[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.52,0:00:02.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Petter] Aircraft accidents
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.41,0:00:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are always caused\Nby a combination
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.53,0:00:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of several factors and the thing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.41,0:00:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that gets the sequence rolling
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.98,0:00:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is often something\Nsimple and mundane.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.04,0:00:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is the\Nfirst time I've ever come
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.36,0:00:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across a single letter kicking it off.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.32,0:00:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [GPWS] Sink rate. Pull up.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.42,0:00:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Stay tuned.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.35,0:00:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever you hear the word Tenerife
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.10,0:00:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in aviation context,\Npeople almost always think
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.13,0:00:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the world's worst aviation disaster,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.09,0:00:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the collision between two Boeing 747s
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.19,0:00:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Tenerife's Los Rodeos\NAirport back in 1977.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.58,0:00:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the island of Tenerife,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.89,0:00:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the largest of Spain's Canary Islands,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.01,0:00:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually suffered a string of disasters
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.18,0:00:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the 1950s and 1980s,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.56,0:00:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who collectively claimed 950 lives
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.73,0:00:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that infamous runway collision
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.30,0:00:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was just the worst one of those.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.83,0:00:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So today, I will tell you the story
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.50,0:01:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the last major\Nincident to happen there,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.95,0:01:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a story that took place on\Na rainy spring day back in 1980.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.66,0:01:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this one, I think a lot\Nfewer of you have ever heard of.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.11,0:01:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the morning of the 25th of April 1980,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.88,0:01:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the crew of Dan-Air Flight 1008
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.25,0:01:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were preparing to depart\Nfrom Manchester in England
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.93,0:01:21.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a charter flight,\Nbringing tourists down
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.05,0:01:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards Tenerife North Airport,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.78,0:01:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then known as Los Rodeos.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.03,0:01:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the 1970s and '80s,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.85,0:01:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dan-Air was one\Nof Britain's largest operators
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.08,0:01:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of inclusive tour flights,\Nchartered by tour operators
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.35,0:01:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to transport fixed groups of people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.60,0:01:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to popular holiday destinations
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.36,0:01:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Southern Europe and North Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.36,0:01:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among the aircraft types operated
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.85,0:01:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by Dan-Air was the mighty Boeing 727,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.68,0:01:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Dan-Air were\Nactually the first British airline
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.35,0:01:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to import this model,\Nwhich had then had
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.46,0:01:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to undergo several unique modifications
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.30,0:01:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to\Nmeet British safety standards.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.45,0:01:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it would later turn out
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.53,0:01:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the 727s were a\Nfinancial disaster for Dan-Air,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.71,0:02:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but by 1980, that was\Nnot yet very obvious.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.06,0:02:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The aircraft that the\Ncrew were going to operate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.05,0:02:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this day was 14 years old
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.25,0:02:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in generally good condition
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.100,0:02:12.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and could seat a\Nmaximum of 144 passengers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.98,0:02:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with a total\Nof 138 passengers booked,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.55,0:02:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was almost completely full.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.20,0:02:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The crew consisted\Nof five flight attendants
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.55,0:02:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and three pilots, meaning that in total,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.52,0:02:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were going\Nto be 146 people on board
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.33,0:02:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once the flight got on the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.61,0:02:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The pilot in command was a very
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.06,0:02:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experienced 50-year-old captain
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.03,0:02:33.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had around\N15,300 total flight hours,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.100,0:02:37.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which included almost 2,000\Non the Boeing 727.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.80,0:02:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had flown this route\Ndown to Tenerife North
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.16,0:02:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a full 58 times before this flight,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.90,0:02:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making him very familiar\Nwith it in general.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.86,0:02:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as we will soon see,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.50,0:02:49.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being familiar with the\Ndestination doesn't mean
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.85,0:02:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it can't throw a few surprises.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.28,0:02:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His second-in-command\Nwas a 34-year-old first officer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.16,0:02:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who, on this day, had\Nabout 3,500 hours in total,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.48,0:03:02.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of which 618\Nwere flown on the 727.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.52,0:03:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the third flight crew member
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.70,0:03:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a 34-year-old flight engineer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.76,0:03:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose experience was similar\Nto that of the first officer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.32,0:03:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now all of the pilots had been off
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.95,0:03:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for more than\N24 hours before this duty
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.40,0:03:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the scheduled departure time
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.72,0:03:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was at a very civilized hour,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.30,0:03:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there's no reason to believe
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.06,0:03:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fatigue played any role
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.73,0:03:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in what was soon about to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.38,0:03:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now instead the crew were\Nlikely in a quite good mood
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.55,0:03:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they completed their\Nnormal pre-flight activities,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.15,0:03:31.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,checking weather,\NNOTAMs and flight plans,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.65,0:03:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which all looked okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.88,0:03:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looked like it was going\Nto be a very pleasant flight
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.30,0:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down towards the Canary Islands.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.67,0:03:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after having boarded everyone
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.95,0:03:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and completed the pre-flight set up,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.64,0:03:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the crew started up their engines
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.15,0:03:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and taxied out for takeoff\Nfrom Manchester at time 9.22 am,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.18,0:03:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the captain as pilot flying
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.71,0:03:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the first\Nofficer as pilot monitoring.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.21,0:03:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the climbout and cruise phases
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.14,0:03:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this flight went off without a hitch,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.98,0:03:57.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the pilots then\Nlikely started preparing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.05,0:03:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and briefing for the approach
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.37,0:04:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bit earlier\Nthan usual on this day.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.54,0:04:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that was because\Nthey had seen,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.02,0:04:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during their pre-flight briefing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.34,0:04:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the approach\Nthey had ahead of them
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.17,0:04:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was possibly going\Nto be a little bit unusual.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.28,0:04:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, in the Canary Islands,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.90,0:04:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the prevailing winds normally blew
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.07,0:04:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Atlantic Ocean in the west,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.36,0:04:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing most flights to approach
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.90,0:04:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the east using Runway 30
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.94,0:04:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to land with a headwind.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.59,0:04:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on this afternoon,\Nthe wind was instead blowing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.82,0:04:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the other direction, from the east,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.76,0:04:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forcing inbound aircraft to approach
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.08,0:04:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reciprocal Runway 12 instead.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.31,0:04:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we don't know how\Nmany times the captain
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.46,0:04:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the other crew members
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.57,0:04:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had actually used\NRunway 12 in the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.07,0:04:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was likely not something\Nthat they did very often.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.79,0:04:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to make things even worse,\NTenerife North Airport was,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.96,0:04:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still is, notorious for its frequent,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.07,0:04:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fast-building fog that can appear\Nfrom nowhere within minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.89,0:04:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The airport sits at\N2,000 feet above sea level
