[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.11,0:00:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (guitar music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.02,0:00:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}These days, \Nwe hear music all the time.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.60,0:00:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}It wakes us up, motivates our workouts,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.40,0:00:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}keeps us company on our commutes.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.83,0:00:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}It doesn't matter\Nwhat kind of music it is,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.83,0:00:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}music itself has the ability\Nto affect our moods and our bodies{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.23,0:00:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}in all sorts of ways.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.97,0:00:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}We nod our heads, we sway, dance.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.14,0:00:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Music can give us chills,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.50,0:00:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}even make us cry.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.92,0:00:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music activates every area\Nof the brain that we have so far mapped.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.78,0:00:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no area of the brain we know about
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.94,0:00:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that music doesn't touch in some way.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.14,0:00:34.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's behind all that?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.49,0:00:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What exactly does music do to us?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.20,0:00:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}To find out, I went\Nto a whole series of tests{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.58,0:00:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}designed to measure my responses to music.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.59,0:00:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}I met some kids whose brains\Nmay actually be changing,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.24,0:00:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}thanks to those hours\Nof learning, practice, and performing.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.52,0:00:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}I spoke with a therapist who used music{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.86,0:00:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}to help former congresswoman\NGabrielle Giffords{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.16,0:00:54.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}learn to speak again,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.77,0:00:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}and got a glimpse inside the brain{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.16,0:00:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}of a two-time Grammy-winning artist{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.70,0:00:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}while he played...{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.70,0:01:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (playing and singing) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.65,0:01:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}...all to find out how music affects us.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.22,0:01:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (upbeat music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.54,0:01:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}So, what's going on\Nwhen we listen to music?{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.94,0:01:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}We visited the USC Brain\Nand Creativity Institute,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.14,0:01:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}where I had my head examined, literally,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.66,0:01:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}to try to figure it out.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.92,0:01:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to go into this fMRI machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.42,0:01:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}A tiny tube will surround me.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.29,0:01:23.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}We'll get a baseline reading of my brain.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.31,0:01:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Then I'm going to listen to some music,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.19,0:01:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}and we're going to see\Nhow my brain responds.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.34,0:01:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just close your eyes, relax,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.60,0:01:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try and get into the music\Nas best you can, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.76,0:01:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (classical music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.89,0:01:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}And here's what we saw.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.27,0:01:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}These are scans of my brain.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.60,0:01:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}The areas in red are where\Nmy activity is above average;{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.24,0:01:38.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}in blue, below average.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.51,0:01:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}As you can see, \Nthere's red activity all over my brain,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.81,0:01:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}not just in one specific area.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.83,0:01:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Daniel) Twenty-five years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.04,0:01:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea was that language\Nis in the left side of the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.08,0:01:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and music is in\Nthe right side of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.14,0:01:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now that we've got\Nbetter quality tools,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.60,0:01:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,higher resolution neuroimaging,\Nand better experimental methods,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.84,0:02:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've discovered that's not at all right.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.29,0:02:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does that play out\Nin different regions of the brain?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.90,0:02:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When music enters\Nand then gets shuttled off
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.91,0:02:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}to different parts of the brain,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.33,0:02:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}it stops at specialized processing units\Nin auditory cortex.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.36,0:02:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}They track loudness and pitch and rhythm{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.66,0:02:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}and timbre and things like that.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.93,0:02:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}There's visual cortex activation\Nwhen you're reading music as a musician{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.93,0:02:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}or watching music.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.36,0:02:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Motor cortex,\Nwhen you're tapping your feet,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.56,0:02:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}snapping your fingers, \Nclapping your hands.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.76,0:02:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}And cerebellum, which mediates\Nthe emotional responses.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.78,0:02:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}The memory system and the hippocampus,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.23,0:02:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}hearing a familiar passage,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.11,0:02:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}finding it somewhere in your memory banks.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.80,0:02:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music is going on\Nin both halves of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.18,0:02:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the left and the right,\Nthe front and the back,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.19,0:02:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the inside and the outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.76,0:02:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (singing) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.86,0:02:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}So what about a musician's brain?{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.15,0:02:50.