0:00:01.523,0:00:04.714
What is up with us white people?

0:00:04.738,0:00:06.364
(Laughter)

0:00:07.685,0:00:10.284
I've been thinking about that a lot[br]the last few years,

0:00:10.308,0:00:11.772
and I know I have company.

0:00:12.271,0:00:13.579
Look, I get it --

0:00:13.603,0:00:16.589
people of color have been asking[br]that question for centuries.

0:00:17.335,0:00:21.664
But I think a growing number[br]of white folks are too,

0:00:21.688,0:00:24.681
given what's been going on out there

0:00:24.705,0:00:25.970
in our country.

0:00:27.537,0:00:30.882
And notice I said,[br]"What's up with us white people?"

0:00:30.906,0:00:34.868
because right now, I'm not talking[br]about those white people,

0:00:34.892,0:00:38.694
the ones with the swastikas[br]and the hoods and the tiki torches.

0:00:39.400,0:00:42.489
They are a problem and a threat.

0:00:42.513,0:00:45.020
They perpetrate most of[br]the terrorism in our country,

0:00:45.044,0:00:48.689
as you all in Charlottesville[br]know better than most.

0:00:49.331,0:00:53.046
But I'm talking about something bigger[br]and more pervasive.

0:00:53.070,0:00:55.356
I'm talking about all of us,

0:00:55.380,0:00:57.380
white folks writ large.

0:00:57.803,0:01:00.682
And maybe, especially,[br]people sort of like me,

0:01:00.706,0:01:03.284
self-described progressive,

0:01:03.308,0:01:05.048
don't want to be racist.

0:01:05.883,0:01:07.365
Good white people.

0:01:07.818,0:01:09.091
(Laughter)

0:01:09.115,0:01:11.022
Any good white people in the room?

0:01:11.046,0:01:12.125
(Laughter)

0:01:12.149,0:01:15.708
I was raised to be that sort of person.

0:01:15.732,0:01:18.200
I was a little kid in the '60s and '70s,

0:01:18.224,0:01:21.059
and to give you some sense of my parents:

0:01:21.083,0:01:23.701
actual public opinion polls at the time

0:01:23.725,0:01:28.642
showed that only a small minority,[br]about 20 percent of white Americans,

0:01:28.666,0:01:31.026
approved and supported

0:01:31.050,0:01:34.291
Martin Luther King and his work[br]with the civil rights movement

0:01:34.315,0:01:36.867
while Dr. King was still alive.

0:01:38.004,0:01:40.729
I'm proud to say my parents[br]were in that group.

0:01:41.212,0:01:44.029
Race got talked about in our house.

0:01:44.577,0:01:48.757
And when the shows that dealt with race[br]would come on the television,

0:01:48.781,0:01:51.954
they would sit us kids down,[br]made sure we watched:

0:01:51.978,0:01:54.837
the Sidney Poitier movies, "Roots" ...

0:01:56.238,0:01:57.922
The message was loud and clear,

0:01:57.946,0:01:59.172
and I got it:

0:01:59.910,0:02:03.592
racism is wrong; racists are bad people.

0:02:04.602,0:02:05.998
At the same time,

0:02:06.022,0:02:09.159
we lived in a very[br]white place in Minnesota.

0:02:09.848,0:02:11.454
And I'll just speak for myself,

0:02:11.478,0:02:17.433
I think that allowed me to believe[br]that those white racists on the TV screen

0:02:17.457,0:02:20.037
were being beamed in[br]from some other place.

0:02:20.870,0:02:22.881
It wasn't about us, really.

0:02:23.580,0:02:25.530
I did not feel implicated.

0:02:27.249,0:02:31.003
Now, I would say, I'm still in recovery[br]from that early impression.

0:02:32.263,0:02:33.934
I got into journalism

0:02:33.958,0:02:39.341
in part because I cared about things[br]like equality and justice.

0:02:40.563,0:02:44.215
For a long time, racism[br]was just such a puzzle to me.

0:02:44.894,0:02:48.689
Why is it still with us[br]when it's so clearly wrong?

0:02:49.418,0:02:52.521
Why such a persistent force?

0:02:53.743,0:02:57.144
Maybe I was puzzled because[br]I wasn't yet looking in the right place

0:02:57.168,0:02:59.303
or asking the right questions.