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.36,0:04:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a shoulder between two mountains,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.37,0:04:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the marine fog\Nthat forms over the ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.81,0:05:01.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,frequently collides with\Nthe western slopes of Tenerife
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.11,0:05:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then gets funneled
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.62,0:05:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the gap\Ndirectly over the airfield.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.17,0:05:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But like I mentioned before,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.32,0:05:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this day the reported\Nweather at the airport
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.32,0:05:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was more or less okay, with\Naround six kilometers of visibility
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.05,0:05:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and scattered clouds at 400 feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.02,0:05:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,broken at 800 feet,\Nand further scattered clouds
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.62,0:05:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at 1,100 feet with some light drizzle,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.87,0:05:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not great for sunbathing,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.16,0:05:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but good enough for normal landings.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.19,0:05:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these cloud layers also meant
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.61,0:05:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that higher up on the mountainsides,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.37,0:05:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fog was extremely thick,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.51,0:05:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so thick, in fact, that a\Nweather station located
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.96,0:05:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a close to 8,000 feet elevation
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.21,0:05:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the mountainside\Nreported nil visibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.34,0:05:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This meant that the very\Nhigh terrain south of the airport
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.01,0:05:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be completely obscured,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.07,0:05:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the nearly\N12,200-foot Teide Volcano,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.76,0:05:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the defining\Ngeographical feature on Tenerife.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.20,0:05:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because of that,\Nthe minimum safe altitude
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.14,0:05:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the airspace south\Nof Tenerife North Airport
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.74,0:06:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was 14,500 feet,\Nwhich is worth remembering.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.17,0:06:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, as the flight\Nneared the Canary Islands,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.44,0:06:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first officer made contact
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.02,0:06:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the Las Palmas\NArea Control Center,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.25,0:06:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who soon cleared them\Nto descend down to 11,000 feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.45,0:06:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first officer read this back
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.48,0:06:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the crew initiated the descent,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.65,0:06:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after they reached that altitude,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.72,0:06:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they contacted the Tenerife\NNorth approach controller
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.30,0:06:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reported that they were\Nnow 14 nautical miles
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.90,0:06:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,away from the Tango\NFoxrot November VOR beacon,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.35,0:06:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that they were ready
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.12,0:06:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to receive their approach instructions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.78,0:06:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before we continue here,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.90,0:06:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's probably worth explaining\Na bit more about
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.68,0:06:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the different approach aids
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.77,0:06:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the crew were now going to use
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.18,0:06:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as their procedures.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.96,0:06:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A VOR beacon, where VOR stands for:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.21,0:06:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very High Frequency\NOmnidirectional Range,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.41,0:06:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a type of radio navigation beacon
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.28,0:06:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was very widely used\Nin the days before GPS
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.65,0:06:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is actually still quite common,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.20,0:06:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially here in Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.61,0:06:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These VORs emit signals\Nthat are modulated differently
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.15,0:06:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on the\Ndirection of the emission,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.78,0:07:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which allow the VOR\Nreceivers on board aircraft
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.96,0:07:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to determine the\Nprecise magnetic bearing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.61,0:07:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the VOR to the aircraft.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.56,0:07:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This enables the pilots\Nto navigate using imaginary lines
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.08,0:07:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or radios defined\Nby a particular bearing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.98,0:07:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the beacon.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.98,0:07:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, the 270 degree radial
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.52,0:07:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the VOR points\Ndue west and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.43,0:07:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of airports have VORs installed
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.35,0:07:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help pilots locate the airport\Nbefore starting to maneuver
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.38,0:07:28.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the approach, and\Nit can also be used
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.35,0:07:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to align the aircraft with\Nthe runway as an approach aid
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.03,0:07:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if an instrument landing system,\NILS, is not available.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.58,0:07:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in this case, the\NTango Foxrot November VOR
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.28,0:07:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was not actually located at the airport.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.46,0:07:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead it was sitting on a hilltop,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.20,0:07:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few miles northeast of the airport
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.12,0:07:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to maximize\Nits detectable range.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.53,0:07:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Located at the northeast\Nend of Runway 12-30,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.93,0:07:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a less-sophisticated\Nbeacon called an NDB locator
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.70,0:07:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the Morse\Ncode identifier Foxrot Papa.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.21,0:08:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A non-directional beacon, or NDB,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.40,0:08:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a radio aid that can be tracked
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.83,0:08:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using an automatic\Ndirection finder, an ADF,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.31,0:08:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is a very simple\Ninstrument which just points
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.10,0:08:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the direction that\Na signal is coming from,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.89,0:08:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it doesn't\Ncontain any radial information,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.30,0:08:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which makes the NDB navigation less
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.56,0:08:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,precise than navigating using a VOR.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.04,0:08:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, because the\NFoxrot Papa beacon was used
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.84,0:08:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to mark the entry point\Nto the approach procedure
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.19,0:08:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Runway 12, it was\Nalso known as a locator
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.94,0:08:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than just an NDB.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.92,0:08:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in order to approach Runway 12,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.90,0:08:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a flight inbound from the\Nnortheast like this flight was
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.67,0:08:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would normally need to fly first
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.56,0:08:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,via the Tango Foxrot November VOR
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.10,0:08:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then turn southwest onto Radial 255,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.26,0:08:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,directly towards\Nthe Foxrot Papa NDB.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.48,0:08:48.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After reaching the Foxrot Papa,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.95,0:08:51.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the aircraft should then turn\Nright onto an outbound heading
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.87,0:08:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of 302 degrees, which\Nwould take it out over the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.80,0:08:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before making\Na teardrop course reversal
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.07,0:09:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the left back towards the airport.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.44,0:09:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And from that point, the\Naircraft would be in a position
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.29,0:09:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pick up the instrument landing system,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.36,0:09:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would then guide
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.44,0:09:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the aircraft the rest of\Nthe way down to the runway.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.96,0:09:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this was quite\Na bit more complicated
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.20,0:09:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the more commonly\Nused Runway 30 approach,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.72,0:09:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which just involved flying to\Nan NDB called Tango X-ray,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.44,0:09:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from where the instrument landing system
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.92,0:09:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could then be \Npicked up immediately.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.16,0:09:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the reason that these procedures
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.71,0:09:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had to be flown this way
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.99,0:09:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that there was no radar\Navailable at Los Rodeos Airport,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.61,0:09:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so all approaches\Nhad to be intercepted
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.78,0:09:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using procedural arrivals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.57,0:09:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then again,\Nflying procedural approaches
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.52,0:09:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would not have been\Nvery uncommon back then,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.52,0:09:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there was nothing in this procedure
