[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.100,0:00:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a small goal this morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.49,0:00:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have given me\Nyour 18 minutes of your time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.70,0:00:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 18 minutes from now
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.45,0:00:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to make you a little wiser,\Na little smarter than now.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.90,0:00:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to share my thoughts\Nand wisdoms from my scientific activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.56,0:00:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a synthetic biologist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.92,0:00:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Being a synthetic biologist
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.58,0:00:42.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm dreaming about applying\Nthe principles of biology
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.31,0:00:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create synthetic signals in the body\Nor synthetic life forms.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.63,0:00:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me start off by telling you\Nwhat is actually killing us.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.59,0:01:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm using American statistics\Nto illustrate this point.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.58,0:01:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's shown here are the cause of death\Nbefore you naturally die.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.61,0:01:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see a number of things\Nthat you're familiar with.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.10,0:01:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may have already noticed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.19,0:01:19.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the most three common reasons to die
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.17,0:01:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are those infectious disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.84,0:01:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the data from 1900,\Nabout a hundred years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.39,0:01:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As of today, the year 2010,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.49,0:01:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see a different list\Nof cause of death here,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.60,0:01:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you may have already noticed\Nthat those diseases that you noticed,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.70,0:01:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I grayed out here,\Nare infectious diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.53,0:01:46.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.03,0:01:50.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diphtheria or pneumonia\Nor tuberculosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.100,0:01:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those infectious diseases\Nhave essentially been eradicated
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.08,0:02:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thanks to the discovery\Nof antibiotics and vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.21,0:02:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a remarkable achievement\Nby medical doctors and the drug industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.16,0:02:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, it happened for the first time\Nin the human industry
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.58,0:02:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the life expectancy,\Naverage life expectancy,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.13,0:02:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has increased from about 47 years\Na hundred years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.90,0:02:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to about 79 years as of today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.14,0:02:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if you look at the list of things\Nthat are killing us today,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.74,0:02:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are difficult diseases:\Ncancers, cardiovascular disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.25,0:02:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are not caused by infection.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.34,0:02:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are caused by the breakdown\Nof internal systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.20,0:02:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cellular messaging systems\Ninside your body are breaking down,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.99,0:02:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's when these diseases\Nstart to occur.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.42,0:02:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a couple of other diseases\Nthat you notice are underlined in red:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.40,0:02:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suicide, Alzheimer's, diabetes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.46,0:03:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are lifestyle diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.28,0:03:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these diseases are very\Ndifficult to address,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.14,0:03:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and possibly, if we manage\Nto cure these diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.49,0:03:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can we actually aim or desire\Nto live even longer?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.06,0:03:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you actually thought about living\Nlonger to 150 years or more?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.25,0:03:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But more importantly,\Nthe real important question is:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.76,0:03:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were given 150 years or 200 years\Nor as long as you want,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.02,0:03:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what kind of living is it going to be?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.63,0:03:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the topic\Nthat I'm going to talk about today.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.92,0:03:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it going to be a smart living?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.42,0:03:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or what kind of life is it going to be?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.12,0:03:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a lot of things are happening\Nthese days in biological field,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.70,0:03:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm going to highlight that\Nthis living longer is not a simple task.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.48,0:03:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, we, our genome,\Nis already designed to terminate our body
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.25,0:03:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after about 100 years or so.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.82,0:04:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was discovered about 50 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.02,0:04:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a scientist, Leonard Hayflick,\Nat the University of Pennsylvania.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.27,0:04:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the laboratory he discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.39,0:04:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that cells that make up our body
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.77,0:04:15.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually stop dividing\Nafter about 50 times.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.27,0:04:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a very peculiar phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.13,0:04:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did they stop dividing and die?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.68,0:04:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means our physical limitations\Nare already imposed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.88,0:04:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We cannot live forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.96,0:04:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this mystery was partly solved
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.78,0:04:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Elizabeth Blackburn\Nat U.C. San Francisco
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.85,0:04:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discovered that the tip of our chromosome,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.27,0:04:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually called a telomere,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.33,0:04:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is getting shorter and shorter.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.26,0:04:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever cells divide it gets shorter.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.62,0:04:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, after about 50 cell divisions,\Nyou have no more telomere left,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.21,0:04:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's when our body\Nstarts to break down
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.53,0:04:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we cannot live any longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.66,0:05:00.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the challenge you may have hoped for\Na couple of minutes ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.01,0:05:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you may be able\Nto live 300 years or longer,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.23,0:05:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not that simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.73,0:05:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not going to happen\Nunless we do something about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.73,0:05:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK. To get to that discussion
