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Hi there my name’s John Green; this is Crash
Course World History and today we’re going

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to talk about the Dark Ages,
possibly the most egregious Eurocentrism in

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all of history,

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which is really saying something.

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(We’re Europe! The Prime Meridian Runs Through
us; We’re in the Middle of Every Map; and

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We Get To Be a Continent Even Though Were
Not a Continent.)

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But let’s begin today with a pop quiz:

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What was the best year of your life, and what
was the worst year?

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Mr. Green, Mr. Green: Best 1994, Worst 1990.

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Oh, me from the past. It gets so much better,
and also so much worse.

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For worst year I’m gonna go with 2001; best
year 2006.

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Alright now it’s your turn, dear pupils:
share your best and worst years in comments

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during the intro.

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[music intro]

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[music intro]

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[music intro]

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[music intro]

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[music intro]

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[music intro]

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Right, so what you will quickly find is that
your worst year was someone else’s best

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year.

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So, too, with history.

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The period between 600 and 1450 CE is often
called the Middle Ages in Europe because it

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came between the Roman Empire—assuming you
forget the Byzantines—and the beginning

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of the Modern Age.

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And it’s sometimes called the Dark Ages,
because it was purportedly unenlightened.

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But was the age so dark?

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Depends on what you find depressing.

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If you like cities and great poetry, then
the Dark Ages were indeed pretty dark in Europe.

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But if like me your two favorite things are
Not Dying From Wars and not dying from anything

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else,

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the Dark Ages actually weren’t that bad—

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at least until the plague came in the 14th
century.

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And meanwhile, outside of Europe,

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the Dark Ages were truly an Age of Enlightenment.But
we’ll get boring Europe out of the way first.

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Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.

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Medieval Europe had less trade, fewer cities,
and less cultural output than the Original

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Roman Empire.

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London and Paris were fetid firetraps with
none of the planning of sewage management

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of places 5,000 years older like Mohenjo Daro
in the Indus Valley Civilization,

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let alone Rome.

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But with fewer powerful governments,

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wars were at least smaller, which is one reason
why Europeans living in Medieval Times—

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Uhh THOUGHT BUBBLE I KNEW YOU WERE GOING TO
DO THAT.

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Anyway, people in Medieval Times lived slightly
longer—

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life expectancy was 30—

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than Europeans during the Roman Empire—

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when life expectancy was 28.

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Instead of centralized governments,

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Europe in the middle ages had feudalism, a
political system based on reciprocal relationships

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between lords, who owned lots of land, and
vassals,

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who protected the land and got to dress up
as knights in exchange for pledging loyalty

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to the lords.

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The lords were also vassals to more important
lords,

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with the most important of all being the king.

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Below the knights were peasants

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who did the actual work on the land in exchange
for protection from bandits and other threats.

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Feudalism was also an economic system,

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with the peasants working the land and keeping
some of their production to feed themselves

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while giving the rest to the landowner whose
land they worked.

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The small scale, local nature of the feudal
system was perfect for a time and place where

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the threats to peoples’ safety were also
small scale and local.

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But of course,

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this system reinforces the status quo –

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there’s little freedom and absolutely no
social mobility:

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Peasants could never work their way up to
lords,

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and they almost never left their villages.

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Thanks, Thought Bubble.

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One more point that’s very interesting from
a world history perspective:

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this devolution from empire to localism has
happened in lots of places at lots of different

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times.

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And in times of extreme political stress,

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like after the fall of the Han dynasty in
China,

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power tends to flow into the hands of local
lords who can protect the peasants better

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than the state can.

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We hear about this a lot in Chinese history
and also in contemporary Afghanistan,

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but instead of being called feudal lords,
these landlords are called warlords.

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Eurocentrism striking again.

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The other reason the Dark Ages are called
Dark

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is because Europe was dominated by superstition

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and by boring religious debates about like
how many angels can fit on the head of a pin.

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And while there’s something to that,

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the Middle Ages also saw theologians like
Thomas Aquinas,

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who was quite an important philosopher,

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And women like Hildegard of Bilgen,

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who wrote all this important liturgical music
and also basically invented the genre of the

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morality play.

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All that noted,

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things were certainly brighter in the Islamic
world,

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or Dar al Islam.

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So when we last left the Muslims,

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they had expanded out of their homeland in
Arabia and conquered the rich Egyptian provinces

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of the Byzantines and the entire Sassanian
empire,

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all in the space of about 100 years.