0:03:00.621,0:03:02.022
Have you noticed

0:03:02.046,0:03:07.508
that when people in our mostly white media

0:03:07.532,0:03:10.218
report on what they consider[br]to be racial issues,

0:03:10.242,0:03:12.752
what we consider to be racial issues,

0:03:12.776,0:03:15.587
what that usually means[br]is that we're pointing our cameras

0:03:15.611,0:03:17.481
and our microphones and our gaze

0:03:17.505,0:03:19.513
at people of color,

0:03:19.537,0:03:21.691
asking questions like,

0:03:21.715,0:03:26.668
"How are Black folks or Native Americans,[br]Latino or Asian Americans,

0:03:26.692,0:03:28.788
how are they doing?"

0:03:28.812,0:03:32.064
in a given community[br]or with respect to some issue --

0:03:32.088,0:03:33.978
the economy, education.

0:03:35.538,0:03:39.464
I've done my share[br]of that kind of journalism

0:03:39.488,0:03:40.873
over many years.

0:03:42.524,0:03:45.145
But then George Zimmerman[br]killed Trayvon Martin,

0:03:46.621,0:03:51.233
followed by this unending string[br]of high-profile police shootings

0:03:51.257,0:03:52.976
of unarmed Black people,

0:03:53.000,0:03:55.521
the rise of the Black[br]Lives Matter movement,

0:03:55.545,0:03:58.608
Dylann Roof and the Charleston massacre,

0:03:58.632,0:04:00.286
#OscarsSoWhite --

0:04:01.334,0:04:06.455
all the incidents from[br]the day-to-day of American life,

0:04:06.479,0:04:08.204
these overtly racist incidents

0:04:08.228,0:04:11.151
that we now get to see[br]because they're captured on smartphones

0:04:11.175,0:04:12.857
and sent across the internet.

0:04:14.019,0:04:16.675
And beneath those visible events,

0:04:16.699,0:04:18.403
the stubborn data,

0:04:18.427,0:04:22.802
the studies showing systemic racism[br]in every institution we have:

0:04:23.692,0:04:26.947
housing segregation, job discrimination,

0:04:26.971,0:04:29.782
the deeply racialized[br]inequities in our schools

0:04:29.806,0:04:31.606
and criminal justice system.

0:04:32.718,0:04:34.285
And what really did it for me,

0:04:34.309,0:04:36.286
and I know I'm not alone in this, either:

0:04:37.377,0:04:39.356
the rise of Donald Trump

0:04:39.380,0:04:44.811
and the discovery that[br]a solid majority of white Americans

0:04:44.835,0:04:47.904
would embrace or at least accept

0:04:47.928,0:04:52.514
such a raw, bitter kind[br]of white identity politics.

0:04:55.405,0:04:58.224
This was all disturbing to me[br]as a human being.

0:04:58.778,0:05:04.308
As a journalist, I found myself[br]turning the lens around,

0:05:04.332,0:05:06.052
thinking,

0:05:06.076,0:05:08.842
"Wow, white folks are the story.

0:05:08.866,0:05:11.317
Whiteness is a story,"

0:05:12.562,0:05:15.532
And also thinking, "Can I do that?

0:05:16.208,0:05:19.413
What would a podcast series[br]about whiteness sound like?"

0:05:19.437,0:05:20.839
(Laughter)

0:05:20.863,0:05:23.696
"And oh, by the way --[br]this could get uncomfortable."

0:05:26.402,0:05:31.338
I had seen almost no journalism[br]that looked deeply at whiteness,

0:05:31.362,0:05:35.320
but, of course, people of color[br]and especially Black intellectuals

0:05:35.344,0:05:37.988
have made sharp critiques[br]of white supremacist culture

0:05:38.012,0:05:39.463
for centuries,

0:05:39.487,0:05:41.835
and I knew that in the last[br]two or three decades,

0:05:41.859,0:05:44.438
scholars had done interesting work

0:05:44.462,0:05:47.955
looking at race[br]through the frame of whiteness,

0:05:47.979,0:05:51.483
what it is, how we got it,[br]how it works in the world.

0:05:53.030,0:05:54.873
I started reading,

0:05:54.897,0:05:59.780
and I reached out to some leading experts[br]on race and the history of race.

0:06:01.748,0:06:04.198
One of the first questions I asked was,

0:06:04.222,0:06:07.865
"Where did this idea[br]of being a white person

0:06:07.889,0:06:09.538
come from in the first place?"

