[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it was about four years ago, five years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.00,0:00:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was sitting on a stage in Philadelphia, I think it was,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.00,0:00:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a bag similar to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.00,0:00:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was pulling a molecule out of this bag.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.00,0:00:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was saying, you don't know this molecule really well,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.00,0:00:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but your body knows it extremely well.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.00,0:00:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was thinking that your body hated it, at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.00,0:00:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we are very immune to this. This is called alpha-gal epitope.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.00,0:00:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the fact that pig heart valves have lots of these on them
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.00,0:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the reason that you can't transplant a pig heart valve into a person easily.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually our body doesn't hate these.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.00,0:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our body loves these. It eats them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.00,0:00:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, the cells in our immune system are always hungry.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.00,0:00:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if an antibody is stuck to one of these things
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.00,0:00:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the cell, it means "that's food."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.00,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I was thinking about that and I said, you know, we've got this
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.00,0:00:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immune response to this ridiculous molecule
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.00,0:00:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we don't make, and we see it a lot in other animals and stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.00,0:00:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I said we can't get rid of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.00,0:01:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because all the people who tried to transplant heart valves
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.00,0:01:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found out you can't get rid of that immunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.00,0:01:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, why don't you use that?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.00,0:01:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if I could stick this molecule,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.00,0:01:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slap it onto a bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.00,0:01:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was pathogenic to me, that had just invaded my lungs?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.00,0:01:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean I could immediately tap into
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.00,0:01:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an immune response that was already there,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.00,0:01:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it was not going to take five or six days to develop it --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.00,0:01:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was going to immediately attack whatever this thing was on.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.00,0:01:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was kind of like the same thing that happens when you,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.00,0:01:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like when you're getting stopped for a traffic ticket in L.A.,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.00,0:01:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the cop drops a bag of marijuana in the back of your car,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.00,0:01:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then charges you for possession of marijuana.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.00,0:01:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like this very fast, very efficient way to get people off the street.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.00,0:01:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.00,0:01:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can take a bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.00,0:01:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that really doesn't make these things at all,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.00,0:01:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you could clamp these on it really well
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.00,0:01:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have it taken off the street.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.00,0:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for certain bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.00,0:01:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't have really efficient ways to do that anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.00,0:01:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our antibiotics are running out.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.00,0:01:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, I mean, the world apparently is running out too.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.00,0:02:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So probably it doesn't matter 50 years from now --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.00,0:02:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,streptococcus and stuff like that will be rampant --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.00,0:02:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we won't be here. But if we are --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.00,0:02:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.00,0:02:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to need something to do with the bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.00,0:02:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I started working with this thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.00,0:02:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a bunch of collaborators.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.00,0:02:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And trying to attach this to things that were
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.00,0:02:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,themselves attached to certain specific target zones,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.00,0:02:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bacteria that we don't like.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.00,0:02:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I feel now like George Bush.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.00,0:02:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like "mission accomplished."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.00,0:02:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I might be doing something dumb, just like he was doing at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.00,0:02:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But basically what I was talking about there we've now gotten to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.00,0:02:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's killing bacteria. It's eating them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.00,0:02:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This thing can be stuck, like that little green triangle up there,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.00,0:02:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of symbolizing this right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.00,0:02:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can stick this to something called a DNA aptamer.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.00,0:02:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that DNA aptamer will attach specifically
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.00,0:02:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a target that you have selected for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.00,0:03:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can find a little feature on a bacterium that you don't like,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.00,0:03:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Staphylococcus -- I don't like it in particular,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.00,0:03:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it killed a professor friend of mine last year.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.00,0:03:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't respond to antibiotics. So I don't like it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.00,0:03:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm making an aptamer that will have this attached to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.00,0:03:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That will know how to find Staph when it's in your body,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.00,0:03:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and will alert your immune system to go after it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.00,0:03:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's what happened. See that line on the very top
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the little dots?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.00,0:03:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a bunch of mice that had been poisoned
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.00,0:03:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by our scientist friends down in Texas,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.00,0:03:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Brooks Air Base, with anthrax.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.00,0:03:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they had also been treated with a drug that we made
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.00,0:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would attack anthrax in particular,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.00,0:03:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and direct your immune system to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.00,0:03:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll notice they all lived, the ones on the top line --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.00,0:03:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a 100 percent survival rate.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.00,0:03:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they actually lived another 14 days,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.00,0:03:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or 28 when we finally killed them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.00,0:03:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and took them apart and figured out what went wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.00,0:03:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did they not die?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.00,0:03:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they didn't die because they didn't have anthrax anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.00,0:03:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we did it. Okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.00,0:04:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.00,0:04:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mission accomplished!
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.00,0:04:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)