[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.37,0:00:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Nature sounds)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.82,0:00:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I first began\Nrecording wild soundscapes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.54,0:00:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,45 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.47,0:00:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had no idea that ants,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.89,0:00:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,insect larvae, sea anemones and viruses
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.37,0:00:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created a sound signature.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.50,0:00:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they do.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.94,0:00:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so does every wild\Nhabitat on the planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.35,0:00:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the Amazon rainforest\Nyou're hearing behind me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.59,0:00:32.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, temperate\Nand tropical rainforests
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.16,0:00:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each produce a vibrant animal orchestra,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.34,0:00:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that instantaneous\Nand organized expression
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.57,0:00:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of insects, reptiles,\Namphibians, birds and mammals.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.38,0:00:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And every soundscape\Nthat springs from a wild habitat
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.30,0:00:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,generates its own unique signature,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.90,0:00:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that contains incredible\Namounts of information,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.81,0:00:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's some of that information\NI want to share with you today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.17,0:01:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The soundscape is made\Nup of three basic sources.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.38,0:01:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is the geophony,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.92,0:01:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the nonbiological sounds that occur
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.28,0:01:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in any given habitat,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.26,0:01:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like wind in the trees, water in a stream,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.85,0:01:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waves at the ocean shore,\Nmovement of the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.45,0:01:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second of these is the biophony.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.72,0:01:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The biophony is all of the sound
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.85,0:01:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's generated by organisms\Nin a given habitat
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.96,0:01:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at one time and in one place.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.58,0:01:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the third is all of the sound\Nthat we humans generate
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.12,0:01:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's called anthrophony.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.94,0:01:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of it is controlled,\Nlike music or theater,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.30,0:01:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most of it is chaotic and incoherent,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.21,0:01:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which some of us refer to as noise.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.92,0:01:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a time when\NI considered wild soundscapes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.62,0:01:48.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be a worthless artifact.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.35,0:01:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were just there,\Nbut they had no significance.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.43,0:01:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I was wrong. What\NI learned from these encounters
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.81,0:02:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that careful listening gives\Nus incredibly valuable tools
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.58,0:02:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by which to evaluate\Nthe health of a habitat
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.17,0:02:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the entire spectrum of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.98,0:02:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I began recording in the late '60s,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.19,0:02:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the typical methods\Nof recording were limited
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.47,0:02:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the fragmented capture\Nof individual species
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.93,0:02:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like birds mostly, in the beginning,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.03,0:02:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but later animals\Nlike mammals and amphibians.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.73,0:02:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me, this was a little like trying\Nto understand
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.24,0:02:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the magnificence\Nof Beethoven's Fifth Symphony
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.31,0:02:36.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by abstracting the sound\Nof a single violin player
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.22,0:02:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of the context of the orchestra
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.79,0:02:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hearing just that one part.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.89,0:02:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, more and more institutions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.91,0:02:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are implementing the more holistic models
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.98,0:02:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I and a few of my colleagues\Nhave introduced
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.34,0:02:53.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the field of soundscape ecology.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.21,0:02:58.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I began recording\Nover four decades ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.28,0:03:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could record for 10 hours
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.69,0:03:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and capture one hour of usable material,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.92,0:03:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good enough for an album\Nor a film soundtrack
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.98,0:03:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a museum installation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.70,0:03:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, because of global warming,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.65,0:03:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resource extraction,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.07,0:03:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and human noise, among many other factors,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.14,0:03:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can take up to 1,000 hours or more
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.82,0:03:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to capture the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.65,0:03:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fully 50 percent of my archive
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.70,0:03:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes from habitats so radically altered
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.90,0:03:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they're either altogether silent
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.80,0:03:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or can no longer be heard\Nin any of their original form.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.52,0:03:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The usual methods of evaluating a habitat
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.81,0:03:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been done by visually\Ncounting the numbers of species
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.13,0:03:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the numbers of individuals\Nwithin each species in a given area.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.34,0:03:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, by comparing\Ndata that ties together
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.89,0:03:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both density and diversity\Nfrom what we hear,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.69,0:03:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm able to arrive at much\Nmore precise fitness outcomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.06,0:03:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to show you some examples
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.10,0:04:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that typify the possibilities unlocked
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.89,0:04:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by diving into this universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.91,0:04:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Lincoln Meadow.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.31,0:04:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lincoln\NMeadow's a three-and-a-half-hour drive
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.52,0:04:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,east of San Francisco\Nin the Sierra Nevada Mountains,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.41,0:04:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at about 2,000 meters altitude,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.51,0:04:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've been recording\Nthere for many years.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.32,0:04:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1988, a logging company\Nconvinced local residents
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.24,0:04:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there would be absolutely\Nno environmental impact
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.40,0:04:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a new method they were trying
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.05,0:04:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called "selective logging,"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.77,0:04:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking out a tree here and there
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.32,0:04:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than clear-cutting a whole area.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.60,0:04:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With permission granted to record
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.36,0:04:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both before and after the operation,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.33,0:04:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I set up my gear and captured\Na large number of dawn choruses