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.26,0:05:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to remind you of three points\Nfrom your high school biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.26,0:05:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just three points. OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.16,0:05:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our body is made up\Nwith 37 trillion cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.67,0:05:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give or take, 37 trillion cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.67,0:05:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Point number two:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.08,0:05:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each cell that makes up our body\Ncontains 23 pairs of chromosomes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.40,0:05:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and chromosomes are where\Ngenetic material is stored.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.93,0:05:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember that?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.69,0:05:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And each of this DNA is made up\Nwith only four kinds of compounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.87,0:05:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call them bases.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.65,0:05:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are A, T, G and C.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.55,0:05:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember all this?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.12,0:05:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK. You're ready.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.06,0:05:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK. I'm going to highlight\Nonly two major breakthrough discoveries
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.42,0:06:02.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made in the past few decades\Nin modern biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.28,0:06:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my mind, it was\Nthe turning point for modern biology
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.14,0:06:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when James Watson, American postdoc\Nwho went to Cambridge University,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.56,0:06:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who worked with Francis Crick,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.06,0:06:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then a graduate student\Nat Cambridge University,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.06,0:06:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they together worked out\Na three-dimensional structure of DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.24,0:06:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DNA is made up with the two spirals\Nas you can see in the slides.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.47,0:06:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that was the first time,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.14,0:06:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this visual confirmation\Nof what DNA looks like,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.07,0:06:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people have been able to sort out
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.10,0:06:40.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how genes are transferred\Nfrom parents to children,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.94,0:06:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they are replicated
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.33,0:06:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how our characters are copied\Nfrom one generation to another.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.82,0:06:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually biology, for the first time\Nfaced a solid principle.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.70,0:06:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In biology it's very hard\Nto find a principle.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.43,0:07:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the principle that all life\Nforms on Earth rely on.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.90,0:07:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DNA is the blueprint of our life\Nthat transcribes into RNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.45,0:07:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and RNA is the messenger\Nto translate into a protein,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.17,0:07:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and protein is the component
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.92,0:07:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that circulates within your body\Nto perform certain functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.21,0:07:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this central dogma is unshaken,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.44,0:07:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's going to be\Nthe principle of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.48,0:07:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second major breakthrough discovery
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.53,0:07:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happened in 2000, about 10 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.22,0:07:32.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a lucky case for Bill Clinton,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.95,0:07:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was towards the end\Nof his term in 2000,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.62,0:07:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and two main scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.84,0:07:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Craig Venter on the left,\Nand then Francis Collins,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.44,0:07:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they announced the completion\Nof the human genome.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.42,0:07:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before then, we didn't really know\Nfor sure what we are made up with.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.24,0:07:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After this work
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.74,0:07:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we now know we are made up with\N3 billion base pairs of A, T, G and C.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.03,0:07:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the blueprint we have.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.77,0:08:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what we're going to deal with\Nto make smarter living.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.62,0:08:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what happens during the process\Nof what we call development.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.40,0:08:11.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all start out with a single embryo.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.65,0:08:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You understand this, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.28,0:08:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This single embryo goes\Nthrough the process of development.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.01,0:08:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call it development.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.54,0:08:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through this process\Nto turn into a tissue and a body,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.65,0:08:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are number of developmental signals.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.19,0:08:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The names are not important.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.82,0:08:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are protein molecules\Nthat go around in your body
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.27,0:08:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tell the cell to turn into\Na heart or pancreas or skin
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.29,0:08:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that forms into a body.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.32,0:08:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this green arrow is unfortunately\Ndesigned and blueprinted in your genome,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.82,0:08:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a one-way street.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.21,0:08:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if something goes wrong\Nin your pancreas,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.31,0:08:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going to have diabetic conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.55,0:08:53.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If your heart stops working
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.57,0:08:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you will have a heart disease\Nand skin problems, things like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.51,0:09:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those are the barriers\Nwe want to overcome.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.45,0:09:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the major technological discovery
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.67,0:09:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was made by a scientist\Nalmost single-handedly
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.86,0:09:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- his name is Yamanaka\Nfrom Kyoto University -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.76,0:09:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 10 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.70,0:09:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was able to take\None of these skin cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.35,0:09:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,differentiated skin cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.94,0:09:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then induced a certain set of genes\Ncalled transcription factors