0:06:10.592,0:06:12.984
Science is clear.

0:06:13.008,0:06:15.152
We are one human race.

0:06:15.730,0:06:16.973
We're all related,

0:06:16.997,0:06:19.843
all descended from[br]a common ancestor in Africa.

0:06:20.772,0:06:24.517
Some people walked out of Africa[br]into colder, darker places

0:06:24.541,0:06:27.093
and lost a lot of their melanin,

0:06:27.117,0:06:28.862
some of us more than others.

0:06:28.886,0:06:30.115
(Laughter)

0:06:31.037,0:06:36.133
But genetically, we are all[br]99.9 percent the same.

0:06:36.157,0:06:41.359
There's more genetic diversity[br]within what we call racial groups

0:06:41.383,0:06:44.012
than there is between racial groups.

0:06:44.036,0:06:47.983
There's no gene for whiteness[br]or blackness or Asian-ness

0:06:48.007,0:06:49.440
or what have you.

0:06:50.411,0:06:52.406
So how did this happen?

0:06:52.430,0:06:54.383
How did we get this thing?

0:06:54.407,0:06:56.497
How did racism start?

0:06:57.797,0:07:01.303
I think if you had asked me[br]to speculate on that,

0:07:01.327,0:07:04.349
in my ignorance, some years ago,

0:07:04.373,0:07:06.291
I probably would have said,

0:07:06.315,0:07:10.930
"Well, I guess somewhere[br]back in deep history,

0:07:10.954,0:07:12.920
people encountered one another,

0:07:12.944,0:07:15.302
and they found each other strange.

0:07:15.326,0:07:17.971
'Your skin is a different color,[br]your hair is different,

0:07:17.995,0:07:19.533
you dress funny.

0:07:19.557,0:07:22.120
I guess I'll just go ahead[br]and jump to the conclusion

0:07:22.144,0:07:23.448
that since you're different

0:07:23.472,0:07:25.597
that you're somehow less than me,

0:07:25.621,0:07:28.709
and maybe that makes it OK[br]for me to mistreat you.'"

0:07:29.284,0:07:30.438
Right?

0:07:30.462,0:07:33.803
Is that something like[br]what we imagine or assume?

0:07:34.613,0:07:36.217
And under that kind of scenario,

0:07:36.241,0:07:39.600
it's all a big, tragic misunderstanding.

0:07:41.334,0:07:43.444
But it seems that's wrong.

0:07:44.397,0:07:47.258
First of all, race is a recent invention.

0:07:47.282,0:07:49.084
It's just a few hundred years old.

0:07:49.892,0:07:53.521
Before that, yes,[br]people divided themselves

0:07:53.545,0:07:57.439
by religion, tribal group, language,

0:07:57.463,0:07:58.635
things like that.

0:07:58.659,0:08:00.103
But for most of human history,

0:08:00.127,0:08:02.469
people had no notion of race.

0:08:03.665,0:08:05.330
In Ancient Greece, for example --

0:08:05.354,0:08:09.141
and I learned this from[br]the historian Nell Irvin Painter --

0:08:09.165,0:08:13.584
the Greeks thought they were better[br]than the other people they knew about,

0:08:13.608,0:08:17.528
but not because of some idea[br]that they were innately superior.

0:08:17.552,0:08:21.475
They just thought that they'd developed[br]the most advanced culture.

0:08:22.369,0:08:25.721
So they looked around at the Ethiopians,

0:08:25.745,0:08:27.841
but also the Persians and the Celts,

0:08:27.865,0:08:30.807
and they said, "They're all[br]kind of barbaric compared to us.

0:08:31.477,0:08:34.534
Culturally, they're just not Greek."

0:08:35.938,0:08:39.939
And yes, in the ancient world,[br]there was lots of slavery,

0:08:39.963,0:08:42.748
but people enslaved people[br]who didn't look like them,

0:08:42.772,0:08:45.138
and they often enslaved people who did.

0:08:45.686,0:08:50.981
Did you know that the English word "slave"[br]is derived from the word "Slav"?

0:08:51.922,0:08:55.936
Because Slavic people were enslaved[br]by all kinds of folks,

0:08:55.960,0:08:57.647
including Western Europeans,

0:08:57.671,0:09:00.053
for centuries.