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.60,0:09:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was particularly out of the ordinary,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.27,0:09:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except maybe that high\Nterrain to the southwest,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.92,0:09:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I mentioned before.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.71,0:09:48.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we're on the\Nsubject of things
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.59,0:09:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are out of the ordinary,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.14,0:09:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have you noticed that some countries
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.81,0:09:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have now blocked the ability
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.06,0:09:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make video calls\Nfrom within their borders?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.90,0:09:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I have, and that was\Na bit of an issue recently
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.78,0:10:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I needed to have a group call
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.19,0:10:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with my team to plan one of my videos.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.96,0:10:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But luckily, I had today's sponsor,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.82,0:10:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my trusted NordVPN, available to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.01,0:10:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the help of Nord,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.98,0:10:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could easily just\Nchange my virtual location
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.61,0:10:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to another country\Nwith the click of a button,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.63,0:10:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after that, voila,\Neverything worked perfectly again.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.59,0:10:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NordVPN has actually turned
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.94,0:10:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into an essential tool for my team and I,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.32,0:10:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only for accessing\Ngeo-restricted articles
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.06,0:10:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for our research,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.17,0:10:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also to enable safe\Nand encrypted browsing,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.87,0:10:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially when using dodgy\Nfree Wi-Fi hotspots
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.98,0:10:34.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at airports, restaurants and hotels.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.13,0:10:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On top of that,\NNord have also added loads
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.40,0:10:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of really effective\Ncyber security tools
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.68,0:10:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that help pre-scan emails for malware,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.18,0:10:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,block ads and much, much more,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.18,0:10:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now making them much\Nmore than just a normal VPN.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.15,0:10:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you want to add this\Ngreat tool to your toolbox,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.03,0:10:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they now have a really\Nincredible offer for my viewers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.06,0:10:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just go to nordvpn.com/pilot
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.73,0:11:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you will get four\Nextra months for free
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.46,0:11:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you sign\Nup for the two-year plan.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.56,0:11:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as always, you\Ndon't really risk anything
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.92,0:11:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since Nord always gives you\Na 30-day money-back guarantee.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.13,0:11:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you Nord,\Nand now where were we?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.73,0:11:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.90,0:11:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After establishing \Ncontact at time 13:16,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.63,0:11:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Tenerife North\NController cleared the flight
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.65,0:11:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to descend down to 6,000 feet
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.57,0:11:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in preparation to cross\NTango Foxtrot November
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.13,0:11:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then to enter\Nthe approach procedure.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.06,0:11:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The captain dialed in\Nthe new cleared altitude,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.68,0:11:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the flight engineer reduced\Nthrust in order to descend,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.20,0:11:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the first officer then reported
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.65,0:11:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the aircraft was\Nseven nautical miles away
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.66,0:11:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Tango Fox November beacon
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.85,0:11:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to get further instructions.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.60,0:11:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that same time, he\Nalso requested the local air pressure,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.66,0:11:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,QNH, in order to\Nget the correct reference
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.98,0:11:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the altitude above the sea,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.89,0:11:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also the QFE,\Nwhich would give him
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.00,0:11:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the altitude reference\Nover the airfield.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.04,0:11:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once those values\Nhad been received and set,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.34,0:11:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were then cross-checked
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.94,0:11:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in accordance with\Ntheir standard operating procedures,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.12,0:12:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the captain now also suggested
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.50,0:12:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the first officer should tune
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.90,0:12:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ILS frequency on\Nhis navigational radio box,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.10,0:12:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he also confirmed\Nthat the outbound heading
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.07,0:12:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after Foxtrot Papa\Nwould be 302 degrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.00,0:12:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at this stage,\Neverything was completely normal
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.44,0:12:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the crew seemed\Nto have a good grasp
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.32,0:12:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the procedure they\Nhad in front of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.52,0:12:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just a few miles ahead,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.75,0:12:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an island-hopping\Nturboprop belonging
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.70,0:12:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Spain's flag carrier,\NIberia, was also on approach
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.89,0:12:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Runway 12, and the crew\Non board that aircraft
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.45,0:12:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were communicating with\Nthe controller in Spanish.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.90,0:12:35.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the pilots of Flight 1008\Ndidn't understand Spanish,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.27,0:12:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from their conversations,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.78,0:12:39.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't seem like\Nthey paid much attention
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.05,0:12:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to that aircraft at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.17,0:12:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, they continued to\Nmonitor their position,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.55,0:12:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relative to the Tango\NFox November VOR,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.70,0:12:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at time 13:18:15,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.60,0:12:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the captain called out,\N"Just about to go overhead."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.60,0:12:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first officer then reminded
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.80,0:12:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the captain that the procedure called
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.17,0:12:58.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for them to leave Tango\NFox November on Radial 255.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.87,0:13:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as it turns out,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.26,0:13:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the aircraft actually passed a\Nlittle less than a mile east
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.47,0:13:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the VOR, and after passing abeam it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.17,0:13:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were also slow\Nto make the right turn,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.62,0:13:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which meant that they never
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.48,0:13:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually intercepted that 255 radial.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.16,0:13:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we can never know\Nfor sure why this happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.39,0:13:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was most likely done on purpose.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.04,0:13:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, the distance
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.74,0:13:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between Tango Fox November\Nand Foxtrot Papa was very short,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.34,0:13:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Flight 1008 was traveling
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.36,0:13:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at an airspeed of around 250 knots
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.66,0:13:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they passed abeam to the VOR.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.24,0:13:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we wouldn't fly that fast
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.74,0:13:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when starting a tight\Nprocedure like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.53,0:13:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since our aircrafts are now very slippery
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.61,0:13:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and take time to decelerate.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.08,0:13:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But older aircraft like the 727
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.03,0:13:43.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had much less effective wings,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.91,0:13:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which meant that they could\Neasily keep the speeds up high
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.91,0:13:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for longer, since the speed\Nwould just rapidly bleed off
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.21,0:13:52.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the thrust levers were closed.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.73,0:13:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This also meant that most jets
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.18,0:13:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,approaching Tenerife back then,\Nincluding this one,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.84,0:13:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would normally overshoot\Nthis first turn slightly
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.91,0:14:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before correcting course\Nin order to be able
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.86,0:14:04.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to intercept the 302 outbound course
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.37,0:14:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the NDB at a slightly\Nmore comfortable angle.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.00,0:14:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was so little time\Nbetween Tango Fox November
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.57,0:14:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Foxtrot Papa that\Nthey probably wouldn't be able
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.58,0:14:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to intercept the radial anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.53,0:14:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on top of that, if they\Nflew directly over Foxtrot Papa,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.68,0:14:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would potentially overshoot\Nthe pattern significantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.44,0:14:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which could take the aircraft
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.66,0:14:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the area south of the airport