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To play a piece of music\Nengages so many things:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.11,0:02:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}motor systems, timing systems,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.69,0:02:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}memory systems, hearing systems.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.18,0:02:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}There's all sorts\Nof brain activity happening.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.19,0:03:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very robust thing to play music.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.86,0:03:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (Chopin, "Fantaisie-Impromptu") ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.64,0:03:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm Alex Jacob Robertson.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.95,0:03:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm Nathan Glenn Robertson.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.51,0:03:09.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}We asked\Nthese 11-year-old musicians{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.33,0:03:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}to tell us what's going through\Ntheir minds when they play.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.56,0:03:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the most important things\Nare, I think, good postures,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.96,0:03:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}getting the note right,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.49,0:03:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}legato, staccato.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.98,0:03:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (violin) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.51,0:03:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the violin, you need to hold\Nyour hand at the right place,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.76,0:03:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}and you need to be in tune,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.08,0:03:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}and then you also have to have\Nnot only the right intonation{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.60,0:03:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}but the right sound,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.11,0:03:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}and then you also need\Nto have great vibrato.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.62,0:03:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}There's a lot of things to think about.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.48,0:03:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}Back at USC,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.57,0:03:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}researchers have been studying kids\Nwho play music over the past five years{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.10,0:03:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}to see how it affects their development.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.38,0:03:48.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}The multitasking areas of their brains\Nunderstandably lit up,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.11,0:03:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}but they've seen other results, too.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.92,0:03:52.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music training\Nover the course of five years
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.07,0:03:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has had benefits in cognitive skills\Nand decision-making.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.44,0:03:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also had some benefits\Nin prosocial behavior,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.18,0:04:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've also seen changes\Nin the associated brain structures.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.82,0:04:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}Did you hear that?\NChanges in brain structures!{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.54,0:04:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}They found that the brains of children\Nwho have studied music{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.01,0:04:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}have stronger connections\Nbetween the right and left hemispheres,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.73,0:04:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}and that can make them better,\Nmore creative problem-solvers.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.39,0:04:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}And then there's emotion.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.42,0:04:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (cello) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.74,0:04:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}When you hear a piece like this...{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.42,0:04:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (Saint-Saëns, "Le Cygne") ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.30,0:04:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}...it's easy to understand why emotions\Nplay such a big part in music.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.48,0:04:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}This song by Camille Saint-Saëns{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.38,0:04:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}is known as the music\Nfor{\i0} The Dying Swan {\i1}in ballet.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.88,0:04:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}While it might move ballerinas to dance,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.84,0:04:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}it inspires different reactions in others.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.20,0:04:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (cello continues) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.60,0:04:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Some people get goosebumps, the chills.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.41,0:04:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}That weird tingly sensation that you get{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.32,0:04:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}when a great piece of music\Njust hits you in the right way?{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.08,0:04:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}It's called frisson, \Nand not everyone gets it.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.15,0:04:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}But it turns out I do.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.82,0:04:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we're going to have you listen\Nto some pieces of music.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.01,0:05:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you experience a chill, if you do,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.16,0:05:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to just press this space bar,\Nso we have an indication
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.48,0:05:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of when the peak moments\Nof enjoyment are happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.02,0:05:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}Matt Sachs, \Na PhD candidate at USC,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.86,0:05:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}wired me up to measure\Nmy physiological response.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.97,0:05:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I'm feeling\Nthat emotional connection
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.64,0:05:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has a physical manifestation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.06,0:05:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll see what my body is actually doing?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.26,0:05:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Exactly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.90,0:05:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (cello) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.47,0:05:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (Saint-Saëns, "Le Cygne") ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.18,0:05:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, how was that?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.53,0:05:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was-- That had a lot of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.55,0:05:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We got them all.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.62,0:05:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}Now, full disclosure:\Nback in the day, I played the cello,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.55,0:05:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}which might have something to do\Nwith why that particular song affected me.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.80,0:05:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Nice hair!{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.80,0:05:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it turns out the brain\Nis at work here too.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.38,0:05:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We processed the difference\Nbetween this pathway
