[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.66,0:00:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Emile Durkheim is the philosopher \Nwho can best help us to understand\N
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.28,0:00:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why capitalism makes us richer and \Nyet frequently more miserable.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.24,0:00:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was born in 1858 in the little\NFrenchtown of Epinal,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.25,0:00:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,near the German border. Before he was\Nforty, Durkheim was appointed to a
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.32,0:00:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,powerful and prestigious position\Nas a professor at the Sorbonne in Paris.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.69,0:00:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Durkheim lived through the immense rapid\Ntransformation of France from a
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.18,0:00:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,largely traditional agricultural society\Nto an urban industrial economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.25,0:00:42.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He could see that his country was \Ngetting richer, that capitalism was
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.87,0:00:47.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extraordinarily productive and in \Ncertain ways that it was also liberating.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.52,0:00:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what particularly struck him and \Nbecame the focus for his entire scholarly
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.59,0:00:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,career was that the economic system \Nwas doing something very peculiar \N
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.45,0:00:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to people's minds.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.31,0:01:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was quite literally\Ndriving them to suicide in
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.81,0:01:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ever-increasing numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.71,0:01:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the immense \Ninsight unveiled in Durkheim's
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.41,0:01:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most important work: "Suicide", \Npublished in 1897.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.94,0:01:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The book chronicled a remarkable \Nand tragic discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.55,0:01:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That suicide rates seem to shoot up \Nonce a nation has become
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.40,0:01:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,industrialized and consumer \Ncapitalism takes hold.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.07,0:01:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Durkheim observed that the suicide rate\Nin the Britain of his day
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.18,0:01:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was double that of Italy but in an even\Nricher and more advanced Denmark,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.50,0:01:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was four times higher than in the UK.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.08,0:01:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Durkheim's focus on suicide
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.55,0:01:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was intended to shed light on a more\Ngeneral level of unhappiness
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.75,0:01:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and despair in society.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.79,0:01:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suicide ws the horrific tip of the \Niceberg of mental distress
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.07,0:01:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created by modern capitalism. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.48,0:01:49.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Across his career, Durkheim
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.93,0:01:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tried to explain why people \Nhad become so unhappy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.74,0:01:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in modern societies and he\Nisolated five crucial factors.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.35,0:02:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In traditional societies, people's\Nidentities are closely tied to belonging
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.18,0:02:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a clan or a class.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.19,0:02:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Few choices are involved.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.19,0:02:10.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A person might be a baker a
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.87,0:02:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lutheran or married to their second\Ncousin without ever having made any self
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.08,0:02:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conscious decisions for themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.16,0:02:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can just step into a place \Ncreated for them by their family
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.92,0:02:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the existing fabric of society. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.37,0:02:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But under modern capitalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.39,0:02:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the individual that now \Nbegins to choose everything;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.58,0:02:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what job to take, what \Nreligion to follow, who to marry,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.20,0:02:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where to belong.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.20,0:02:36.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If things go well, \Nthe individual takes all
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.17,0:02:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the credit, but if things go badly,\Nthe individual is in a crueler
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.93,0:02:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,place than ever before, for\Nit seemingly means that there's
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.67,0:02:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no one else to blame but they themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.21,0:02:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Failure becomes a terrible \Njudgment upon the individual.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.79,0:02:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the particular burden of\Nlife in modern capitalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.37,0:02:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Capitalism raises hopes. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.37,0:03:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone with effort can\Nbecome the boss.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.39,0:03:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Advertising stokes ambition \Nby showing us limitless
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.30,0:03:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,luxury that we could, if \Nwe play our cards right,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.68,0:03:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,secure very soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.54,0:03:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The opportunities are said to be
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.88,0:03:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enormous but so too are \Nthe possibilities for disappointment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.17,0:03:19.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In modern capitalism,\Nenvy grows rife.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.81,0:03:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its easy to become deeply \Ndissatisfied with one's lot,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.88,0:03:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not because it's objectively awful,\Nbut because of tormenting thoughts
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.11,0:03:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about all that is almost, but not \Nquite within reach.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.99,0:03:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cheery boosterish side of\Ncapitalism attracted Durkheim's
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.23,0:03:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particular annoyance.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.63,0:03:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In his view, modern society \Nstruggled to admit
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.63,0:03:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that life just is often quite painful and sad.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.23,0:03:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our tendencies to grief and sorrow
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.29,0:03:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are made to look like signs of \Nfailure rather than, as should
