[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.51,0:03:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.76,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Narrator] These days, you hear music all the time.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wakes us up, motivates our workouts,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keeps us company on our commutes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesné matter what kind of music it is,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,music itself has the ability to affect our moods and our bodies
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all sorts of ways.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We nod our heads, we sway, dance.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music can give us chills,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even make us cry.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music activates every area of the brain we have so far mapped.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, there's no area of the brain we know about
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that music doesn't touch in some way.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's behind all that?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What exactly does music do to us?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To find out, I went to a whole series of tests
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,designed to measure my responses to musiC.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I met some kids whose brains may actually be changing,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thanks to those hours of learning, practice, and performing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I spoke with a therapist who used music to help former congressman [ ] learn to speak again,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and got a glimpse inside the brain of a two-time winning artist while he played,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all to find out how music affects us.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's going on when we listen to music?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We visited the USC Brain and Creativity Institute,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I had my head examined, literally,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to figure it out.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to go into this [FMRI] machine,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a tiny tube will surround me.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll get a baseline reading of my brain,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then I'm going to listen to some music.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to see how my brain responds.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just close your eyes, relax,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try and get into the music as best you can, okay?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's what we saw.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are scans of my brain.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The areas in red are where my activity is above average;
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in blue, below average.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can see, there is red activity all over my brain,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just in one specific area.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty-five years ago, the idea was that language is on the left side of the brain
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and music is in the right side of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now that we've got better quality tools,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,higher resolution imaging and better experimental methods,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've discovered that's not at all right.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does that play out in different regions of the brain?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When music enters and then gets shuttled off to different parts of the brain
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it stops at specialized processing units in auditory cortex,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they track loudness and pitch and rhythm and [tambour] and things like that,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's visual cortex activation when you're reading music as a musician
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or watching music
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,motor cortex when you're tapping your feet, snapping your fingers, clapping you hands;
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cerebellum which mediates the emotional responses;
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the memory and the hippocampus,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hearing a familiar passage,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finding it somewhere in your memory banks.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music is going on in both halves of your brain,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the left and the right,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the front and the back,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the inside and the outside.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what about a musicians's brain?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To play a piece of music engages so many things:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,motor systems, timing systens, memory systems, hearing systems.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's all sorts of brain activity happening.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very robust thing to play music.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm Alex Jacob Robertson.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm Nathan Glenn Robertson.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We asked these 11-year old musicians
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tell us what's going through their minds as they play.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the most important things are
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think good posture,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting the note right,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,legato, staccato.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[violin playing]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the violin, you need to hold your hand\Nat the right place
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you need to be in tune
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you also have to have\Nnot only the right intonation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the right sound
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you also need to have great vibrato.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's lot of things to think about.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[violin playing]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Narrator] Back at USC,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,researchers have been studying kids\Nwho play music over the past five years
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see how it effects their development.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The multi-tasking areas of their brains\Nunderstandable lit up
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they've seen other results too.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music training over the course of five years
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has had benefits in cognitive skills and decision making,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also had some benefits in social behavior
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've also seen changes\Nin the associated brain structures.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did you hear that?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Changes in brain structures.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They found that the brains of children\Nwho have studied music
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cast stronger connections\Nbetween the left and right hemispheres
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that can make them better,\Nmore creative problem solvers.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's emotion.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[emotional music]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you hear a piece like this
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's easy to understand why emotions\Nplay such a big part in music.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This song by Camille Saint-Saëns is known\Nas the music for the dying swan in ballet.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well it might move ballerinas to dance\Nit inspires different reactions in others.\NSome people get goosebumps, chills,\Nthat weird tingly sensation that you get when\Na great piece of music just hits you in the right way.\NIt's called frisson and not everyone gets it\Nbut it turns out I do.\NNow we're gonna have you listen\Nto some pieces of music.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you experience a chill,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you do, I want you to just press\Nthis space bar
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we have an indication
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of when those sort of peak moments of\Nenjoyment are happening.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Max Sachs, a PhD candidate at USC
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wired me up\Nto measure my physiological response.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I'm feeling that kind of emotional connection
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has a physical manifestation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll see what my body is actually doing?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Exactly.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[dramatic music]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, how was that?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was, that had a lot of them.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We got them all.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now full disclosure back in the day
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I played the cello
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which might have something to do\Nwith why that particular song affected me.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nice hair.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it turns out the brain is at work here too.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We processed the difference
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between this pathway that connects the auditory regions\Non the side of the brain here,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the emotional regions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we showed that the tract actually that connects those\Ntwo regions is stronger,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's more fibers,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that region in the people who get chills.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which means that some people's brains\Nmight have better communication
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between what they hear and how they feel.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The music itself also plays a role in frisson.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sachs uses different songs in his lectures\Nto see if students get it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll say raise your hand when you get a chill
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'll play a piece of music, a classical piece,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe half the people will get it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Narrator] Then he plays this..