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.60,0:05:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that connects the auditory regions,\Nwhich is on the side of the brain here,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.12,0:05:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the emotional regions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.31,0:05:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we showed that the tract\Nactually that connects those two regions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.63,0:05:55.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is stronger.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.77,0:05:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's more fibers in that region\Nin people who get chills.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.34,0:06:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}Which means some people's brains\Nmight have better communication{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.88,0:06:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}between what they hear and how they feel.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.29,0:06:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}The music itself also plays\Na role in frisson.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.54,0:06:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Sachs uses different songs in his lectures\Nto see if students get it.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.100,0:06:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll say, "Raise your hand\Nwhen you get a chill,"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.40,0:06:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I play a piece of music, \Na classical piece,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.90,0:06:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe half the people will get it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.60,0:06:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}But then he plays this...{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.33,0:06:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (rock music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.48,0:06:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}...Rolling Stone's{\i0} Gimme Shelter.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.55,0:06:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you ever seen the movie\N{\i1}20 Feet from Stardom{\i0}?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.53,0:06:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- The documentary about backup singers?\N- Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.42,0:06:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a part where they isolate\Nthe vocals from {\i1}Gimme Shelter{\i0}.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.98,0:06:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (backing vocals only) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.58,0:06:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I play that, and 90%\Nof the people experience chills,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.35,0:06:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of independent of where I go.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.01,0:06:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to tell you, bringing that up\Nmade me think about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.80,0:06:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I got that little kind of thing\Nat the back of my neck.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.13,0:06:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}But why would that happen?{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.58,0:06:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The high-pitched notes that she hit\Nalmost sounds like a scream,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.43,0:06:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's very important ancestrally for us\Nto be able to pay attention to a scream,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.13,0:06:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figure out what's going on,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.48,0:06:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and either run or fight, \Nwhatever we need to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.88,0:07:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}So how come\Nthat manifests as pleasure?{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.78,0:07:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Well, it's because our pre-frontal cortex,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.98,0:07:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}the more rational\Nthinking part of the brain,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.72,0:07:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}kicks in.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.72,0:07:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you realize very quickly,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.41,0:07:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after you have\Nthis really quick startle reflex,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.28,0:07:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there's nothing actually threatening\Nabout the piece of music,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.61,0:07:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you're sitting in a safe space\Nwith your headphones on,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.03,0:07:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's in that reappraisal
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.45,0:07:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we tend to think\Nof the pleasure responses emerging.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.31,0:07:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And whether you find listening to music\Nso pleasurable you get chills
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.72,0:07:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you absolutely despise a song,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.03,0:07:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can produce absolutely\Nfascinating effects in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.24,0:07:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}According to Levitin, music we enjoy{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.27,0:07:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}triggers the brain's\Ninternal opioid system--{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.80,0:07:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes, opioid system.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.30,0:07:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like the opioids\Nthat come in pill form,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.38,0:07:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these chemicals make you feel good\Nand help relieve pain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.13,0:07:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And music you don't like? \NWell, that releases cortisol,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.90,0:07:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the notorious stress hormone.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.52,0:07:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not even half\Nof what music can do in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.44,0:07:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Can you turn on the l-l-l-l-lights?\N- L-l-l-l...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.61,0:07:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,merry chicken.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.58,0:07:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}When former congresswomen\NGabrielle Giffords was shot in 2011,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.92,0:08:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}the left side of her brain\Nwas severely damaged,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.18,0:08:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}leaving her struggling to speak,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.73,0:08:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}a condition called aphasia.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.53,0:08:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(whimpering)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.82,0:08:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gabby, are you frustrated?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.100,0:08:10.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}But to get an idea\Nof just how powerful{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.100,0:08:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}music's effect on the brain can be,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.70,0:08:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}watch this video.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.85,0:08:14.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You ready?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.100,0:08:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(both) ♪ {\i1}This little light of mine,\NI'm gonna let it shine{\i0} ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.78,0:08:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}That word that she'd been\Nstruggling to say-- "light"{\i0}--
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.38,0:08:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}came easily in song.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.33,0:08:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would she be able to sing a word\Nwhen she's unable to say it?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.16,0:08:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we know about the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.80,0:08:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the left hemisphere\Ncontrols language,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.15,0:08:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are many\Nother parts of the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.92,0:08:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have music access.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.98,0:08:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}Music therapist\NMaegan Morrow's job{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.92,0:08:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}is to help patients use\Nthose other pathways to regain language.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.68,0:08:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Maegan) {\i1}Sometimes I compare it\Nto being in traffic,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.48,0:08:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can't move any further,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.31,0:08:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you might need to exit\Nand take a feeder road
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.50,0:08:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get you to your destination.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.80,0:09:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So music is basically\Nlike that feeder road
