[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is something about phsyics
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has been really bothering me\Nsince I was a little kid.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's related to a question
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that scientists have been asking\Nfor almost 100 years
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with no answer.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do the smallest things in nature --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the particles of the quantum world --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,match up with the largest\Nthings in nature --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,planets and stars and galaxies\Nheld together by gravity?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a kid I would puzzle\Nover questions just like this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would fiddle around with\Nmicroscopes and electromagnets,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would read about\Nthe forces of the small,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about quantum mechanics,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would marvel
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at how well that description\Nmatched up to our observation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I would look at the stars,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would read about how well\Nwe understand gravity,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would think surely there\Nmust be some elegant way
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these two systems match up,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's not.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the books would say,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yeah, we understand a lot about\Nthese two realms separetely,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we try to link them mathematically,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything breaks.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for 100 years,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,none of our ideas\Nas to how to solve this --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,physics disaster,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has ever been supported by evidence.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to little old me,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little, curious, skeptical James,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was a supremely unsatisfying answer.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm still a skeptical little kid --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, flash-forward now\Nto December of 2015,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I found myself smack in the middle
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the physics world\Nbeing flipped on its head.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It all started when we at CERN\Nsaw something intriguing in our data;
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a hint of a new particle,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an inkling of a possibly extraordinary\Nanswer to this question.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm still a skeptical\Nlittle kid, I think,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'm also now a particle hunter.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am a physicist at CERN's Large\NHadron Collider,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the largest science\Nexperiment ever mounted.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a 27-kilometer tunnel\Non the border of France and Switzerland
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,buried 100 meters underground.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this tunnel,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we use superconducting magnets\Ncolder than outer space
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to accelerate protons\Nto almost the speed of light,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and slam them into each other\Nmillions of times per second,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collecting the debris of these collisions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to search for new, undiscovered\Nfundamental particles.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its design and construction\Ntook decades of work
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by thousands of physicists\Nfrom around the globe,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the summer of 2015,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had been working tirelessly\Nto switch on the LHC
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the highest energy that humans\Nhave ever used in a collider experiment.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, higher energy is important
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because for particles\Nthere is an equivalence
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between energy and particle mass,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mass is just number\Nput there by nature.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To discover new particles,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to reach these bigger numbers.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to do that,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to build a bigger,\Nhigher energy collider,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the biggest, highest energy collider\Nin the world is the Large Hadron Collider.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we collide protons\Nquadrillions of times,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we collect this data very slowly\Nover months and months.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the new particles might show up\Nin our data as bumps --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slight deviations from what you expect.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Little clusters of data points\Nthat make a smooth line not so smooth.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this bump,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after months of data taking in 2012,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led to the discovery\Nof the Higgs particle,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Higgs boson,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to a Nobel Prize\Nfor the confirmation of its existence.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This jump up in energy in 2015
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represented the best chance\Nthat we as a species had ever had
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at discovering new particles --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new answers to these\Nlongstanding questions,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was almost twice\Nas much energy as we used
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we discovered the Higgs boson.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of my colleagues had been working\Ntheir entire careers for this moment,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and frankly,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to little curious me,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was the moment I'd been\Nwaiting for my entire life.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So 2015 was go time.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So June 2015,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the LHC is switched back on.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My colleagues and I held our breath\Nand bit our fingernails,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then finally we saw the first\Nproton collisions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at this highest energy ever.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Applause, champagne, celebration.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a milestone for science,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had no idea what we would find\Nin this brand new data.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then a few weeks\Nlater we found a bump.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't a very big bump,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was big enough to make you\Nraise your eyebrow.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on a scale of one to 10\Nfor eyebrow raises,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if 10 indicates that you've\Ndiscovered a new particle,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this eyebrow raise was about a four.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I spent hours, days, weeks\Nin secret meetings
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arguing with my colleagues\Nover this little bump,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poking and prodding it with our\Nmost ruthless experimental sticks
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see if it would withstand scrutiny.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even after months\Nof working feverishly --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sleeping in our offices\Nand not going home,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,candy bars for dinner,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coffee by the bucket full --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,physicists are machines for turning\Ncoffee into diagrams --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little bump would not go away.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after a few months,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we presented our little bump to the world\Nwith a very clear message:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this little bump is interesting\Nbut it's not definitive,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so let's keep an eye on it\Nas we take more data.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we were trying to be\Nextremely cool about it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the world ran with it anyway.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The news loved it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People said it reminded\Nthem of the little bump
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was shown on the way\Ntowards the Higgs boson discovery.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Better than that,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my theorist colleagues --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love my theorist colleagues --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my theorist colleagues wrote 500 papers\Nabout this little bump.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world of particle phsyics\Nhas been flipped on its head.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what was it about this particular bump
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that cause thousands of physicists\Nto collectively lose their cool?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little bump was unique.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little bump indicated
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we were seeing an unexpectedly\Nlarge number of collisions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose debris consisted\Nof only two photons --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two particles of light.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's rare.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Particle collisions are not\Nlike automobile collisions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have different rules.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When two particles collide\Nat almost the speed of light,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the quantum world takes over.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the quantum world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these two particles can briefly\Ncreate a new particle
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lives for a tiny fraction of a second
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before splitting into other particles\Nthat hit our detector.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine a car collision where\Nthe two cars vanish upon impact,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bicycle appears in their place --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then that bicycle explodes\Ninto two skateboards
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which hit out detector.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hopefully not literally --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're very expensive.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The events where only two photons\Nhit out detector are very rare.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because of the special\Nquantum properties of photons,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually have --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a very small\Nnumber of new particles --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these mythical bicycles --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can give birth to only two photons.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one of these options is huge,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it has to do with\Nthat longstanding question
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that bothered me as a tiny little kid
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about gravity.