the original
Dialogue: 0,0:45:00.48,0:45:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lottery
Dialogue: 0,0:45:01.09,0:45:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether or not he would be a part of that it was just decided
Dialogue: 0,0:45:04.42,0:45:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he was the one that was going to die. Yes that's what happened in the actual case
Dialogue: 0,0:45:08.17,0:45:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if there were a lottery and they all agreed to the procedure
Dialogue: 0,0:45:11.90,0:45:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you think that would be okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:45:13.54,0:45:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right, because everyone knows that there's gonna be a death
Dialogue: 0,0:45:16.42,0:45:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas
Dialogue: 0,0:45:17.08,0:45:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know the cabin boy didn't know that
Dialogue: 0,0:45:18.88,0:45:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this discussion was even happening
Dialogue: 0,0:45:21.04,0:45:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was no
Dialogue: 0,0:45:21.92,0:45:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know forewarning
Dialogue: 0,0:45:23.58,0:45:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for him to know that hey, I may be the one that's dying. Okay, now suppose the everyone agrees
Dialogue: 0,0:45:28.83,0:45:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the lottery they have the lottery the cabin boy loses any changes his mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:35.09,0:45:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've already decided, it's like a verbal contract, you can't go back on that. You've decided the decision was made
Dialogue: 0,0:45:40.99,0:45:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know if you know you're dying for the reason for at others to live,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:45.14,0:45:45.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would, you know
Dialogue: 0,0:45:45.100,0:45:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the someone else had died
Dialogue: 0,0:45:47.69,0:45:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know that you would consume them, so
Dialogue: 0,0:45:51.97,0:45:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then he could say I know, but I lost.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:57.43,0:46:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just think that that's the whole moral issue is that there was no consulting of the cabin boy and that that's
Dialogue: 0,0:46:01.94,0:46:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what makes it the most horrible
Dialogue: 0,0:46:04.30,0:46:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that he had no idea what was even going on, that if he had known what was going on
Dialogue: 0,0:46:08.91,0:46:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would
Dialogue: 0,0:46:10.60,0:46:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be a bit more understandable.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:13.11,0:46:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, good, now I want to hear
Dialogue: 0,0:46:14.51,0:46:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there's some who think
Dialogue: 0,0:46:17.05,0:46:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's morally permissible
Dialogue: 0,0:46:18.71,0:46:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but only about twenty percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:24.05,0:46:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led by Marcus,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:26.56,0:46:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then there are some who say
Dialogue: 0,0:46:28.44,0:46:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the real problem here
Dialogue: 0,0:46:30.21,0:46:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the lack of consent
Dialogue: 0,0:46:32.84,0:46:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether the lack of consent to a lottery to a fair procedure
Dialogue: 0,0:46:37.14,0:46:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or
Dialogue: 0,0:46:38.59,0:46:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kathleen's idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:39.69,0:46:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lack of consent
Dialogue: 0,0:46:40.75,0:46:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the moment
Dialogue: 0,0:46:42.93,0:46:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of death
Dialogue: 0,0:46:45.14,0:46:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we add consent
Dialogue: 0,0:46:48.32,0:46:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then
Dialogue: 0,0:46:49.02,0:46:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more people are willing to consider
Dialogue: 0,0:46:51.89,0:46:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sacrifice morally justified.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:54.53,0:46:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to hear now finally
Dialogue: 0,0:46:56.64,0:46:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from those of you who think
Dialogue: 0,0:46:58.55,0:47:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even with consent
Dialogue: 0,0:47:00.20,0:47:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even with a lottery
Dialogue: 0,0:47:01.90,0:47:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even with
Dialogue: 0,0:47:02.52,0:47:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a final
Dialogue: 0,0:47:04.58,0:47:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,murmur of consent from Parker
Dialogue: 0,0:47:06.95,0:47:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the
Dialogue: 0,0:47:08.02,0:47:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very last moment
Dialogue: 0,0:47:09.18,0:47:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would still
Dialogue: 0,0:47:10.84,0:47:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:47:12.64,0:47:14.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why would it be wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:47:14.25,0:47:16.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's what I want to hear.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:16.100,0:47:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well the whole time
Dialogue: 0,0:47:18.82,0:47:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been leaning towards the categorical moral reasoning
Dialogue: 0,0:47:22.64,0:47:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think that
Dialogue: 0,0:47:25.57,0:47:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a possibility I'd be okay with the idea of the lottery and then loser
Dialogue: 0,0:47:29.61,0:47:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking into their own hands to