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.95,0:03:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be the case, a fair response to\Nthe arduous fact of the human condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.20,0:04:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the complaints against\Ntraditional societies strongly
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.31,0:04:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,voiced in Romantic literature is that \Npeople need more freedom.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.94,0:04:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rebellious types used to complain that \Nthere were far too many social norms,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.01,0:04:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,norms telling you what to wear, what\Nyou're supposed to do on Sunday
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.94,0:04:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,afternoons, what parts of an arm \Nits respectable for a woman to reveal.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.57,0:04:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Capitalism, following the earlier \Nefforts of romantic rebels,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.81,0:04:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has relentlessly \Nundermined social norms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.26,0:04:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Countries have become more \Ncomplex, more anonymous and \N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.61,0:04:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more diverse.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.61,0:04:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People don't have so much in common \Nwith one another any more.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.72,0:04:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The collective answers to even \Nvery important questions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.10,0:04:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like who you should marry, or how \Nyou should bring up your children
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.21,0:04:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have become weaker and less specific.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.39,0:04:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a lot of reliance on the \Nphrase, "Whatever works for you,"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.01,0:04:47.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which sounds friendly, but it also means\Nthat society doesn't much care what you
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.31,0:04:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do and doesn't feel confident it \Nhas good answers to the big
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.20,0:04:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,questions of your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.80,0:04:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In upbeat moments we like to think of\Nourselves as fully up to the task of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.82,0:05:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reinventing life and working everything\Nout for ourselves, but in reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.39,0:05:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Durkheim knew, we're often\Nsimply too tired, too busy, too
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.20,0:05:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uncertain, and then there is \Nnowhere to turn.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.51,0:05:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Durkheim was himself an atheist, but he\Nworried that religion had become
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.22,0:05:21.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,implausible, just as its best sides, \Nits communal side, would have been
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.05,0:05:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most useful to prepare the\Nfraying social fabric.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.76,0:05:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite its factual errors and its\Nfantastical dimensions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.87,0:05:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Durkheim appreciated religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.90,0:05:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He knew that the sense of \Ncommunity and consolation
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.90,0:05:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that religion offer are highly \Nimportant to people.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.11,0:05:41.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Capitalism has as yet offered \Nnothing to replace this with.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.41,0:05:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science certainly doesn't offer the \Nsame opportunities for powerful
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.91,0:05:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shared experiences.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.43,0:05:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The periodic table might well \Npossess a transcendent
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.43,0:05:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beauty and be a marvel of\Nintellectual elegance, but it can't
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.58,0:05:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,draw a society together around it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.01,0:06:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the nineteenth century, it had \Nlooked AT certain moments as if
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.08,0:06:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea of the nation might grow \Nso powerful and intense,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.40,0:06:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it could take up the sense of\Nbelonging and shared devotion
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.80,0:06:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had once been supplied by religion.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.18,0:06:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Admittedly, there were some heroic
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.57,0:06:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moments but they generally didn't \Nwork out very well.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.05,0:06:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Family ,too, seemed for a time to offer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.09,0:06:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the experience of belonging,\Nthat people seem to need.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.24,0:06:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But today, although we do indeed \Ninvest hugely in our families,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.37,0:06:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not as stable as we might\Nhope, and by adulthood, children
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.28,0:06:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are hardly tied to their \Nparents anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.54,0:06:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't expect to work\Nalongside them,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.63,0:06:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't expect their social circles \Nto overlap, and they don't
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.03,0:06:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feel that their parents' honor\Nis in their hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.39,0:06:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today neither family
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.42,0:06:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor the nation are well placed to take up\Nthe task of giving us a larger sense
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.99,0:06:57.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of belonging, of giving us the \Nfeeling that we're part of something
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.13,0:06:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more valuable than ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.03,0:07:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Emile Durkheim was a master\Ndiagnostician of our ills.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.51,0:07:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He shows us that modern\Neconomies put tremendous
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.01,0:07:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pressures on individuals\Nand leave them dangerously bereft
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.51,0:07:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of authoritative guidance and \Ncommunal solace.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.60,0:07:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are all Durkheim's heirs, and \Nstill have ahead of us the task that
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.40,0:07:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he grappled with; how we can create \Nnew ways of belonging, how we
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.47,0:07:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can take some of the pressure off\Nindividuals and find a more correct
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.41,0:07:28.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,balance between freedom \Nand solidarity,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.39,0:07:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How to generate
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.32,0:07:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ideologies that will allow us not to be \Nso tough on ourselves for our
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.07,0:07:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,failures and our setbacks.