0:09:00.680,0:09:02.838
Slavery wasn't about race either,

0:09:02.862,0:09:05.992
because no one[br]had thought up race yet.

0:09:07.421,0:09:08.675
So who did?

0:09:09.404,0:09:12.618
I put that question[br]to another leading historian,

0:09:12.642,0:09:14.087
Ibram Kendi.

0:09:14.555,0:09:16.851
I didn't expect[br]he would answer the question

0:09:16.875,0:09:19.414
in the form of one person's[br]name and a date,

0:09:19.438,0:09:21.546
as if we were talking[br]about the light bulb.

0:09:21.570,0:09:22.616
(Laughter)

0:09:23.037,0:09:24.319
But he did.

0:09:24.343,0:09:25.999
(Laughter)

0:09:26.519,0:09:29.007
He said, in his exhaustive research,

0:09:29.031,0:09:33.376
he found what he believed to be[br]the first articulation of racist ideas.

0:09:33.970,0:09:36.001
And he named the culprit.

0:09:36.025,0:09:37.510
This guy should be more famous,

0:09:37.534,0:09:38.720
or infamous.

0:09:38.744,0:09:41.224
His name is Gomes de Zurara.

0:09:41.993,0:09:43.172
Portuguese man.

0:09:43.196,0:09:46.102
Wrote a book in the 1450s

0:09:46.126,0:09:48.933
in which he did something[br]that no one had ever done before,

0:09:48.957,0:09:50.313
according to Dr. Kendi.

0:09:50.892,0:09:54.408
He lumped together[br]all the people of Africa --

0:09:54.432,0:09:56.288
a vast, diverse continent --

0:09:57.407,0:10:00.499
and he described them as a distinct group,

0:10:00.523,0:10:02.999
inferior and beastly.

0:10:04.391,0:10:06.770
Never mind that in that precolonial time

0:10:06.794,0:10:10.746
some of the most sophisticated cultures[br]in the world were in Africa.

0:10:12.176,0:10:15.443
Why would this guy make this claim?

0:10:16.779,0:10:19.102
Turns out, it helps to follow the money.

0:10:19.859,0:10:22.803
First of all, Zurara was hired[br]to write that book

0:10:22.827,0:10:25.082
by the Portuguese king,

0:10:25.106,0:10:26.946
and just a few years before,

0:10:26.970,0:10:29.075
slave traders --

0:10:29.099,0:10:30.406
here we go --

0:10:30.430,0:10:33.199
slave traders tied to the Portuguese crown

0:10:34.133,0:10:37.486
had effectively pioneered[br]the Atlantic slave trade.

0:10:37.510,0:10:41.533
They were the first Europeans[br]to sail directly to sub-Saharan Africa

0:10:41.557,0:10:44.205
to kidnap and enslave African people.

0:10:45.041,0:10:47.526
So it was suddenly really helpful

0:10:47.550,0:10:52.052
to have a story about[br]the inferiority of African people

0:10:52.076,0:10:54.107
to justify this new trade

0:10:55.206,0:10:56.876
to other people, to the church,

0:10:56.900,0:10:58.499
to themselves.

0:11:00.096,0:11:02.540
And with the stroke of a pen,

0:11:02.564,0:11:05.510
Zurara invented both[br]blackness and whiteness,

0:11:05.534,0:11:09.676
because he basically created[br]the notion of blackness

0:11:09.700,0:11:12.740
through this description of Africans,

0:11:12.764,0:11:15.195
and as Dr. Kendi says,

0:11:15.219,0:11:17.946
blackness has no meaning[br]without whiteness.

0:11:18.727,0:11:22.951
Other European countries followed[br]the Portuguese lead

0:11:24.059,0:11:28.344
in looking to Africa[br]for human property and free labor

0:11:28.368,0:11:31.295
and in adopting this fiction

0:11:31.319,0:11:33.859
about the inferiority of African people.

0:11:35.552,0:11:37.811
I found this clarifying.

0:11:39.221,0:11:41.397
Racism didn't start[br]with a misunderstanding,

0:11:41.421,0:11:43.091
it started with a lie.