Dialogue: 0,0:47:31.44,0:47:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kill themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:47:32.75,0:47:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:33.68,0:47:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there wouldn't be an act of murder but I still think that
Dialogue: 0,0:47:37.36,0:47:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even that way it's coerced and also I don't think that there's any remorse like in
Dialogue: 0,0:47:42.28,0:47:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dudley's diary
Dialogue: 0,0:47:43.34,0:47:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're getting our breakfast
Dialogue: 0,0:47:44.91,0:47:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it seems as though he's just sort of like, oh,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:47.66,0:47:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know that whole idea of not valuing someone else's life
Dialogue: 0,0:47:51.44,0:47:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that makes me
Dialogue: 0,0:47:53.64,0:47:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feel like I have to take the categorical stance. You want to throw the book at him.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:57.97,0:48:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he lacks remorse or a sense of having done anything wrong. Right.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:02.30,0:48:06.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, good so are there any other
Dialogue: 0,0:48:06.97,0:48:08.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,defenders who
Dialogue: 0,0:48:08.77,0:48:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who say it's just categorically wrong, with or without consent, yes stand up. Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:48:13.27,0:48:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think undoubtedly the way our society is shaped, murder is murder
Dialogue: 0,0:48:17.29,0:48:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,murder is murder and every way our society looks down at it in the same light
Dialogue: 0,0:48:21.83,0:48:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I don't think it's any different in any case. Good now let me ask you a question,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:24.78,0:48:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were three lives at stake
Dialogue: 0,0:48:27.12,0:48:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus one,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:30.49,0:48:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one, that the cabin boy, he had no family
Dialogue: 0,0:48:33.03,0:48:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he had no dependents,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:34.51,0:48:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these other three had families back home in England they had dependents
Dialogue: 0,0:48:38.74,0:48:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had wives and children
Dialogue: 0,0:48:41.42,0:48:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think back to Bentham,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:43.33,0:48:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bentham says we have to consider
Dialogue: 0,0:48:44.99,0:48:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the welfare, the utility, the happiness
Dialogue: 0,0:48:48.05,0:48:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of everybody. We have to add it all up
Dialogue: 0,0:48:51.29,0:48:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's not just numbers three against one
Dialogue: 0,0:48:54.64,0:48:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's also all of those people at home
Dialogue: 0,0:48:58.76,0:49:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact the London newspaper at the time
Dialogue: 0,0:49:00.91,0:49:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and popular opinion sympathized with them
Dialogue: 0,0:49:04.25,0:49:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dudley in Stephens
Dialogue: 0,0:49:05.48,0:49:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the paper said if they weren't
Dialogue: 0,0:49:07.92,0:49:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,motivated
Dialogue: 0,0:49:08.28,0:49:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by affection
Dialogue: 0,0:49:09.64,0:49:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and concern for their loved ones at home and dependents, surely they wouldn't have
Dialogue: 0,0:49:13.49,0:49:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,done this. Yeah, and how is that any different from people
Dialogue: 0,0:49:15.97,0:49:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the corner
Dialogue: 0,0:49:17.37,0:49:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to having the same desire to feed their family, I don't think it's any different. I think in any case
Dialogue: 0,0:49:21.11,0:49:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I'm murdering you to advance my status, that's murder and I think that we should look at all
Dialogue: 0,0:49:25.28,0:49:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of that in the same light. Instead of criminalizing certain
Dialogue: 0,0:49:28.43,0:49:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,activities
Dialogue: 0,0:49:30.28,0:49:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and making certain things seem more violent and savage
Dialogue: 0,0:49:33.76,0:49:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when in that same case it's all the same act and mentality
Dialogue: 0,0:49:36.76,0:49:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that goes into the murder, a necessity to feed their families.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:40.15,0:49:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suppose there weren't three, supposed there were thirty,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:43.03,0:49:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three hundred,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:44.61,0:49:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one life to save three hundred
Dialogue: 0,0:49:47.36,0:49:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in more time,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:48.35,0:49:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three thousand
Dialogue: 0,0:49:49.59,0:49:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or suppose the stakes were even bigger.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:51.04,0:49:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suppose the stakes were even bigger
Dialogue: 0,0:49:52.78,0:49:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's still the same deal.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:54.61,0:49:58.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you think Bentham was wrong to say the right thing to do
Dialogue: 0,0:49:58.11,0:49:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to add
Dialogue: 0,0:49:58.93,0:50:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up the collected happiness, you think he's wrong about that?