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.94,0:04:43.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to very strict protocol\Nand calibrated recordings,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.48,0:04:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I wanted a really good baseline.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.67,0:04:47.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an example of a spectrogram.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.86,0:04:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A spectrogram is a graphic\Nillustration of sound
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.29,0:04:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with time from left\Nto right across the page --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.46,0:04:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,15 seconds in this case is represented —
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.97,0:04:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and frequency from the bottom\Nof the page to the top,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.82,0:05:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lowest to highest.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.04,0:05:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see\Nthat the signature of a stream
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.18,0:05:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is represented here in the bottom\Nthird or half of the page,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.98,0:05:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while birds that were once in that meadow
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.42,0:05:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are represented in the signature\Nacross the top.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.48,0:05:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were a lot of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.64,0:05:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's Lincoln Meadow\Nbefore selective logging.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.80,0:05:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Nature sounds)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.59,0:05:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, a year later I returned,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.47,0:05:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and using the same protocols
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.23,0:05:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and recording under the same conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.94,0:05:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I recorded a number of examples
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.17,0:05:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the same dawn choruses,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.27,0:05:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now this is what we've got.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.41,0:05:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is after selective logging.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.69,0:05:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see that the stream\Nis still represented
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.00,0:05:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the bottom third of the page,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.67,0:05:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but notice what's missing\Nin the top two thirds.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.18,0:06:01.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Nature sounds)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.69,0:06:11.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coming up is the sound of a woodpecker.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.18,0:06:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I've returned\Nto Lincoln Meadow 15 times
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.77,0:06:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the last 25 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.25,0:06:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can tell you that the biophony,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.94,0:06:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the density and diversity\Nof that biophony,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.84,0:06:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has not yet returned\Nto anything like it was
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.39,0:06:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the operation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.59,0:06:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here's a picture\Nof Lincoln Meadow taken after,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.69,0:06:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see\Nthat from the perspective of the camera
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.93,0:06:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the human eye,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.04,0:06:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hardly a stick or a tree\Nappears to be out of place,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.81,0:06:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would confirm the logging\Ncompany's contention
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.75,0:06:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there's nothing\Nof environmental impact.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.38,0:06:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, our ears tell us\Na very different story.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.80,0:06:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Young students are always asking me
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.63,0:06:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what these animals are saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.08,0:06:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really I've got no idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.91,0:07:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I can tell you that they do\Nexpress themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.18,0:07:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether or not we understand\Nit is a different story.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.26,0:07:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was walking along the shore in Alaska,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.59,0:07:09.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I came across this tide pool
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.93,0:07:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filled with a colony of sea anemones,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.96,0:07:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these wonderful eating machines,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.04,0:07:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relatives of coral and jellyfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.89,0:07:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And curious to see\Nif any of them made any noise,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.25,0:07:21.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I dropped a hydrophone,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.42,0:07:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an underwater microphone\Ncovered in rubber,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.41,0:07:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down the mouth part,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.60,0:07:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and immediately the critter began
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.36,0:07:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to absorb the microphone into its belly,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.57,0:07:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the tentacles were\Nsearching out of the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.26,0:07:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for something of nutritional value.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.67,0:07:37.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The static-like sounds that are very low,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.18,0:07:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you're going to hear right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.18,0:07:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Static sounds)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.58,0:07:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, but watch. When it\Ndidn't find anything to eat --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.45,0:07:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Honking sound)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.84,0:07:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.50,0:07:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that's an expression\Nthat can be understood
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.100,0:07:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in any language.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.41,0:07:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.28,0:08:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the end of its breeding cycle,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.88,0:08:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Great Basin Spadefoot toad
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.04,0:08:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,digs itself down about a meter under
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.11,0:08:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hard-panned desert\Nsoil of the American West,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.26,0:08:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it can stay for many seasons
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.14,0:08:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until conditions are just\Nright for it to emerge again.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.64,0:08:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when there's enough moisture\Nin the soil
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.76,0:08:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the spring, frogs will dig\Nthemselves to the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.56,0:08:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gather around these\Nlarge, vernal pools
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.63,0:08:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in great numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.66,0:08:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they vocalize in a chorus
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.07,0:08:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's absolutely in sync\Nwith one another.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.28,0:08:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they do that for two reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.87,0:08:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is competitive,\Nbecause they're looking for mates,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.30,0:08:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the second is cooperative,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.76,0:08:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if they're\Nall vocalizing in sync together,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.24,0:08:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes it really difficult\Nfor predators like coyotes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.40,0:08:48.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,foxes and owls to single\Nout any individual for a meal.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.61,0:08:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a spectrogram\Nof what the frog chorusing looks like
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.89,0:08:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it's in a very healthy pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.15,0:09:04.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Frogs croaking)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.16,0:09:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mono Lake is just to the east\Nof Yosemite National Park
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.13,0:09:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in California,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.96,0:09:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a favorite\Nhabitat of these toads,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.81,0:09:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's also favored by U.S.\NNavy jet pilots,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.70,0:09:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who train in their fighters\Nflying them at speeds