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rolling Stone's Give me Shelter.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you ever seen the movie 20 Feet from Stardom,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the documentary?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh about back up singers?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, there's a part Where They Isolate\Nthe vocals from Give me Shelter.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪from murder yeah ♪
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪It's just a shot away ♪
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪It's just a shot away ♪
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I play that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 90% of the people experience chills
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of independent of where I go.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to tell you, bringing that up
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made me think about it and I got that little\Nkind of thing at the back of neck.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why would that happen?\NThe high pitched notes that she hits\Nalmost sounds like a scream and\Nit's very important ancestrally for us\Nto be able to pay attention\Nto a scream, figure out what's going on\Nand either run or fight, whatever we need to do.\N[Narrator] So how come that manifests as pleasure?\NWell it's because our pre-frontal cortex\Nthe more rational, thinking part of the brain kicks in.\NSo you realize very quickly after you have\Nthis really quick startle reflex\Nthat there's nothing actually threatening\Nabout the piece of music\Nthat you're sitting in a safe space\Nwith your headphones on and it's in that\Nreappraisal that we tend to think\Nof the pleasure responses emerging.\NAnd whether you find listening to music\Nso pleasurable that you get chills\Nor you absolutely despise a song\Nit can produce absolutely fascinating\Neffects in the brain.\NAccording to Levitan music we enjoy triggers\Nthe brain's internal opiod system, yes, opiod system.\NAnd just like the opioids that come in pill form\Nthese chemicals make you feel good and help relive pain.\NAnd music you don't like well that releases cortisol,\Nthe notorious stress hormone.\NBut that's not even the half of what music\Ncan do in the brain.\NCan you turn on the lights?\N[Narrator] When former Congresswomen Gabrielle Giffords\Nwas shot in 2011 the left side of her brain\Nwas severely damaged leaving her struggling\Nto speak, a condition called aphasia.\NGabby are you frustrated?\N[Narrator] But to get an idea of just how\Npowerful music's effect on the brain can be\Nwatch this video.\NYou ready?\N[Together] This little light of mine\NI'm gonna let it shine.\NThat words that she'd been\Nstruggling to say, light, can easily be in song.\NWhy would she be able to sing a word\Nwhen she's unable to say it?\NWhat we know about the brain is that\Nthe left hemisphere controls language\Nand there are many other parts of the brain\Nthat have music access.\NMusic therapist Maegan Morrow's job\Nis to help patients use those other\Npathways to regain language.\NSometimes I compare it to\Nbeing in traffic and you can't move\Nany further but you might need to exit\Nand take the feeder road to get you to your destination.\NSo music is basically like that feeder road\Nto the new destination.\NLike a detour, so we know that music\Ncan help us relearn things like speech\Nby accessing alternative pathways in the brain\Nand that learning to play music can help\Nstrengthen brain connections.\NBut what about making music?\NTo make music is like, it's the language\Nof humanity, no matter where I go in the world,\Nif I'm playing something, it doesn't matter if\Nsomeone can't speak the language, if they're\Ninto it they're into it.\N[Narrator] This is Xavier Dphrepaulezz better known as\NFantastic Negrito.\NWe brought him to UCSF to meet Charles Limb\Na neuroscientist who studies musical creativity.\NThe Duffler's up next.\N[Narrator] To understand how Fantastic Negrito's brain\Nworks when making music Dr. Limb had him\Nplay on of his songs while going\Nthrough the fMRI.\N[Fantastic Negrito singing]\Nso how did his brain respond?\NThe areas that process sensory and motor skills\Nalong with sounds lit up, you can see them here.\NRed and yellow, makes sense right?\NBut here's the really interesting part,\NLimb asked him to improvise\Nto see what happens when he's creating\Nsomething totally original.\N[Fantastic Negrito singing]\Nnow watch what happens to his brain.\NThe areas that were active before\Nthe ones that deal with motor skills\Nand sounds are even more active.\NAnd see how there's way more blue\Nin the front of his brain?\NThat's the pre-frontal cortex\Nand it's associated with effortful planning\Nand conscience self-monitoring\Nand it's blue because it's less active.\NWe see that the pre-frontal cortex appears to be\Nreally shutting down in these moments\Nof high creativity kind of like letting of\Nof these conscious self-censoring or self-monitoring\Nareas that normally are there to help control our output.\N[Narrator] And Limb says it's about\Nmore than just letting go.\NYou view it from perspective of survival\Nif human beings only could do memorized route responses\Nwe'd be long gone.\NIt is not just the thing that happens in clubs\Nand in jazz bars, it's actually maybe\Nthe most fundamental form of what it means to be human\Nto come up with new ideas.\N[singing]\N[Narrator] So music is so much more than notes\Non a page, it can change the way we\Nthink and speak and feel but is there\Na limit to what science can tell us about music?\NJust when I discover the answer to one thing\Nfive new questions pop up that are more\Ninteresting than the first and I've gained\Nan appreciation for how complex the music making\Nand music listening system is.\NIt's not demystified to me at all.\NIt's more mysterious than ever.\N[signing]\N[clapping]Some of the most important things are\NI think good posture, getting the note right,\Nlegato, staccato.\N[violin playing]\NFor the violin you need to hold your hand\Nat the right place and you need to be in tune\Nand then you also have to have not only\Nthe right intonation but the right sound\Nand then you also need to have great vibrato.