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The Umayyad Dynasty then expanded the empire
west to Spain and moved the capital to Damascus,

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because it was closer to the action, empire-wise

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but still in Arabia.

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That was really important to the Umayyads

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because they’d established this hierarchy
in the empire with Arabs like themselves at

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the top and in fact

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they tried to keep Arabs from fraternizing
with non-Arab muslims throughout the Empire.

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This of course annoyed the non-Arab Muslims,

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who were like,

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“I don’t know if you’re reading the
same Quran we are, but this one says that

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we’re all supposed to be equal.”

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And pretty quickly the majority of Muslims
weren’t Arabs,

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which made it pretty easy for them to overthrow
the Umayyads,

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which they did in 750 CE.

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Their replacements, the Abb(ah)sids, Abb(uh)sids?

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Hold On...

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D’ahh, I’m right twice!

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Right,

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so the Abbasids were from the Abb(ah)si or
the Abb(uh)-see family

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which hailed from the Eastern and therefore
more Persian provinces of the Islamic Empire.

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The Abbasids took over in 750 and no one could
fully defeat them—

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until 1258, when they were conquered by—

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wait for it—

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the Mongols.

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The Abbasids kept the idea of a hereditary
monarchy,

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but they moved the capital of the empire to
Baghdad,

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and they were much more welcoming of other
non-Arab Muslims into positions of power.

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And under the Abbasids,

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the Dar al Islam took on a distinctly Persian
cast that it never really lost.

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The Caliph now styled himself as a king of
kings,

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just like the Achaemenids had,

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and pretty soon the caliph’s rule was a
lot more indirect,

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just like the original Persians’.

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This meant that his control was much weaker,

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and by about 1000CE , the Islamic Caliphate
which looks so incredibly impressive on a

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map had really descended into a series of
smaller kingdoms,

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each paying lip-service to the caliph in Baghdad.

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This was partly because the Islamic Empire
relied more and more on soldiers from the

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frontier,

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in this case Turks,

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and also slaves pressed into military service,
in order to be the backbone of their army,

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a strategy that has been tried over and over
again and has worked exactly zero times.

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Which you should remember if you ever become
an emperor.

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Actually our resident historian points out
that that strategy has worked--

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if you are the Mongols.

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More important than the Persian-style monarchy
that the Abbasids tried to set up was their

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openness to foreigners and their ideas.

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That tolerance and curiosity ushered in a
golden age of Islamic learning centered in

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Baghdad.

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The Abbasids oversaw an efflorescence of culture
unlike anything that had been seen since Hellenistic

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times.

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Arabic replaced Greek not only as the language
of commerce and religion,

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but also of culture.

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Philosophy, medicine, and poetry were all
written in Arabic

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(although Persian remained an important literary
language.)

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And Baghdad was the world’s center of scholarship
with its House of Wisdom and immense library.

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Muslim scholars translated the works of the
Greek Philosophers including Aristotle and

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Plato

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as well as scientific works by Hippocrates,
Archimedes

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and especially the physician Galen.

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And they translated and preserved Buddhist
and Hindu manuscripts that might have otherwise

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been lost.

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Muslims made huge strides in medicine as well.

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One Muslim scholar ibn Sina, wrote the Canon
of Medicine,

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which became the standard medical textbook
or centuries in both Europe and the Middle

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East.

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And the Islamic empire adopted mathematical
concepts from India

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such as the zero, a number so fascinating
and beautiful

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that we could write an entire episode about
it but instead

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I’m just gonna write it a little love poem:

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Oh, zero.

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Pretty little zero.

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They say you’re nothing but you mean everything
to mathematical history

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....and me.

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Oh it’s time for the Open Letter?

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[Scoots to chartreuse throne of pure velvety
awesomeness]

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An Open Letter to Science and Religion:

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But first lets see what’s in the Secret
Compartment.

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Oh, champagne poppers?

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Stan, what am I supposed to do with these?

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Dear Science and Religion,

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You’re supposed to be so irreconcilable
and everything,

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but not so much in the Abbasid Empire.

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I mean,

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Muslim mathematicians expanded math to such
a degree

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that we now call the base ten number system

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and the symbols we use to denote it “Arabic
numerals.”

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And religion was at least part of what pushed
all that learning forward.

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Like the great philosopher Ibn Rushd argued
that

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the only path to religious enlightenment was
through Aristotelian reasoning.

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And Muslim mathematicians and astronomers
developed algebra

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partly so they could simplify Islamic inheritance
law.