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.51,0:09:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the new destination.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.03,0:09:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}Like a detour.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.69,0:09:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}So we know that music\Ncan help us relearn things like speech{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.63,0:09:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}by accessing alternative\Npathways in the brain,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.18,0:09:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}and that learning to play music\Ncan help strengthen brain connections.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.47,0:09:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}But what about making music?{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.62,0:09:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (upbeat music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.26,0:09:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make music is like--
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.73,0:09:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the language of humanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.54,0:09:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No matter where I go in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.24,0:09:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,man, if I'm playing something,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.68,0:09:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't matter if someone\Ncan't speak the language--
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.30,0:09:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they're into it, they're into it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.27,0:09:32.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}This is Xavier Dphrepaulezz,\Nbetter known as Fantastic Negrito.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.40,0:09:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}We brought him to UCSF\Nto meet Charles Limb,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.83,0:09:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}a neuroscientist\Nwho studies musical creativity.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.35,0:09:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}The Duffler's{\i0} up next.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.50,0:09:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}To understand\Nhow Fantastic Negrito's brain works{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.86,0:09:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}when he's making music,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.05,0:09:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Dr. Limb had him play one of his songs\Nwhile going through the fMRI.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.48,0:09:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (Fantastic Negrito singing) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.88,0:09:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}So how did his brain respond?{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.98,0:09:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}The areas that process sensory\Nand motor skills, along with sounds,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.88,0:09:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}lit up.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.88,0:10:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}You can see them here in red and yellow.\NMakes sense, right?{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.98,0:10:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}But here's the really interesting part.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.68,0:10:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Limb asked him to improvise{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.17,0:10:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}to see what happens when he's creating\Nsomething totally original.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.24,0:10:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ {\i1}Like Star Wars in my head{\i0} ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.67,0:10:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ {\i1}It's like Star Wars in my head{\i0} ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.41,0:10:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ {\i1}I don't like this crazy sound{\i0} ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.22,0:10:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ {\i1}Makes me feel like I can't get down{\i0} ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.19,0:10:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Stop.\N- (laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.12,0:10:22.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}Now watch\Nwhat happens to his brain.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.11,0:10:23.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}The areas that were active before,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.71,0:10:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}the ones that deal\Nwith motor skills and sounds,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.44,0:10:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}are even more active.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.88,0:10:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}But see how there's way more blue\Nin the front of his brain?{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.38,0:10:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}That's the pre-frontal cortex,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.84,0:10:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}and it's associated\Nwith effortful planning{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.84,0:10:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}and conscience self-monitoring,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.52,0:10:36.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}and it's blue because it's less active.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.97,0:10:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see that the pre-frontal cortex\Nappears to be really shutting down
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.50,0:10:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these moments of high creativity,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.21,0:10:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of like letting go
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.35,0:10:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these conscious self-censoring\Nor self-monitoring areas
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.25,0:10:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that normally are there\Nto help control our output.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.24,0:10:53.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}And Limb says\Nit's about more than just letting go.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.17,0:10:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You view it\Nfrom a perspective of survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.90,0:10:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If human beings only could do\Nmemorized responses,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.83,0:11:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd be long gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.32,0:11:04.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}It's not just the thing that happens\Nin clubs and in jazz bars,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.13,0:11:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}it's actually maybe\Nthe most fundamental form{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.66,0:11:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what it means to be human,\Nto come up with a new idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.34,0:11:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (blues) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.23,0:11:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Peter) {\i1}So, music is so much more\Nthan notes on a page.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.23,0:11:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}It can change the way we think\Nand speak and feel.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.37,0:11:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}But is there a limit\Nto what science can tell us about music?{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.43,0:11:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just when I discover\Nthe answer to one thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.19,0:11:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five new questions pop up\Nthat are more interesting than the first,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.66,0:11:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}and I've gained an appreciation{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.18,0:11:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}for how complex the music-making{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.36,0:11:39.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}and music-listening system is.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.05,0:11:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not demystified for me at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.06,0:11:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's more mysterious than ever.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.88,0:11:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ {\i1}La-la-la la-la-la{\i0} ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.15,0:11:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ {\i1}La la la la-la-la-la{\i0} ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.67,0:11:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ {\i1}La-la la{\i0} ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.48,0:11:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ {\i1}Lord...{\i0} ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.29,0:11:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ {\i1}the people{\i0} ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.52,0:11:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(applause and cheering)