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.32,0:14:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the minimum\Nsafe altitude was 14,500 feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.82,0:14:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is obviously not how\Nthis was supposed to be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.12,0:14:35.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lower speed would have\Nsolved all of those issues,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.19,0:14:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but sometimes, procedural\Nshortcuts like this can start
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.94,0:14:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to creep in due to\Npure convenience and time saving.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.96,0:14:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if I was to guess, this was likely
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.81,0:14:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reason that the captain\Nof this flight flew a bit wide
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.94,0:14:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the Tango Fox November.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.51,0:14:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, due to some radio chatter
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.72,0:14:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the Hapag-Lloyd flight
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.90,0:14:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was taking off from Los Rodeos
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.63,0:14:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plus some other distractions,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.43,0:14:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the flight crew didn't actually report
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.11,0:15:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crossing Tango Fox November
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.63,0:15:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until 33 seconds after they\Nhad passed abeam hit.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.56,0:15:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And like I mentioned,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.80,0:15:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tenerife North Airport\Ndidn't have radar at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.55,0:15:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so position reports like this
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.10,0:15:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were the only way for the controller
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.81,0:15:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to determine where\Nthe traffic was located.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.33,0:15:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a result, when the crew reported
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.10,0:15:20.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they had just\Npassed Tango Fox November,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.05,0:15:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the controller realized that\Nthe 727 was traveling so fast
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.23,0:15:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it would risk getting too close
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.31,0:15:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the slower Iberia\Nturboprop in front of them
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.28,0:15:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if he didn't do something.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.30,0:15:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he hastily decided\Nto put Flight 1008
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.38,0:15:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a holding pattern
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.61,0:15:38.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to ensure\Nsufficient traffic separation.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.100,0:15:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At time 13:18:54,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.20,0:15:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the approach controller\Ntransmitted the following message,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.55,0:15:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Roger, the standard\Nholding overhead Foxtrot Papa
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.46,0:15:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is inbound heading 150,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.51,0:15:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turn to the left,\Ncall you back shortly."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.20,0:15:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this would end\Nup being the critical moment
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.80,0:15:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that put the accident\Nsequence into motion.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.35,0:16:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's take a moment to analyze why.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.15,0:16:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite the controller's statement
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.51,0:16:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this was a standard holding,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.31,0:16:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was actually no officially\Npublished holding pattern
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.06,0:16:10.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the Foxtrot Papa beacon.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.90,0:16:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a published holding
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.10,0:16:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around Tango Fox November,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.71,0:16:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as around Tango X-ray,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.36,0:16:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forming part of the go-around\Nprocedure for Runway 12,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.16,0:16:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Flight 1008 was not in\Na position to enter any of those.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.38,0:16:25.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, the controller essentially
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.69,0:16:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,invented a holding pattern\Nbased on Foxtrot Papa,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.74,0:16:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he did so so quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.39,0:16:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this was likely not the first time
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.18,0:16:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he had used\Nthis particular pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.16,0:16:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's not wrong or illegal\Nto make up holding patterns.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.84,0:16:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, that happens all the time,\Nand it's perfectly okay
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.59,0:16:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as long as it doesn't cause any issues
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.23,0:16:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with terrain or traffic separation.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.83,0:16:48.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the issue here\Nwas that the controller said
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.69,0:16:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this was a standard holding,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.49,0:16:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would imply that\Nthe holding could be found
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.69,0:16:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the published approach charts,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.61,0:16:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore needed to\Nbe verified by the pilots.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.06,0:16:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On top of that, the entry
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.66,0:17:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into this suddenly-proposed\Nholding pattern
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.76,0:17:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would not be very simple
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.44,0:17:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the position that the\Naircraft was now coming from.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.86,0:17:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What the controller\Nwanted the aircraft to do
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.53,0:17:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to join a left-hand holding\Npattern over Foxtrot Papa
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.38,0:17:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with an inbound course of 150 degrees
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.78,0:17:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an outbound\Ncourse of 330 degrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.56,0:17:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it was flown that way,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.19,0:17:22.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would keep the airplane\Nover relatively low terrain.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.52,0:17:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to do this, Flight 1008
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.22,0:17:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have to first fly\Nover the beacon,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.64,0:17:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then turn right onto heading of 330,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.06,0:17:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fly outbound for one minute,\Nperform a course reversal,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.48,0:17:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then proceed inbound
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.76,0:17:37.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Foxtrot Papa again\Non the requested inbound course.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.59,0:17:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quite a complex maneuver to fly
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.22,0:17:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you're\Nalmost over the beacon.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.82,0:17:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the pilots might\Nhave eventually figured this out
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.89,0:17:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if not for a tiny slip of\Nthe tongue by the controller,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.34,0:17:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which changed this\Nentire course of events.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.51,0:17:55.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember that the\Ncontroller wanted Flight 1008
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.03,0:17:56.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fly counter-clockwise
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.71,0:17:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the holding pattern,\Nmaking left turns?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.39,0:18:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this meant that what\Nhe wanted to say
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.58,0:18:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was turns to the left,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.34,0:18:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what he actually\Nended up saying
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.78,0:18:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was, "Turn to the left," which\Nhas a very different meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.08,0:18:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turn to the left\Nis normally interpreted
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.08,0:18:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a command to turn left, right away,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.91,0:18:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was not at\Nall what the controller
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.01,0:18:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wanted them to do here.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.01,0:18:21.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What he attempted to say
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.100,0:18:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was only a description\Nof the holding pattern,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.26,0:18:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is technically just informational,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.50,0:18:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not an order, and that also made sense,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.88,0:18:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,given that he didn't\Nhave any radar available.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.53,0:18:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spanish investigators later used this
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.30,0:18:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to argue that the controller\Ndidn't bear any responsibility
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.31,0:18:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for issuing a non-standard clearance,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.21,0:18:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but given how his call actually sounded
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.78,0:18:44.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the pilots,\Nthat's not completely fair.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.04,0:18:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, when the flight\Ncrew received this message
Dialogue: 0,0:18:47.14,0:18:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the controller,\Nthey simply replied,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.20,0:18:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Roger," with no further readback
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.93,0:18:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or request for confirmation.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.84,0:18:55.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They might have thought at first
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.03,0:18:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they understood what he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.51,0:18:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but within 10 seconds,\Nthe captain realized
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.83,0:19:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he wasn't able to picture
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.34,0:19:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the controller was asking from him,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.100,0:19:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he said, that's an odd\Nsort of one, the runway.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:08.25,0:19:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He then interrupted himself
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.48,0:19:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a confirmation that\Nthey had 1,000 feet
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.63,0:19:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go to their\Ncleared altitude of 6,000 feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.48,0:19:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after that, the first officer said,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.06,0:19:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"No, I'm not, er...\NSuppose it's all right?"