\NThere's lot of things to think about.\N[violin playing]\N[Narrator] Back at USC researchers have been studying\Nkids who play music over the past five years\Nto see how it effects their development.\NThe multi-tasking areas of their brains\Nunderstandable lit up but they've seen other results too.\NMusic training over the course of five years\Nhas had benefits in cognitive skills and decision\Nmaking, also had some benefits in social behavior\Nand we've also seen changes in the associated\Nbrain structures.\NDid you hear that?\NChanges in brain structures.\NThey found that the brains of children\Nwho have studied music cast stronger connections\Nbetween the left and right hemispheres\Nand that can make them better,\Nmore creative problem solvers.\NAnd then there's emotion.\N[emotional music]\NWhen you hear a piece like this\Nit's easy to understand why emotions\Nplay such a big part in music.\NThis song by Camille Saint-Saëns is known\Nas the music for the dying swan in ballet.\NWell it might move ballerinas to dance\Nit inspires different reactions in others.\NSome people get goosebumps, chills,\Nthat weird tingly sensation that you get when\Na great piece of music just hits you in the right way.\NIt's called frisson and not everyone gets it\Nbut it turns out I do.\NNow we're gonna have you listen\Nto some pieces of music.\NOkay\NWhen you experience a chill,\Nif you do, I want you to just press\Nthis space bar so we have an indication of\Nwhen those sort of peak moments of\Nenjoyment are happening.\NOkay.\NMax Sachs, a PhD candidate at USC wired me up\Nto measure my physiological response.\NSo when I'm feeling that kind of emotional connection\Nthat has a physical manifestation\Nwe'll see what my body is actually doing?\NExactly.\N[dramatic music]\NAlright, how was that?\NThat was, that had a lot of them.\NWe got them all.\NNow full disclosure back in the day\NI played the cello which might have something\Nto do with why that particular song effected me.\NNice hair.\NBut it turns out the brain is at work here too.\NWe processed the difference between\Nthis pathway that connects the auditory regions\Non the side of the brain here, to the emotional regions\Nand we showed that the tract actually that connects those\Ntwo regions is stronger, there's more fibers,\Nin that region in the people who get chills.\NWhich means that some people's brains\Nmight have better communication\Nbetween what they hear and how they feel.\NThe music itself also plays a role in frisson.\NSachs uses different songs in his lectures\Nto see if students get it.\NI'll say raise your hand when you get a chill\Nand I'll play a piece of music, a classical piece,\Nand maybe half the people will get it.\N[Narrator] Then he plays this..\NRolling Stone's Give me Shelter.\NHave you ever seen the movie 20 Feet from Stardom,\Nthe documentary?\NOh about back up singers?\NYeah, there's a part Where They Isolate\Nthe vocals from Give me Shelter.\N♪from murder yeah ♪\N♪It's just a shot away ♪\N♪It's just a shot away ♪\Nand I play that and 90% of the people\Nexperience chills sort of independent of where I go.\NI have to tell you, bringing that up\Nmade me think about it and I got that little\Nkind of thing at the back of neck.\NBut why would that happen?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The high pitched notes that she hits\Nalmost sounds like a scream and\Nit's very important ancestrally for us\Nto be able to pay attention\Nto a scream, figure out what's going on\Nand either run or fight, whatever we need to do.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Narrator] So how come that manifests as pleasure?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well it's because our pre-frontal cortex
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more rational, thinking part of the brain kicks in.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you realize very quickly after you have\Nthis really quick startle reflex
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there's nothing actually threatening\Nabout the piece of music
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you're sitting in a safe space\Nwith your headphones on and it's in that\Nreappraisal that we tend to think\Nof the pleasure responses emerging.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And whether you find listening to music\Nso pleasurable that you get chills\Nor you absolutely despise a song
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can produce absolutely fascinating\Neffects in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to Levitan music we enjoy triggers\Nthe brain's internal opiod system, yes, opiod system.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just like the opioids that come in pill form
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these chemicals make you feel good and help relive pain.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And music you don't like well that releases cortisol,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the notorious stress hormone.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not even the half of what music\Ncan do in the brain.\NCan you turn on the lights?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Narrator] When former Congresswomen Gabrielle Giffords\Nwas shot in 2011
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the left side of her brain\Nwas severely damaged
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaving her struggling\Nto speak,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a condition called aphasia.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gabby are you frustrated?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Narrator] But to get an idea of just how\Npowerful music's effect on the brain can be
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,watch this video.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You ready?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Together] This little light of mine\NI'm gonna let it shine.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That words that she'd been\Nstruggling to say, light,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can easily be in song.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would she be able to sing a word\Nwhen she's unable to say it?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we know about the brain