0:11:45.107,0:11:47.825
Meanwhile, over here in colonial America,

0:11:47.849,0:11:54.154
the people now calling themselves white[br]got busy taking these racist ideas

0:11:54.178,0:11:55.491
and turning them into law,

0:11:56.866,0:12:02.874
laws that stripped all human rights[br]from the people they were calling Black

0:12:02.898,0:12:07.390
and locking them into our particularly[br]vicious brand of chattel slavery,

0:12:07.414,0:12:11.773
and laws that gave even[br]the poorest white people benefits,

0:12:11.797,0:12:15.316
not big benefits in material terms

0:12:15.340,0:12:17.729
but the right to not be enslaved for life,

0:12:18.777,0:12:22.754
the right to not have your loved ones[br]torn from your arms and sold,

0:12:22.778,0:12:25.125
and sometimes real goodies.

0:12:25.149,0:12:30.084
The handouts of free land[br]in places like Virginia

0:12:30.108,0:12:31.798
to white people only

0:12:31.822,0:12:35.810
started long before[br]the American Revolution

0:12:35.834,0:12:37.699
and continued long after.

0:12:40.026,0:12:42.294
Now, I can imagine

0:12:42.318,0:12:46.666
there would be people listening to me --[br]if they're still listening --

0:12:46.690,0:12:48.070
who might be thinking,

0:12:48.094,0:12:52.456
"Come on, this is all ancient history.[br]Why does this matter?

0:12:52.480,0:12:53.743
Things have changed.

0:12:53.767,0:12:55.981
Can't we just get over it and move on?"

0:12:56.905,0:12:58.056
Right?

0:12:58.421,0:13:01.840
But I would argue, for me certainly,

0:13:02.896,0:13:05.111
learning this history[br]has brought a real shift

0:13:05.135,0:13:07.567
in the way that I understand racism today.

0:13:08.932,0:13:12.412
To review, two quick takeaways[br]from what I've said so far:

0:13:12.436,0:13:15.912
one, race is not a thing biologically,

0:13:15.936,0:13:19.532
it's a story some people decided to tell;

0:13:19.556,0:13:21.514
and two, people told that story

0:13:21.538,0:13:27.207
to justify the brutal exploitation[br]of other human beings for profit.

0:13:28.379,0:13:30.400
I didn't learn those two facts in school.

0:13:30.424,0:13:32.192
I suspect most of us didn't.

0:13:32.216,0:13:34.732
If you did, you had a special teacher.

0:13:35.324,0:13:36.475
Right?

0:13:36.499,0:13:37.678
But once they sink in,

0:13:38.845,0:13:41.546
for one thing, it becomes clear

0:13:41.570,0:13:45.549
that racism is not mainly[br]a problem of attitudes,

0:13:45.573,0:13:47.297
of individual bigotry.

0:13:48.630,0:13:50.536
No, it's a tool.

0:13:50.560,0:13:54.791
It's a tool to divide us[br]and to prop up systems --

0:13:54.815,0:13:57.603
economic, political and social systems

0:13:57.627,0:14:00.784
that advantage some people[br]and disadvantage others.

0:14:01.510,0:14:03.762
And it's a tool to convince[br]a lot of white folks

0:14:03.786,0:14:09.974
who may or may not be getting a great deal[br]out of our highly stratified society

0:14:09.998,0:14:11.929
to support the status quo.

0:14:12.971,0:14:15.043
"Could be worse. At least I'm white."

0:14:17.575,0:14:20.938
Once I grasped the origins of racism,

0:14:20.962,0:14:24.896
I stopped being mystified by the fact[br]that it's still with us.

0:14:26.249,0:14:27.819
I guess, you know, looking back,

0:14:27.843,0:14:31.688
I thought about racism[br]as being sort of like the flat Earth --

0:14:31.712,0:14:34.708
just bad, outdated thinking[br]that would fade away on its own

0:14:34.732,0:14:35.966
before long.

0:14:37.962,0:14:39.882
But no, this tool of whiteness

0:14:39.906,0:14:42.751
is still doing the job[br]it was invented to do.

0:14:43.305,0:14:45.606
Powerful people go to work every day,

0:14:45.630,0:14:49.895
leveraging and reinforcing[br]this old weapon

0:14:49.919,0:14:51.824
in the halls of power,

0:14:51.848,0:14:54.527
in some broadcast studios[br]we could mention ...

0:14:55.596,0:14:57.051
And we don't need to fuss over

0:14:57.075,0:14:59.441
whether these people[br]believe what they're saying,

0:14:59.465,0:15:01.400
whether they're really racist.