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.94,0:19:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The captain continued with,\N"I'll just turn straight round
Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.56,0:19:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the left on the 150\Nwhen I go overhead then,"
Dialogue: 0,0:19:27.43,0:19:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to which the first\Nofficer seemed to agree.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:30.43,0:19:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this shows that\Nthe captain clearly believed
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.47,0:19:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he had been told\Nto turn left on to heading 150
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.87,0:19:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after crossing Foxtrot Papa,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.45,0:19:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which again was not at\Nall what the controller had intended.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.30,0:19:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A command to turn to the left
Dialogue: 0,0:19:43.89,0:19:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was completely incompatible\Nwith an instruction
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.37,0:19:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fly a holding\Npattern inbound on 150 degrees
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.60,0:19:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Foxtrot Papa since,\Nlike what I said earlier,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.56,0:19:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would require a right turn\Nfollowed by a course reversal.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.34,0:19:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the captain's mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:58.49,0:20:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the instructions didn't make sense,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.56,0:20:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he had been able\Nto pick out two elements
Dialogue: 0,0:20:03.21,0:20:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the message which seemed clear to him,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.52,0:20:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,150 and turn to the left.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.21,0:20:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with Foxtrot Papa now coming up
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.72,0:20:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in less than one minute,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:11.96,0:20:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he didn't have a lot\Nof time to figure it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:14.87,0:20:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a stressful situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.21,0:20:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without fully comprehending\Nwhat the controller had said,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:19.07,0:20:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he accepted that the best thing to do
Dialogue: 0,0:20:21.04,0:20:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was just to execute\Nthe part of the clearance
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.92,0:20:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he understood,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:24.26,0:20:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then try to\Nfigure out the rest later.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:27.32,0:20:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In hindsight, it's easy to say
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.99,0:20:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he shouldn't have acted
Dialogue: 0,0:20:30.22,0:20:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on an incomplete understanding\Nof those instructions,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.41,0:20:36.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in that moment,\Nwith the sudden time pressure
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.21,0:20:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the added workload\Nof the sudden holding clearance,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.96,0:20:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would have been a lot harder
Dialogue: 0,0:20:40.56,0:20:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think with that kind of clarity.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.22,0:20:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is also worth remembering
Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.34,0:20:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this all happened\Nin a 727 cockpit,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.01,0:20:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with no fancy navigation\Ndisplays, only dials.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.04,0:20:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Besides, this CVR transcript suggests
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.92,0:20:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that both the first officer\Nand the flight engineer
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.94,0:20:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were looking at the charts\Nwhen this all happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:57.44,0:20:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,likely searching for\Nthat standard holding
Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.48,0:21:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to be able to verify it.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:02.07,0:21:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the first officer had said,\N"I suppose it's all right,"
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.41,0:21:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which might have reinforced\Nthe captain's belief
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.18,0:21:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he had understood\Nthe clearance correctly.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.38,0:21:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, seconds later,\Nhaving made his decision
Dialogue: 0,0:21:14.04,0:21:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how to fly, the captain focused
Dialogue: 0,0:21:15.57,0:21:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his attention on the rapid approach
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.26,0:21:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Foxtrot Papa NDB.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.51,0:21:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "The only thing is,\Nwe're just about to miss it.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:23.84,0:21:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(chuckles) It's too close."
Dialogue: 0,0:21:26.52,0:21:28.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this point, the captain\Nand the first officer also agreed
Dialogue: 0,0:21:28.59,0:21:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tune both automatic\Ndirection finders
Dialogue: 0,0:21:30.80,0:21:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the frequency of the Foxtrot Papa,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:32.85,0:21:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that they could track it more easily
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.70,0:21:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the holding pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:36.55,0:21:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, at time 13:19:46,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.89,0:21:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they passed abeam Foxtrot Papa,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.89,0:21:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slightly to the southeast,\Nand the captain called it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.04,0:21:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This prompted the\Nfirst officer to report
Dialogue: 0,0:21:47.79,0:21:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the waypoint passage to the controller,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:50.07,0:21:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he also confirmed that they\Nwere now taking up the hold.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:53.37,0:21:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in reality, they actually\Nkept flying straight ahead
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.15,0:21:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for another about 20 seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:57.84,0:21:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,covering around two nautical miles
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.54,0:22:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before beginning the left turn.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.42,0:22:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the reason for\Nthis delay isn't really known,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:04.89,0:22:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it might have been\Nbecause the pilots
Dialogue: 0,0:22:06.80,0:22:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were still trying to wrap their heads
Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.34,0:22:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the maneuver that they\Nnow had ahead of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:11.52,0:22:14.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, a few seconds\Nbefore they began that left turn,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:14.15,0:22:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first officer said,\N"Bloody strange hold, isn't it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:22:17.85,0:22:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which indicates that he\Nwas still mentally focused
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.17,0:22:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the confusing instructions.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:22.72,0:22:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In response to that, the captain said,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:24.46,0:22:25.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Yeah, it doesn't...
Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.91,0:22:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Isn't parallel with\Nthe runway or anything."
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.41,0:22:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I just want to\Nstop here and drive home
Dialogue: 0,0:22:31.41,0:22:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is probably one of
Dialogue: 0,0:22:32.40,0:22:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most important points\Nof this whole video.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:36.23,0:22:38.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If something seems strange\Nwith a clearance and you get
Dialogue: 0,0:22:38.100,0:22:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that pit-in-the-stomach feeling
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.70,0:22:42.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that something just isn't right,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.89,0:22:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,always speak up and\Nask for further clarification.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.02,0:22:49.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This goes for all walks\Nof life and all industries,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:49.51,0:22:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but especially if\Nyou're flying an aircraft.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.19,0:22:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's always better\Nto ask one time too many
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.96,0:22:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than one time too few,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:57.30,0:23:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want every one of\Nyou out there to remember that.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.32,0:23:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This, by the way, is also exactly\Nthe kind of discussions
Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.86,0:23:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I'm having regularly\Non my Zoom hangouts
Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.36,0:23:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with my Patreon crew,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:07.57,0:23:10.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I hope to see\Nyou there as well next time.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.37,0:23:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just go to patreon.com/join/mentourpilot
Dialogue: 0,0:23:13.66,0:23:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you think that sounds interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.22,0:23:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, at this point, what\Nthe flight crew didn't yet know
Dialogue: 0,0:23:18.99,0:23:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that by overshooting Foxtrot Papa
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.34,0:23:24.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then turning left\Nonto a heading a 150 degrees,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:24.47,0:23:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were now on a track to\Noverfly the northern shoulder
Dialogue: 0,0:23:27.12,0:23:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of La Esperanza, a sub-peak
Dialogue: 0,0:23:29.32,0:23:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along the island's central volcanic ridge
Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.61,0:23:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that stretched\Nnorth from El Teide.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.07,0:23:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The terrain directly beneath\Ntheir projected flight path
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.39,0:23:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually didn't exceed 5,000 feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.87,0:23:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it did lie within the sector,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.99,0:23:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the minimum safe\Naltitude was 14,500 feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:45.34,0:23:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So strictly speaking,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:46.52,0:23:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since they weren't\Nflying a published procedure,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:48.72,0:23:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maneuvering at only 6,000 feet
Dialogue: 0,0:23:50.74,0:23:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have been\Nprohibited in this area.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:53.80,0:23:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The final report would\Nlater place some blame
Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.82,0:23:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the flight crew\Nfor flying into this area
Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.92,0:24:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without being aware\Nof the applicable MSA,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:00.46,0:24:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it seems likely\Nthat at this point,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:02.86,0:24:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were still thinking that they
Dialogue: 0,0:24:04.62,0:24:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were flying an official procedure,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.31,0:24:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though they couldn't\Nfind it on their charts.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:09.47,0:24:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time\Nas Flight 1008 completed
Dialogue: 0,0:24:11.89,0:24:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their left turn onto a heading of 150
Dialogue: 0,0:24:14.02,0:24:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and started flying\Ntowards the southeast,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.11,0:24:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the approach controller called up
Dialogue: 0,0:24:17.36,0:24:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Iberia Airlines flight ahead of them
Dialogue: 0,0:24:19.32,0:24:22.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and asked them to verify\Nwhen they had left 5,000 feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.67,0:24:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only seconds later, the\Npilot of that aircraft replied
Dialogue: 0,0:24:26.00,0:24:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that 5,000 feet was now free
Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.77,0:24:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that they were in the middle
Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.16,0:24:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a procedure turn\Nto intercept the ILS.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:32.12,0:24:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As these calls in\NSpanish were happening,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.09,0:24:35.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first officer and flight engineer
Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.59,0:24:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on board Flight 1008 continued\Nto compare ATC's instructions
Dialogue: 0,0:24:39.33,0:24:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with what was printed on their chart,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:41.43,0:24:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saying things like,\N"It's that way, isn't it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:24:46.17,0:24:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"That's a three, isn't it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.45,0:24:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, "Yes, well, the hold is\Ngoing to be here, isn't it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:24:53.14,0:24:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's likely that they\Nwere now very skeptical
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.71,0:24:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the maneuver\Nthat they were flying,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.84,0:24:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we can never be 100% sure
Dialogue: 0,0:24:59.89,0:25:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since that wasn't formally verbalized.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:03.67,0:25:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, as these\Ndiscussions were taking place,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:05.89,0:25:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the controller now called them up
Dialogue: 0,0:25:07.24,0:25:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cleared them to\Ndescend down to 5,000 feet
Dialogue: 0,0:25:09.57,0:25:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the Iberia flight\Nhad now left that altitude.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:12.96,0:25:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in response, the\Nflight engineer again reduced
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.49,0:25:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thrust and the\Ncaptain initiated the descent.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:19.46,0:25:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as they were doing this,\Nthe captain suddenly said,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:22.54,0:25:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, did he say it was 1-5-0 inbound?"