Dialogue: 0,0:50:02.48,0:50:06.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think he is wrong, but I think murder is murder in any case. Well then Bentham has to be wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:50:06.73,0:50:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're right he's wrong. okay then he's wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:09.57,0:50:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright thank you, well done.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:12.82,0:50:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, let's step back
Dialogue: 0,0:50:14.36,0:50:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from this discussion
Dialogue: 0,0:50:16.39,0:50:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and notice
Dialogue: 0,0:50:19.73,0:50:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many objections have we heard to what they did.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:23.26,0:50:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we heard some defenses of what they did
Dialogue: 0,0:50:26.05,0:50:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the defense has had to do with
Dialogue: 0,0:50:28.51,0:50:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,necessity
Dialogue: 0,0:50:28.92,0:50:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the dire circumstance and,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:32.59,0:50:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,implicitly at least,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:33.41,0:50:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea that numbers matter
Dialogue: 0,0:50:36.02,0:50:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not only numbers matter
Dialogue: 0,0:50:37.86,0:50:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the wider effects matter
Dialogue: 0,0:50:40.38,0:50:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their families back home, their dependents
Dialogue: 0,0:50:43.46,0:50:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Parker was an orphan,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:44.77,0:50:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no one would miss him.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:47.98,0:50:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if you
Dialogue: 0,0:50:49.58,0:50:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,add up
Dialogue: 0,0:50:50.83,0:50:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you tried to calculate
Dialogue: 0,0:50:52.65,0:50:53.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the balance
Dialogue: 0,0:50:53.100,0:50:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of happiness and suffering
Dialogue: 0,0:50:56.60,0:50:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might have a case for
Dialogue: 0,0:50:58.84,0:51:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saying what they did was the right thing
Dialogue: 0,0:51:02.77,0:51:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we heard at least three different types of objections,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:09.47,0:51:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we heard an objection that's said
Dialogue: 0,0:51:11.69,0:51:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they did was categorically wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:14.11,0:51:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right here at the end
Dialogue: 0,0:51:15.75,0:51:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,categorically wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:17.39,0:51:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Murder is murder it's always wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:51:19.82,0:51:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if
Dialogue: 0,0:51:20.97,0:51:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it increases the overall happiness
Dialogue: 0,0:51:23.35,0:51:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of society
Dialogue: 0,0:51:25.64,0:51:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the categorical objection.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:28.50,0:51:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we still need to investigate
Dialogue: 0,0:51:30.74,0:51:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why murder
Dialogue: 0,0:51:32.75,0:51:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is categorically wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:35.45,0:51:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it because
Dialogue: 0,0:51:38.58,0:51:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even cabin boys have certain fundamental rights?
Dialogue: 0,0:51:42.34,0:51:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if that's the reason
Dialogue: 0,0:51:44.40,0:51:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where do those rights come from if not from some idea
Dialogue: 0,0:51:47.88,0:51:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the larger welfare or utility or happiness? Question number one.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:53.21,0:51:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others said
Dialogue: 0,0:51:56.31,0:51:58.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lottery would make a difference
Dialogue: 0,0:51:58.45,0:52:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a fair procedure,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:00.04,0:52:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Matt said.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:05.95,0:52:08.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some people were swayed by that.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:08.77,0:52:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not a categorical objection exactly
Dialogue: 0,0:52:12.19,0:52:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's saying
Dialogue: 0,0:52:13.83,0:52:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everybody has to be counted as an equal
Dialogue: 0,0:52:16.80,0:52:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though, at the end of the day
Dialogue: 0,0:52:18.47,0:52:20.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one can be sacrificed
Dialogue: 0,0:52:20.77,0:52:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the general welfare.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:23.29,0:52:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That leaves us with another question to investigate,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:26.06,0:52:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why does agreement to certain procedure,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:29.67,0:52:31.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even a fair procedure,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:31.97,0:52:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,justify whatever result flows
Dialogue: 0,0:52:34.74,0:52:38.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the operation of that procedure?
Dialogue: 0,0:52:38.09,0:52:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Question number two.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:39.90,0:52:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and question number three
Dialogue: 0,0:52:42.40,0:52:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the basic idea of consent.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:45.34,0:52:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kathleen got us on to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:48.53,0:52:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the cabin boy had agreed himself
Dialogue: 0,0:52:52.72,0:52:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not under duress
Dialogue: 0,0:52:54.50,0:52:57.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as was added
Dialogue: 0,0:52:57.07,0:53:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then it would be all right to take his life to save the rest.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:01.92,0:53:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even more people signed on to that idea
Dialogue: 0,0:53:04.90,0:53:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that raises
Dialogue: 0,0:53:06.63,0:53:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a third philosophical question
Dialogue: 0,0:53:08.53,0:53:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is the moral work
Dialogue: 0,0:53:11.01,0:53:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that consent
Dialogue: 0,0:53:12.84,0:53:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does?
Dialogue: 0,0:53:14.44,0:53:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why does an act of consent
Dialogue: 0,0:53:16.98,0:53:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make such a moral difference
Dialogue: 0,0:53:19.19,0:53:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that an act that would be wrong, taking a life, without consent
Dialogue: 0,0:53:23.82,0:53:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is morally
Dialogue: 0,0:53:25.37,0:53:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,permissible
Dialogue: 0,0:53:26.36,0:53:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with consent?
Dialogue: 0,0:53:29.62,0:53:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To investigate those three questions
Dialogue: 0,0:53:31.70,0:53:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to have to read some philosophers
Dialogue: 0,0:53:34.11,0:53:35.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and starting next time
Dialogue: 0,0:53:35.73,0:53:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to read
Dialogue: 0,0:53:36.94,0:53:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bentham,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:37.72,0:53:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and John Stuart Mill, utilitarian philosophers.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:43.80,0:53:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't miss the chance to interact online with other viewers of Justice
Dialogue: 0,0:53:43.80,0:53:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,join the conversation,
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Dialogue: 0,0:54:36.22,0:54:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Funding for the program is provided by
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