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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.63,0:00:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our planet's diverse thriving ecosystems\Nmay seem like permanent fixtures,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.73,0:00:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're actually \Nvulnerable to collapse.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.04,0:00:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jungles can become deserts,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.03,0:00:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reefs can become lifeless rocks,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.67,0:00:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even without cataclysmic events,\Nlike volcanoes and asteroids.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.97,0:00:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes one ecosystem strong\Nand another weak in the face of change?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.47,0:00:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer, to a large extent,\Nis biodiversity.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.22,0:00:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Biodiversity is built out \Nof three intertwined features:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.69,0:00:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ecosystem diversity,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.72,0:00:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,species diversity,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.58,0:00:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and genetic diversity.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.70,0:00:44.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more intertwining \Nthere is between these features,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.59,0:00:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the denser and more resilient \Nthe weave becomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.32,0:00:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take the Amazon rainforest,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.30,0:00:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most biodiverse \Nregions on Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.29,0:00:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,due to its complex ecosystems,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.29,0:00:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,huge mix of species,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.09,0:00:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the genetic variety \Nwithin those species.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.85,0:01:01.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here are tangled liana vines,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.68,0:01:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which crawl up from the forest floor \Nto the canopy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.92,0:01:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,intertwining with treetops
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.05,0:01:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and growing thick wooden stems\Nthat support these towering trees.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.66,0:01:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Helped along by the vines,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.30,0:01:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trees provide the seeds, fruits\Nand leaves to herbivores,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.96,0:01:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the tapir and the agouti,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.82,0:01:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which disperse their seeds\Nthroughout the forest so they can grow.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.78,0:01:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leftovers are consumed \Nby the millions of insects
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.21,0:01:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that decompose and recycle nutrients\Nto create rich soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.22,0:01:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rainforest is a huge system filled\Nwith many smaller systems, like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.91,0:01:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each packed with interconnected species.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.19,0:01:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every link provides stability to the next,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.47,0:01:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strengthening biodiversity's weave.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.33,0:01:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That weave is further reinforced
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.09,0:01:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the genetic diversity \Nwithin individual species,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.98,0:01:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which allows them to cope with changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.48,0:01:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Species that lack genetic diversity\Ndue to isolation
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.44,0:01:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or low population numbers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.18,0:01:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are much more vulnerable \Nto fluctuations
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.49,0:02:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caused by climate change, disease\Nor habitat fragmentation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.04,0:02:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever a species disappears\Nbecause of its weakened gene pool,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.71,0:02:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a knot is untied \Nand parts of the net disintegrate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.94,0:02:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what if we were to remove one species\Nfrom the rainforest?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.51,0:02:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would the system fall apart?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.94,0:02:18.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably not.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.39,0:02:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The volume of species,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.61,0:02:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their genetic diversity,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.06,0:02:23.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the complexity of the ecosystems
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.25,0:02:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,form such rich biodiversity in this forest
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.14,0:02:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that one species gap in the weave\Nwon't cause it to unravel.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.80,0:02:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The forest can stay resilient\Nand recover from change.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.46,0:02:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not true in every case.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.51,0:02:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some environments, taking away\Njust one important component
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.27,0:02:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can undermine the entire system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.75,0:02:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take coral reefs, for instance.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.96,0:02:48.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many organisms in a reef\Nare dependent on the coral.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.22,0:02:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It provides key microhabitats,\Nshelter and breeding grounds
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.80,0:02:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for thousand of species of fish,\Ncrustaceans and mollusks.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.40,0:03:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Corals also form interdependent \Nrelationships with fungi and bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.19,0:03:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The coral itself is a loom
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.99,0:03:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows the tangled net \Nof biodiversity to be woven.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.26,0:03:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That makes coral a keystone organism,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.62,0:03:12.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that many others depend on\Nfor their suvival.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.97,0:03:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what happens when destructive\Nfishing practices,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.67,0:03:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pollution and ocean acidification
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.24,0:03:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weaken coral \Nor even kill it altogether?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.78,0:03:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Exactly what you might think.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.70,0:03:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The loss of this keystone species\Nleaves its dependents at a loss, too,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.48,0:03:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,threatening the entire fabric of the reef.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.24,0:03:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ecosystem, species\Nand genetic diversity
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.23,0:03:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,together form the complex tangled weave\Nof biodiversity
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.99,0:03:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is vital for the survival \Nof organisms on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.59,0:03:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We humans are woven \Ninto this biodiversity, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.71,0:03:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When just a few strands are lost,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.98,0:03:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our own well-being is threatened.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.39,0:03:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cut too many links,\Nand we risk unraveling it all.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.80,0:03:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What the future brings is unpredictable,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.36,0:03:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but biodiversity can give \Nus an insurance policy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.30,0:04:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earth's own safety net \Nto safeguard our survival.