Dialogue: 0,0:25:26.48,0:25:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,likely realizing that\Nhis mental picture
Dialogue: 0,0:25:28.61,0:25:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of where the controller was sending them
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.40,0:25:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't actually make any sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:32.79,0:25:34.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first officer had\Nprobably suspected that
Dialogue: 0,0:25:34.93,0:25:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the very start\Nbecause he now replied,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:37.47,0:25:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Inbound, yeah."
Dialogue: 0,0:25:39.37,0:25:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in response to that,\Nthe captain said,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:41.42,0:25:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"That's... I don't like that."
Dialogue: 0,0:25:44.27,0:25:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first officer continued by saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:46.20,0:25:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"They want to keep\Ngoing more around, don't they?"
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.77,0:25:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not completely clear\Nwhat he meant by that,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:52.47,0:25:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is possible that\Nthe first officer believed
Dialogue: 0,0:25:54.82,0:25:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were supposed\Nto keep turning left,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:57.12,0:25:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making a three quarters turn onto
Dialogue: 0,0:25:58.92,0:26:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the outbound leg\Nof the holding pattern,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:01.14,0:26:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after which they would come back
Dialogue: 0,0:26:02.64,0:26:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Foxtrot Papa on\Nthe inbound heading of 150.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:06.92,0:26:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If that was the case,\Nit would mean that
Dialogue: 0,0:26:08.62,0:26:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even the first\Nofficer had indeed interpreted
Dialogue: 0,0:26:10.75,0:26:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the call from the controller\Nas an instruction to turn left.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:14.37,0:26:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that would also explain why he
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.65,0:26:19.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hadn't spoken up when the turn started.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:20.15,0:26:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I read this part of the report,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.27,0:26:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could really feel that\Ncold feeling in my stomach.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:25.60,0:26:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, that feeling that you get
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.87,0:26:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you realize\Nthat something is really wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:30.12,0:26:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you still can't\Nfigure out what or how.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:34.06,0:26:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we don't know if the pilots
Dialogue: 0,0:26:35.49,0:26:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had yet realized just how dangerous
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.44,0:26:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their current flight path was.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.29,0:26:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the captain's statement of,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:40.81,0:26:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I don't like that," definitely\Nshowed some real concern.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.61,0:26:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, make sure you\Nalways know what clearance
Dialogue: 0,0:26:48.16,0:26:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have been given,\Nand if in doubt, ask.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.99,0:26:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, before the pilots could\Nspend much more time trying
Dialogue: 0,0:26:54.38,0:26:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to work out what was wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:56.16,0:26:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ground proximity warning system
Dialogue: 0,0:26:58.13,0:27:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suddenly activated at time 13:20:50.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:03.08,0:27:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Boeing 727 was equipped
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.24,0:27:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a first generation GPWS,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:06.58,0:27:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was state of the art at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.44,0:27:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also much less capable
Dialogue: 0,0:27:10.20,0:27:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the enhanced ground\Nproximity warning systems
Dialogue: 0,0:27:12.50,0:27:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have on board today's aircraft.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:15.40,0:27:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Modern EGPWSs compares the position
Dialogue: 0,0:27:18.23,0:27:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and projected path of the airplane
Dialogue: 0,0:27:20.21,0:27:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a digital terrain database.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.03,0:27:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the original GPSs could only look
Dialogue: 0,0:27:25.01,0:27:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the terrain directly\Nbeneath the aircraft
Dialogue: 0,0:27:27.29,0:27:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using its radio altimeter.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:29.91,0:27:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the closure rate with\Nthe terrain was too high,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:32.34,0:27:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would an issue sink rate\Nor pull up warnings.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.30,0:27:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if the terrain ahead\Nof the aircraft was rising steeply,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:38.35,0:27:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the system wouldn't know that,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:40.06,0:27:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so these warnings could\Nstill come too late.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:43.65,0:27:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, the airplane
Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.55,0:27:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was now passing over\Nthe northern shoulder
Dialogue: 0,0:27:46.46,0:27:49.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the central volcanic\Nridge while in descent,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:49.51,0:27:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that resulted in a\Nrate of terrain closure
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.73,0:27:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,greater than 6,000 feet per minute,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.85,0:27:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,triggering the warning envelope.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:56.56,0:27:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the maximum height\Nof the ridge ahead of them
Dialogue: 0,0:27:58.58,0:28:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was actually less than\Ntheir current altitude.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:00.88,0:28:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in their present trajectory,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:02.100,0:28:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were not in any\Ndanger of striking the terrain.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:07.30,0:28:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, of course, the\Npilots who had now lost
Dialogue: 0,0:28:08.90,0:28:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their position situational awareness
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.90,0:28:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were still flying\Ninside of the clouds
Dialogue: 0,0:28:13.10,0:28:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had no way of knowing this.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:15.66,0:28:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in response to the GPWS warning,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.23,0:28:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the captain immediately announced,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:19.71,0:28:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Okay, overshoot," which is an\Nold British term for go around.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:24.15,0:28:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the flight engineer advanced
Dialogue: 0,0:28:25.20,0:28:27.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thrust levers to\Nthe takeoff/go around thrust,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:27.85,0:28:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the captain also halted their left turn
Dialogue: 0,0:28:30.00,0:28:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and added, "He's taking us\Naround to the high ground,"
Dialogue: 0,0:28:33.47,0:28:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after stating that,\Nhe continued rolling right
Dialogue: 0,0:28:36.12,0:28:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto a steeper and\Nsteeper right-hand turn.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:40.02,0:28:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what he didn't do was
Dialogue: 0,0:28:41.24,0:28:44.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to raise the nose in\Norder to initiate the climb.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:45.07,0:28:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why was that then?