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the left hemisphere controls language
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are many other parts of the brain\Nthat have music access.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music therapist Maegan Morrow's job
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to help patients use those other\Npathways to regain language.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes I compare it to being in traffic
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can't move any further
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you might need to exit\Nand take the feeder road
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get you to your destination.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So music is basically like that feeder road
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the new destination.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like a detour, so we know that music\Ncan help us relearn things like speech
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by accessing alternative pathways in the brain
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that learning to play music can help\Nstrengthen brain connections.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what about making music?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make music is like,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the language of humanity,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter where I go in the world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I'm playing something,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't matter if\Nsomeone can't speak the language,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they're into it they're into it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Narrator] This is Xavier Dphrepaulezz better known as Fantastic Negrito.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We brought him to UCSF to meet Charles Limb
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a neuroscientist who studies musical creativity.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Duffler's up next.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Narrator] To understand how Fantastic Negrito's brain works when making music
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Limb had him play on of his songs\Nwhile going through the fMRI.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Fantastic Negrito singing]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so how did his brain respond?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The areas that process sensory and motor skills\Nalong with sounds lit up,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see them here.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Red and yellow, makes sense right?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here's the really interesting part,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Limb asked him to improvise
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see what happens when he's creating\Nsomething totally original.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Fantastic Negrito singing]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now watch what happens to his brain.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The areas that were active before\Nthe ones that deal with motor skills and sounds
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are even more active.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And see how there's way more blue\Nin the front of his brain?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the pre-frontal cortex
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's associated with effortful planning\Nand conscience self-monitoring
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's blue because it's less active.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see that the pre-frontal cortex
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appears to be really shutting down\Nin these moments of high creativity
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of like letting of of these conscious\Nself-censoring or self-monitoring areas
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that normally are there to help control our output.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Narrator] And Limb says\Nit's about more than just letting go.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You view it from perspective of survival
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if human beings only could do memorized route responses,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd be long gone.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not just the thing that happens\Nin clubs and in jazz bars,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's actually maybe\Nthe most fundamental form
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what it means to be human
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come up with new ideas.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[singing]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Narrator] So music is so much more\Nthan notes on a page,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can change the way we think and speak and feel
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is there a limit to what science can tell us about music?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just when I discover the answer to one thing
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five new questions pop up that are more
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interesting than the first and I've gained
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an appreciation for how complex the music making
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and music listening system is.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not demystified to me at all.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's more mysterious than ever.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[signing]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[clapping]