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.78,0:09:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by use of a virus,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.67,0:09:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then made them\Ninto almost like embryo-like cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.54,0:09:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not exactly an embryo.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.04,0:09:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's cells in a Petri dish,\Nbut it works like an embryo,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.83,0:09:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that you have a second chance\Nto restart this engine,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.12,0:09:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go through the green arrow all over again,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.86,0:09:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that you now can have\Npossibly fresh new tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.32,0:09:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you happen to have a bad heart,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.42,0:09:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you can possibly create\Nthis Petra dish of cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.78,0:10:02.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then differentiate back to a fresh\Nnew heart and put it back in your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.37,0:10:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that's something we can use\Nto make this longer, smart living.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.90,0:10:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's missing though\Nin this red arrow
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.40,0:10:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the synthetic signals\Nthat put this back on time,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.66,0:10:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because nature has never intended
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.36,0:10:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to dedifferentiate back from skin cells\Nback to embryo-like cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.48,0:10:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these synthetic signals are something\Nthat never existed in nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.68,0:10:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's when my research\Ngot really kicked in.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.42,0:10:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was interested in attempting\Nto see something we can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.06,0:10:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before I tell you about\Nthe second major breakthrough,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.94,0:10:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I prepared one slide to illustrate\NAB204 highlighted in yellow.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.04,0:10:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It mimics BMP2.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.14,0:10:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BMP2 is a natural signal\Nthat tells the cell to turn into bone.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.20,0:10:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we do better than Mother Nature?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.05,0:10:58.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that technology is the first\Ntechnology that I just told you about.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.68,0:11:02.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the bone,\Nthe top of the skull of a mouse.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.57,0:11:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We made a little hole,\Nabout 5mm diameter hole,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.43,0:11:10.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if the hole is too big,\Nthey don't fuse back.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.82,0:11:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have a little crack,\Nthey generally fuse back,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.58,0:11:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the adult bones are not that good\Nin repairing themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.96,0:11:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, after three months\Nit remains like a hole.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.97,0:11:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With BMP2 natural signals\Nsoaked into a piece of sponge
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.83,0:11:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put it on to that little 5mm hole,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.79,0:11:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then after three months
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.48,0:11:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see the big part of that hole\Nhas been sealed back.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.38,0:11:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see\NX-ray photography underneath,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.86,0:11:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that you can see\Na significant recovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.67,0:11:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the synthetic signal\Nthat I created,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.59,0:11:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AB204 with a 0.1 microgram.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.20,0:11:51.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You notice it's a one-tenth of material\Nsoaked in the same piece of sponge,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.39,0:11:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put it on to that hole,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.24,0:11:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see a much better\Nrecovery of the bone.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.53,0:11:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, it's too much.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.24,0:12:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So probably you don't need even 0.1,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.41,0:12:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you maybe be OK with even 0.01 microgram.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.77,0:12:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So synthetic signals that do better\Nthan Mother Nature are a possible thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.52,0:12:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think people can realize\Nthat we are not really bound
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.46,0:12:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by what Mother Nature intended for\Nthrough our genome.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.48,0:12:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the second technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.54,0:12:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not my work\Nbut this is very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.92,0:12:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you haven't heard about this,\Nyou should know this.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.54,0:12:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pronounced as "crisper."\N[IPA: krɪspə]
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.96,0:12:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CRISPR is a piece of DNA\Noriginally discovered by microbiologists.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.53,0:12:44.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by combining with this\Nbacterial protein called Cas
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.59,0:12:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a piece of RNA that works\Nas a guidance molecule,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.41,0:12:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now we have a technology\Nthat fixes, that changes,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.51,0:12:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each of these 3 billion bases\None at a time.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.25,0:12:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's true.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.63,0:13:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your gene that's made up\Nwith 3 billion base pairs
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.66,0:13:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be changed at any place you want.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.08,0:13:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It never happened.\NIt was never possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.56,0:13:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All these things happened\Nbecause of these breakthrough technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.02,0:13:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that happened starting\Nfrom Watson and Crick's DNA structure
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.91,0:13:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and up until now.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.38,0:13:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What it means is it's great news for those\Nwho are born with a birth defect.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.48,0:13:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We typically have 30,000 genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.22,0:13:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 8,000 different kinds\Nof genetic disorders.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.68,0:13:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know some people are born\Nwith defects in a certain enzyme
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.00,0:13:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because one base has changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.32,0:13:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called mutations.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.73,0:13:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It happens in cancer patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.43,0:13:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we discovered that,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.82,0:13:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can zoom into that one particular\Nbase on the DNA strand
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.68,0:13:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's 3 billion base pairs long
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.04,0:13:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fix them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.40,0:13:59.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Changing from either A, T, G and C\Nto one of those right base.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.27,0:14:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The alphabets of this genome is\Nas simple as that: A, T, G and C.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.42,0:14:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's made up with by four letters.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.26,0:14:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we do this to a human,\Nit's a fantastic news.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.25,0:14:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can actually change those genetic\Ndefects that you're born with,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.90,0:14:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some people may even wish\Nto have different characters.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.79,0:14:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want something something,\Nand I want genetic changes,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.65,0:14:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this happened actually\Nfour months ago by Chinese scientists.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.62,0:14:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They reported for the first time