Dialogue: 0,0:28:47.16,0:28:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, during GPWS-response training,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:49.56,0:28:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we pilots today are required
Dialogue: 0,0:28:51.21,0:28:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to practice a terrain-escape\Nmaneuver in the simulator,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:54.52,0:28:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which includes disconnecting\Nthe automatic setting,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.91,0:29:00.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full thrust, pitching up to 20 degrees,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:00.25,0:29:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making sure the speed\Nbrake lever is down,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:02.98,0:29:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making proper\Ncall outs and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.48,0:29:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This maneuver is drilled\Ninto everyone flying today
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.16,0:29:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to make sure that the response
Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.06,0:29:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a hard GPWS warning
Dialogue: 0,0:29:11.71,0:29:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is immediately executed from\Nmemory and without questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:17.02,0:29:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it turns out, the captain\Nand the flight engineer
Dialogue: 0,0:29:19.31,0:29:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had also undergone some type
Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.09,0:29:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of GPWS training back in 1978,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:23.61,0:29:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Dan-Air did have a\Nprocedure for GPWS response,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:27.84,0:29:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but back in those days\NGPWS was a very new technology
Dialogue: 0,0:29:31.47,0:29:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there is a possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:29:32.77,0:29:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that training had\Nbeen only theoretical.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:36.40,0:29:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we don't know exactly what was going
Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.89,0:29:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the captain's head,\Nbut based on his statement
Dialogue: 0,0:29:41.74,0:29:44.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, "He's taking us\Naround to the high ground,"
Dialogue: 0,0:29:44.47,0:29:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he probably believed\Nthat the controller's instruction
Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.07,0:29:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to turn left was faulty
Dialogue: 0,0:29:49.20,0:29:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that the controller had told him
Dialogue: 0,0:29:50.75,0:29:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to turn towards an unsafe direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:54.02,0:29:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Believing that the\NGPWS warning occurred
Dialogue: 0,0:29:55.90,0:29:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they were turning\Nleft towards high terrain,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:58.89,0:30:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the captain may have reasoned
Dialogue: 0,0:30:00.19,0:30:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the best way\Nto escape the situation
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.32,0:30:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to turn to the right instead.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:04.98,0:30:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So without having\Npracticed the maneuver
Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.59,0:30:09.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the simulator, the\Ncaptain's immediate reaction
Dialogue: 0,0:30:09.05,0:30:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to turn rather than to climb,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.80,0:30:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which sadly would seal their fate.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:15.21,0:30:17.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because as the right turn now continued,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.31,0:30:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the aircraft passed over
Dialogue: 0,0:30:18.40,0:30:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the top of the ridge\Nand then over a valley,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:20.40,0:30:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing the radio altitude to increase,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:23.05,0:30:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which silenced the GPWS warning,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:25.44,0:30:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 seconds after it had started.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:28.20,0:30:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The captain commented,\N"Watch my eepers,"
Dialogue: 0,0:30:30.37,0:30:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,referring to the engine\Npressure ratio or EPR,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.35,0:30:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,essentially ensuring\Nthat the flight engineer
Dialogue: 0,0:30:35.07,0:30:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maintained TO/GA thrust and\Ndidn't over-boost the engines.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:39.65,0:30:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it also now seems like
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.08,0:30:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first officer wasn't convinced
Dialogue: 0,0:30:42.95,0:30:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were now taking\Nthe right course of action.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:45.14,0:30:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he called out,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:47.02,0:30:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I suggest a heading of 1-2-2 actually
Dialogue: 0,0:30:48.94,0:30:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and take us through the overshoot."
Dialogue: 0,0:30:52.23,0:30:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A heading of 1-2-2 degrees\Nwas the heading prescribed
Dialogue: 0,0:30:54.78,0:30:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the official Runway 12\Nmissed-approach procedure,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:57.74,0:31:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would take them\Neast over the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:00.07,0:31:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this was a pretty sensible suggestion.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:03.70,0:31:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But 1-2-2 degrees was also
Dialogue: 0,0:31:05.95,0:31:07.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the left of their current heading,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:07.97,0:31:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which contradicted\Nthe captain's assumption
Dialogue: 0,0:31:09.92,0:31:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that their left turn was\Nwhat had caused the GPWS warning.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:14.82,0:31:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a result, he just continued\Nturning right past due south
Dialogue: 0,0:31:18.70,0:31:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then all the way\Naround to the southwest,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:21.80,0:31:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,directly towards the 5,700 foot\Nhigh summit of La Esperanza.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:27.43,0:31:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tragically, they might\Nstill have cleared the summit
Dialogue: 0,0:31:29.85,0:31:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they had just maintained altitude
Dialogue: 0,0:31:31.73,0:31:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or climbed following\Nthe terrain-escape maneuver.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.21,0:31:38.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But due to the high bank angle\Nthey were now using,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:38.09,0:31:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the plane actually lost\Nlift during the maneuver,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:40.56,0:31:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing a slight descent instead.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:43.66,0:31:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still flying over the valley,\Nthe flight engineer expressed
Dialogue: 0,0:31:46.46,0:31:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his nervousness by commenting,\N"Let's get out of here."
Dialogue: 0,0:31:50.48,0:31:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the captain simply repeated,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:52.14,0:31:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"He's taking us around\Nto the high ground."
Dialogue: 0,0:31:55.51,0:31:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moments later, without any\Nnew GPWS warnings,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:58.41,0:32:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and believing that he\Nhad corrected the situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:01.21,0:32:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the captain\Ncalled up air traffic control
Dialogue: 0,0:32:03.01,0:32:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reported, "Dan-Air 1008,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:06.86,0:32:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've had a ground proximity warning."