0:15:01.913,0:15:03.543
That's not what it's about.

0:15:03.567,0:15:06.793
It's about pocketbooks and power.

0:15:09.032,0:15:12.865
Finally, I think[br]the biggest lesson of all --

0:15:12.889,0:15:16.915
and let me talk in particular[br]to the white folks for a minute:

0:15:19.192,0:15:22.347
once we understand that people[br]who look like us

0:15:22.371,0:15:25.065
invented the very notion of race

0:15:26.415,0:15:29.514
in order to advantage themselves and us,

0:15:29.538,0:15:33.318
isn't it easier to see[br]that it's our problem to solve?

0:15:34.297,0:15:36.097
It's a white people problem.

0:15:36.970,0:15:39.171
I'm embarrassed to say[br]that for a long time,

0:15:39.195,0:15:44.381
I thought of racism as being mainly[br]a struggle for people of color to fight,

0:15:44.405,0:15:47.366
sort of like the people[br]on the TV screen when I was a kid.

0:15:48.620,0:15:52.763
Or, as if I was on the sidelines[br]at a sports contest,

0:15:52.787,0:15:54.577
on one side people of color,

0:15:54.601,0:15:57.441
on the other those real racists,

0:15:57.465,0:15:58.816
the Southern sheriff,

0:15:58.840,0:16:00.102
the people in hoods.

0:16:00.643,0:16:03.997
And I was sincerely rooting[br]for people of color to win the struggle.

0:16:05.407,0:16:06.885
But no.

0:16:06.909,0:16:08.803
There are no sidelines.

0:16:09.555,0:16:10.869
We're all in it.

0:16:11.249,0:16:12.972
We are implicated.

0:16:14.116,0:16:17.021
And if I'm not joining the struggle[br]to dismantle a system

0:16:17.045,0:16:19.364
that advantages me,

0:16:19.388,0:16:20.842
I am complicit.

0:16:22.685,0:16:24.769
This isn't about shame or guilt.

0:16:25.408,0:16:27.436
White guilt doesn't get anything done,

0:16:27.460,0:16:30.679
and honestly, I don't feel a lot of guilt.

0:16:30.703,0:16:33.602
History isn't my fault or yours.

0:16:34.407,0:16:38.129
What I do feel is a stronger sense[br]of responsibility

0:16:39.453,0:16:40.811
to do something.

0:16:42.605,0:16:47.162
All this has altered the way[br]that I think about and approach my work

0:16:47.186,0:16:49.392
as a documentary storyteller

0:16:49.416,0:16:50.694
and as a teacher.

0:16:51.559,0:16:53.949
But beyond that, besides that,[br]what does it mean?

0:16:53.973,0:16:55.750
What does it mean for any of us?

0:16:56.986,0:16:59.719
Does it mean that we support leaders

0:16:59.743,0:17:02.855
who want to push ahead[br]with a conversation about reparations?

0:17:03.675,0:17:04.839
In our communities,

0:17:04.863,0:17:09.883
are we finding people who are working[br]to transform unjust institutions

0:17:09.907,0:17:11.444
and supporting that work?

0:17:12.313,0:17:13.765
At my job,

0:17:13.789,0:17:16.135
am I the white person[br]who shows up grudgingly

0:17:16.159,0:17:18.980
for the diversity and equity meeting,

0:17:19.004,0:17:21.756
or am I trying to figure out[br]how to be a real accomplice

0:17:21.780,0:17:23.491
to my colleagues of color?

0:17:24.694,0:17:27.250
Seems to me wherever we show up,

0:17:28.270,0:17:32.625
we need to show up with humility[br]and vulnerability

0:17:32.649,0:17:37.084
and a willingness to put down[br]this power that we did not earn.

0:17:40.876,0:17:43.689
I believe we also stand to benefit

0:17:43.713,0:17:45.823
if we could create a society

0:17:45.847,0:17:49.599
that's not built on the exploitation[br]or oppression of anyone.

0:17:50.683,0:17:53.837
But in the end we should do this,

0:17:53.861,0:17:55.165
we should show up,

0:17:55.189,0:17:57.000
figure out how to take action.

0:17:58.103,0:17:59.669
Because it's right.

0:18:02.248,0:18:03.457
Thank you.

0:18:03.481,0:18:06.197
(Applause)