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.48,0:14:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this CRISPR-mediated technology\Nwas used on a human embryo
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.55,0:14:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the human genome\Ncan be now edited.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.78,0:14:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very scary thought to some extent.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.36,0:14:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your gene can be edited.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.44,0:14:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's coming.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.24,0:14:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Combined with stem cell technology\Nthat tracks back in time,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.43,0:15:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have a second chance to restart\Nyour developmental process.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.22,0:15:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you have a second technology\Nthat fixes or changes those genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.54,0:15:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if you're born with A\Nand you're an adult,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.22,0:15:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can click the change from A to G,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.99,0:15:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then backtrack\Nto all your embryonic state,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.53,0:15:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and restart your heart,\Nand you can have a new heart.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.10,0:15:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me end my thoughts\Nwith the following two slides.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.14,0:15:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it's time to make some imaginations.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.85,0:15:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100 years from now,\Nmaybe 200 years from now,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.23,0:15:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what kind of life would that be
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.68,0:15:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if our genes have been modified\Nto live longer?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.37,0:15:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I already told you our genomes\Nare not designed to live long.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.85,0:15:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's already built to terminate\Nafter about a 100 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.84,0:15:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe 142 years or so.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.31,0:15:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with these new technologies\Ncalled stem cell technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.13,0:15:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gene-editing technologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.24,0:15:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our life form will be somewhat different.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.99,0:16:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may not be our body, actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.33,0:16:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may be based on our genomes,\Nbut it may not be our body anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.44,0:16:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What scares me even more is:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.68,0:16:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's the definition of me?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.72,0:16:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who am I? What am I?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.95,0:16:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My body doesn't really define me anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.49,0:16:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the brain that goes on,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.02,0:16:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you already heard several times
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.46,0:16:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the genetic framework
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.61,0:16:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fills the thoughts\Nand the characters or behaviors
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.05,0:16:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are built in the brain circuitry.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.82,0:16:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the physical framework\Nof that brain circuitry
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.90,0:16:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually written out\Nin the form of genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.68,0:16:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this scary thought was the theme\Nof a [1997] movie, the title is "Gattaca."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.66,0:16:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ironically, this spells G-A-T-T-A-C-A.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.19,0:16:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think director meant it that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.69,0:17:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this movie, the director\Nwanted to say something like this:
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.38,0:17:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He raised the question
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.60,0:17:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can our will play a part in deciding\Nour fate beyond our genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.17,0:17:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this movie Ethan Hawke is born\Nto be a second-class citizen,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.67,0:17:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then Uma Thurman was born
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.98,0:17:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and her gene was engineered\Nto become an upper-class citizen,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.15,0:17:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he fell in love with her,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.96,0:17:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he overcame this genetic barrier\Nby the power of love.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.54,0:17:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't fully understand if it's going\Nto be the most sensible solution to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.18,0:17:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to some extent I share the thoughts
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.11,0:17:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in a not-too-far-distant future\Nwe will face a very profound question.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.56,0:17:48.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What am I?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.29,0:17:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, even as of now, my body\Nconsists of 37 trillion cells, I told you,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.72,0:17:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it also contains\Nmore than 100 trillion bacterial cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.11,0:18:00.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your guts, on your skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.97,0:18:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in a nutshell,\NI'm 30% human and 70% bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.54,0:18:10.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's true.\NSo that's not really me.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.63,0:18:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if we start to change\Nthose body parts
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.03,0:18:17.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using stem cell technologies\Nand CRISPR technology?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.77,0:18:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our body parts will be derived\Nfrom those synthetic materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.62,0:18:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that me?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.29,0:18:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the even scarier thoughts\Nare of artificial intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.21,0:18:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when our brain activity is aided or fused
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.47,0:18:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to circuitry aided by computer chips\Nand algorithms.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.20,0:18:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much is me?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.42,0:18:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a really difficult question\Nto address in a simple way.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.28,0:18:47.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at least I think I gave you\Na right question to ponder on.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:47.59,0:18:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is my thought.\NThis is my solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.45,0:18:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am not really defined by my body.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.44,0:18:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am defined by the networks and impacts\NI make on my neighbors and friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.64,0:19:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So thank you for being\Nmy friends and neighbors in my lifetime,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.56,0:19:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I appreciate your attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.68,0:19:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.87,0:19:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)