Dialogue: 0,0:32:09.44,0:32:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was then followed
Dialogue: 0,0:32:10.67,0:32:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the flight engineer calling\Nout twice that their bank angle
Dialogue: 0,0:32:14.04,0:32:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was now above the recommended\Nmaximum of 30 degrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.14,0:32:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And his words were\Nthe last ones captured
Dialogue: 0,0:32:20.46,0:32:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the cockpit voice recorder.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:22.92,0:32:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the mountains shrouded in\Nclouds, the pilots never saw
Dialogue: 0,0:32:25.74,0:32:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the danger coming towards them,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.38,0:32:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the GPWS never had time
Dialogue: 0,0:32:28.76,0:32:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to react to the closure\Nrate of the steep mountain ahead.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:33.02,0:32:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at time 13:21:18, Dan-Air\NFlight 1008 crashed
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.64,0:32:41.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the forested\Nmountainside of La Esperanza
Dialogue: 0,0:32:41.27,0:32:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a speed of 260 knots,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:44.07,0:32:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just 38 meters below\Nthe top of the ridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:48.56,0:32:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the aircraft\Ndisintegrated immediately,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.72,0:32:52.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,killing everyone on board,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:52.11,0:32:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a large portion\Nof the aft cabin
Dialogue: 0,0:32:54.11,0:32:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was then thrown another\N250 meters forward
Dialogue: 0,0:32:56.89,0:32:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the top of the ridge and\Nthen down to the other side.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.52,0:33:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Down at the airport,\Nthe controller now tried repeatedly
Dialogue: 0,0:33:03.12,0:33:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to contact the aircraft\Nin order to follow up
Dialogue: 0,0:33:05.17,0:33:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on their reported GPWS warning,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:07.31,0:33:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when he didn't get any reply,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:09.06,0:33:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he soon activated the accident alarm.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:12.62,0:33:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem was though that
Dialogue: 0,0:33:14.01,0:33:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with no radar available\Nat Tenerife North,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:16.26,0:33:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rescuers had no idea\Nwhere the aircraft was located,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.40,0:33:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially since it had taken a turn
Dialogue: 0,0:33:21.66,0:33:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the controller had\Nnot intended them to take.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:24.100,0:33:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This meant that the\Nwreckage wasn't discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:33:26.60,0:33:28.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until seven hours after the crash,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:28.81,0:33:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when a couple of\Nmotorists on the road
Dialogue: 0,0:33:30.65,0:33:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to El Teide National Park\Nsaw some debris on the road
Dialogue: 0,0:33:33.65,0:33:35.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and correlated that to the radio report
Dialogue: 0,0:33:35.75,0:33:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a missing aircraft.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:38.08,0:33:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This crash was, and actually\Nstill is, the worst loss of life
Dialogue: 0,0:33:42.46,0:33:44.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on board a British airliner ever,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:44.27,0:33:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the investigation received\Nconsiderable public attention
Dialogue: 0,0:33:48.84,0:33:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially when the Spanish
Dialogue: 0,0:33:50.22,0:33:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and British investigators didn't agree
Dialogue: 0,0:33:52.36,0:33:54.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how to weigh\Nthe causes of the accident.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:56.02,0:33:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Spanish investigators wrote
Dialogue: 0,0:33:57.29,0:33:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the pilots\Nwere ultimately responsible
Dialogue: 0,0:33:59.66,0:34:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for being aware of their position\Nin a non-radar environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:02.89,0:34:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that it was their obligation
Dialogue: 0,0:34:04.85,0:34:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to climb to a safe altitude
Dialogue: 0,0:34:06.25,0:34:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as soon as they became unsure\Nof where they actually were.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:10.70,0:34:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also cited the pilot's\Nfailure to request clarification
Dialogue: 0,0:34:13.70,0:34:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they didn't understand
Dialogue: 0,0:34:15.09,0:34:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the controller's initial transmission
Dialogue: 0,0:34:16.69,0:34:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a major cause of the accident,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:18.67,0:34:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as their incorrect\Nresponse to the GPWS warning.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:22.84,0:34:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They pointed out that if\Nthe pilots had done nothing at all
Dialogue: 0,0:34:25.80,0:34:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the GPWS activated,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:27.45,0:34:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would have passed\Nsafely over the ridge
Dialogue: 0,0:34:29.82,0:34:31.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and continued out over the sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:31.97,0:34:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Spanish investigators argued
Dialogue: 0,0:34:33.25,0:34:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was the captain's\Ndecision to turn right
Dialogue: 0,0:34:35.53,0:34:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that took them back\Naround to the high terrain
Dialogue: 0,0:34:37.77,0:34:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ultimately led to the crash.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:41.02,0:34:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the British\Ninvestigation team believed
Dialogue: 0,0:34:43.05,0:34:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the controller's use\Nof an unpublished holding pattern,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.20,0:34:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that didn't appear\Non the pilots' charts,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:48.55,0:34:53.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as its verbal slip-up\Nsaying turn instead of turns,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:53.17,0:34:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,played a very important role
Dialogue: 0,0:34:55.14,0:34:57.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the pilots' loss\Nof situational awareness.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:58.69,0:35:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also noted that\Nif the holding pattern
Dialogue: 0,0:35:00.80,0:35:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been designed according\Nto international standards,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:03.38,0:35:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the minimum altitude in the hold\Nwould have been 6,000 feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:06.53,0:35:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would have\Nincidentally prevented the crash.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:10.32,0:35:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But regardless of who made\Nthe most serious errors here,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:13.32,0:35:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the disaster was made possible
Dialogue: 0,0:35:14.62,0:35:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the poor infrastructure\Nat Tenerife North Airport,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:17.32,0:35:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the lack of radar
Dialogue: 0,0:35:18.55,0:35:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the poorly-designed\Napproach procedures.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:21.78,0:35:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's also important to remember
Dialogue: 0,0:35:22.88,0:35:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the technology available in 1980
Dialogue: 0,0:35:25.12,0:35:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was far less capable than\Nwhat we now have available,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:28.63,0:35:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's exactly because\Nof accidents like this
Dialogue: 0,0:35:31.42,0:35:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we, today, have\Nthese vastly-improved systems
Dialogue: 0,0:35:34.19,0:35:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that we pilots are\Nso well trained in using them.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:37.70,0:35:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This accident led to recommendations
Dialogue: 0,0:35:39.44,0:35:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to always question any clearances\Nthat weren't 100% clear
Dialogue: 0,0:35:43.44,0:35:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as some\Nother recommendations as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.36,0:35:48.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the long run,\Nthis accident also led
Dialogue: 0,0:35:48.59,0:35:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to better training\Naround GPWS maneuvers
Dialogue: 0,0:35:51.34,0:35:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore, a\Nsignificant increase in safety.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.39,0:35:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our current fantastic\Nsafety record proves
Dialogue: 0,0:35:57.64,0:36:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that accidents like these\Ntoday are largely preventable,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:00.62,0:36:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they are only preventable
Dialogue: 0,0:36:02.39,0:36:03.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of stories like this
Dialogue: 0,0:36:03.97,0:36:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's why I keep telling them.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.13,0:36:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, please consider\Nsubscribing to the channel
Dialogue: 0,0:36:09.68,0:36:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you found this video interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:36:11.23,0:36:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let me know what\Nyou thought in the comments below.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:14.50,0:36:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Watch these videos next and remember
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Dialogue: 0,0:36:18.57,0:36:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who made this video possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:20.10,0:36:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,together with my\Nfantastic Patreon crew.
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Dialogue: 0,0:36:31.60,0:36:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have an absolutely fantastic\Nday wherever you are
Dialogue: 0,0:36:34.06,0:36:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'll see you next time.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:35.51,0:36:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bye bye.