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Plus they made important strides in trigonometry

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so that people understand where to turn

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when trying to turn toward Mecca.

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You were working so well together, science
and religion,

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but then like Al and Tipper Gore, just couldn’t
last forever.

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Nothing gold can stay in this world, nothing
gold can stay.

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Best wishes,
John Green

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Baghdad wasn’t the only center of learning
in the Islamic world.

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In Spain, Islamic Cordoba became a center
for the arts,

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especially architecture.

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This is perhaps best exemplified by the Great
Mosque at Cordoba,

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built by the Umayyad ruler Abd al-Rahman I
In 785-786 CE.

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That’s right, this building,

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still standing today and one of the most amazing
mosques in the world,

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was built in a year,

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whereas medieval cathedrals typically took,
like,

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a million years to finish.

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The Muslims of Spain were also engineers who
rivaled the Romans.

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Aqueducts in Cordoba brought drinkable water
into the city,

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and Muslim scholars took the lead in agricultural
science,

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improving yields on all kinds of new crops,

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allowing Spanish lives to be longer and less
hungry.

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Everybody wanted to live in Spain,

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even the greatest Jewish philosopher, Maimonides,

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wanted to live in Spain, but sadly he was
expelled

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and ended up in Alexandria Egypt.

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There he wrote his awesomely titled defense
of rationality,

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A Guide for the Perplexed.

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I’m translating the title, of course, because
the original text was written

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…in Arabic.

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Meanwhile, China was having a Golden Age of
its own:

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The Tang Dynasty made China’s government
more of a meritocracy,

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and ruled over 80 million people across four
million square miles.

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And they might’ve conquered all of Central
Asia

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had it not been for the Abbasids, whom they
fought at

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the most important Battle You’ve Never Heard
Of,

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the Battle of the Talas River.

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This was the Ali-Frasier of the 8th century.

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The Abbasids won, which ended up defining
who had influence where with the --

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with the Abbasids dominating to the west of
the river and China dominating to the east.

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The Tang also produced incredible art that
was traded all throughout Asia.

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Many of the more famous sculptures from the
Tang Dynasty feature figures who are distinctly

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not-Chinese,

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which again demonstrates the diversity of
the empire.

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The Tang was also a golden age for Chinese
poetry

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with notables like Du Fu and Li Bo plying
their craft,

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encouraged by the official government.

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And the Song Dynasty, which lasted from 960
to 1258,

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kicked even more ass-it’s-not-cursing-if-you’re-talking-about-donkeys.

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By the 11th century,

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Chinese metalworkers were producing as much
iron

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as Europe would be able to produce in the
18th century.

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Some of this iron was put to use in new plows,

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which enabled agriculture to boom,

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thereby supporting population growth.

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Porcelain was of such high quality that it
was shipped throughout the world,

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which is why we call it “china.”

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And there was so much trade going on that
the Chinese ran out of metal for coins,

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leading to another innovation–

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paper money.

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And by the 11th century, the Chinese were
writing down recipes for

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a mixture of saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal,

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that we now know as gunpowder.

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That becomes kind of a big deal in history,

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paving the way, as it does,

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for modern warfare and arena rock pyrotechnics,
and—

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ohhhh, THAT’S WHY.

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[Pulls Champagne popper along with a mysterious
lady hand from behind chalkboard.]

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Not so dark after all.

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Thanks for watching. We’ll see you next
week.

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Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan
Muller,

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our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. [bazinga!]

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The graphics team is ThoughtBubble,

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and show is written by my high school history
teacher Raoul Meyer and myself.

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Last week’s Phrase of the Week
was also good advice:

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Quit Smoking!

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If you want to suggest future Phrases of the
Week or guess at this week’s, you can do

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00:11:08,120 --> 00:11:08,860
so in comments

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where you can also ask questions about today’s
video that will be answered by our team of

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historians.

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If you liked today’s video

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please click the thumb’s up button.

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You can also follow us on Twitter @thecrashcourse
or on Facebook.

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There are links in the video info.

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Our writer and historian, Raoul Mayer,

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also tweets awesome Crash Course pop quizzes,
so there’s a link to follow him as well,

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and me, you know,

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because I’m a narcissist.

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[music outro]

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We get to be a continent,

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even though we're not a continent...

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[music outro]

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We get to be a continent,

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even though we're not a continent...

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[music outro]

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We get to be a continent,

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even though we're not a continent...