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.74,0:09:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exceeding 1,100 kilometers an hour
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.20,0:09:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and altitudes only a couple hundred meters
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.98,0:09:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above ground level of the Mono Basin,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.56,0:09:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very fast, very low, and so loud
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.24,0:09:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the anthrophony, the human noise,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.10,0:09:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though it's six and a half kilometers
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.13,0:09:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the frog pond you\Njust heard a second ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.93,0:09:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it masked the sound\Nof the chorusing toads.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.49,0:09:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see in this spectrogram\Nthat all of the energy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.76,0:09:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was once in the first\Nspectrogram is gone
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.51,0:09:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the top end of the spectrogram,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.25,0:09:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that there's breaks\Nin the chorusing at two and a half,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.09,0:09:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four and a half,\Nand six and a half seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.28,0:09:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the sound\Nof the jet, the signature,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.38,0:09:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in yellow at the very\Nbottom of the page.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.94,0:10:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Frogs croaking)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.58,0:10:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now at the end of that flyby,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.98,0:10:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it took the frogs fully 45 minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.46,0:10:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to regain their chorusing synchronicity,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.87,0:10:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during which time, and under a full moon,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.81,0:10:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we watched as two coyotes\Nand a great horned owl
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.60,0:10:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came in to pick\Noff a few of their numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.72,0:10:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news is that, with a little bit\Nof habitat restoration
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.24,0:10:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fewer flights, the frog populations,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.95,0:10:36.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once diminishing\Nduring the 1980s and early '90s,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.67,0:10:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have pretty much returned to normal.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.20,0:10:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to end with a story\Ntold by a beaver.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.14,0:10:44.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very sad story,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.62,0:10:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it really illustrates how animals
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.50,0:10:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can sometimes show emotion,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.48,0:10:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very controversial subject\Namong some older biologists.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.13,0:10:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A colleague of mine was recording\Nin the American Midwest
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.36,0:11:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around this pond that had been formed
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.90,0:11:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe 16,000 years ago at the end\Nof the last ice age.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.80,0:11:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was also formed in part by a beaver dam
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.96,0:11:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at one end that held\Nthat whole ecosystem together
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.88,0:11:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a very delicate balance.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.63,0:11:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one afternoon, while he was recording,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.40,0:11:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there suddenly appeared\Nfrom out of nowhere
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.23,0:11:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a couple of game wardens,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.67,0:11:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who for no apparent reason,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.27,0:11:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,walked over to the beaver dam,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.85,0:11:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dropped a stick of dynamite\Ndown it, blowing it up,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.13,0:11:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,killing the female and her young babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.16,0:11:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Horrified, my colleagues remained behind
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.99,0:11:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to gather his thoughts
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.03,0:11:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to record whatever he could\Nthe rest of the afternoon,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.52,0:11:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that evening, he captured\Na remarkable event:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.41,0:11:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lone surviving male beaver\Nswimming in slow circles
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.60,0:11:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crying out inconsolably for its\Nlost mate and offspring.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.33,0:11:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is probably the saddest sound
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.24,0:12:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've ever heard coming from any organism,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.16,0:12:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human or other.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.52,0:12:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Beaver crying)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.18,0:12:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah. Well.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.100,0:12:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many facets to soundscapes,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.58,0:12:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among them the ways in which animals\Ntaught us to dance and sing,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.79,0:12:32.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I'll save for another time.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.42,0:12:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you have heard how biophonies
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.44,0:12:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,help clarify our understanding\Nof the natural world.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.28,0:12:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've heard the impact\Nof resource extraction,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.74,0:12:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human noise and habitat destruction.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.81,0:12:47.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And where environmental\Nsciences have typically
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.07,0:12:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tried to understand\Nthe world from what we see,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.13,0:12:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a much fuller understanding\Ncan be got from what we hear.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.60,0:12:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Biophonies and geophonies\Nare the signature voices
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.45,0:13:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the natural world,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.44,0:13:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as we hear them,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.80,0:13:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're endowed with a sense of place,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.47,0:13:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the true story of the world we live in.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.88,0:13:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a matter of seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.80,0:13:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a soundscape reveals much more information
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.52,0:13:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from many perspectives,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.07,0:13:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from quantifiable data\Nto cultural inspiration.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.69,0:13:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Visual capture implicitly frames
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.59,0:13:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a limited frontal perspective\Nof a given spatial context,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.59,0:13:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while soundscapes widen that scope
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.96,0:13:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a full 360 degrees,\Ncompletely enveloping us.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.14,0:13:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while a picture may\Nbe worth 1,000 words,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.92,0:13:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a soundscape is worth 1,000 pictures.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.29,0:13:43.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And our ears tell us
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.41,0:13:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the whisper\Nof every leaf and creature
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.01,0:13:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,speaks to the natural\Nsources of our lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.08,0:13:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which indeed may hold the secrets\Nof love for all things,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.14,0:13:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially our own humanity,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.10,0:14:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the last word goes\Nto a jaguar from the Amazon.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.39,0:14:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Growling)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.14,0:14:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you for listening.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.34,0:14:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)