I have been thinking a lot lately about the following question:
what would happen if we came to disbelieve in free will?
What would this mean for our interpersonal relationships,
society, morality, meaning in the law?
For example, would giving up the belief in free will have dire consequences
for society or something?
Or would it rather have a humanizing effect
on our practices and polices,
freeing us from the negative effects of belief in free will?
What I would like to propose today
is that the belief in free will rather than being a good thing
actually has a dark side and that we'd be better off without it.
I know this is counterintuitive.
Many people fear that life without free will lead to nihilism,
there'd be no reason to go on, or that it would undermine morality.
Or that we will just let criminals run free
since there'd be no moral responsibility.
But I would like to paint a different picture for you today.
It begins with the idea of free will skepticism.
So I am a free will skeptic. I deny the existence of free will.
Free will skeptics maintain that who we are, what we do,
is ultimately the result of factors beyond our control,
and because of this,
we are never morally responsible for our actions in the basic desert sense
that is the sense that would make us truly deserving of praise and blame.
Historically, there have been a number of philosophical and scientific arguments
for free will skepticism,
and I've promoted these arguments in my own work,
but I'm not here today to try to convince you that you lack free will.
It's not my goal.
I'm actually interested in a slightly different question:
what would happen if we came to accept this perspective?
What would happen, practically speaking, if we came to disbelieve in free will?
Would it be, on the whole, a good thing or a bad thing?
And it's here that I'm an optimist.
I am optimistic about the prospects of life without free will.
I call myself an optimistic skeptic.
As an optimistic skeptic,
I maintain that life without free will
is not only possible but that it's preferable.
Prospects of finding meaning in life
and sustaining good interpersonal relationships, for example,
would not be threatened.
Although certain systems of punishment
like those based on the model of retribution or just deserts
would be ruled out;
preventive detention and rehabilitation programs would still be justified.
I will say a little bit more about these in a moment.
So as an optimistic skeptic,
I maintain that life without free will may actually be good for our well being,
and our relationships with others,
since it could tend to eradicate an often destructive form of moral anger,
a kind of moral anger
that's corrosive to our relationships and to our social policies.
So to better understand the dark side of free will,
what I want to do is just talk about
some recent empirical work in moral political physiology.
What this work has done has actually shown
that there is a number of interesting and potentially troubling correlations
between the belief in free will
and people's other moral religious and political beliefs.
In particular, what they found is that free will beliefs are correlated
with higher levels of religiosity, punitiveness,
and a number of conservative beliefs in attitude,
such as just world belief and right wing authoritarianism.
I am only going to focus on two of these today,
that is the connection between the belief in free will and punitiveness,
and that between the belief in free will and what's called just world belief.
So we take punitiveness for example.
What this research has shown is that where believe in free will is strong,
as we see increased punitiveness,
that is people are more likely to call for harsher forms of punishment
in a number of different scenarios.
And this makes sense: if you think people possess free will,
then you believe they justly deserve to be praised and blamed for their actions.
if they engage in an immoral act, you want to see them get their just deserts, right?
It's very close to a notion of retribution:
you want to inflict harm on them for the harm they've inflicted on others.
But the downside of this is, again, you can create a moral anger
that's destructive to our relationships with others and to our social policies.
So consider this on a macro level,
belief in free will is relatively strong in the United States.
In fact, it's built right into the mythology
of the rugged individual, the self-made man, the causa Sui,
the person that can pull themselves up from the bootstraps
and overcome all of their life circumstances.
But because we are so committed to this belief,
we are also a relatively punitive society.
Consider this one simple fact:
the United States makes up about 5% of the world's population,
yet it incarcerates 25% of the world's prisoners.
I will say that again because it's a rather startling statistic:
we make up a relatively small sliver of the world's population, about 5%,
but we house and imprison 25% of the world's prisoners.
I don't think it's controversial to say our criminal justice system is broken.
It is not working, not making us safer, it's not reducing crime,
it's, by no means, achieving our desired social goals,
and it is not reducing the rate of recidivism, that is repeat crime.
But just perhaps, if we adopt the skeptical perspective,
we might be able to adopt more effective, and more humane policies.
So let me just briefly sketch quickly
how a free will skeptic might address criminal behavior.
There's a professor - not too far from here,
his name is Derek Pereboom, he teaches at Cornell University;
he's a free will skeptic, like myself -
and he proposes a model for dealing with dangerous criminals
based on analogy with quarantine.
So people who contract contagious diseases do so for no fault of their own,
they're not morally responsible for having done so;
we don't think they deserve to be punished.
But we do feel justified
in quarantining those individuals for the safety of society.
Well, we can say the same thing for dangerous criminals
that is even you adopted the perspective that I am advocating,
and you believe that individuals are not ultimately responsible
for becoming who they are,
we could still justify detaining those individuals for the safety of society.
But if we did this, this would entail a number of major reforms,
all of which I think are actually really important and good.
For one, we'd have the duty
to the well-being and rehabilitation of criminals,
just like you would have a duty
to treat the person in quarantine for their disease.
Secondly,
you couldn't treat those individuals cruelly while being detained,
just like you couldn't treat cruelly the people we are holding in quarantine.
Thirdly, if there are less severe forms of punishment available,
we'd have to opt for those less severe forms of punishment
and that might entail rethinking some of our harsher sentencing laws,
and some of our crueler forms of punishment in super max prisons.
And lastly,
if you are someone like myself, you think it's the causal circumstances
that drive these behaviors in the first place,
then free will skeptics would put their money, resources and focus
on addressing the systemic causes that lead to criminality:
wealth, inequality, educational inequity.
So instead of blaming people and punishing them,
on the tail-end, you'd try to prevent the criminal behavior in the first place.
(Applause)
Thank you.
Not only do I think free will skeptics can deal successfully with criminal behaviors,
I think they could do so more humanely and more effectively.
So let me switch over to the other belief I mentioned:
belief in free will has also been shown through this research
to correlate with what is known as just world belief.
So what is it?
Fundamentally, it is the belief that the world is just,
good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people.
But also, fundamentally, it's a blame-the-victim approach
since it maintains that individuals justly deserve what they get,
and that those who meet misfortune have often brought it them on themselves.
In the 1960s, psychologists developed what is known as just world belief scale.
It was meant to design people's commitment to this type of belief,
but it was also particularly designed to capture the natural tendency people have
to blame those who meet misfortune for their own circumstances.
Over the years, what they found is that high scores on this belief,
correlate with the likelihood of derogating innocent victims,
trusting current institutions and authorities,
and blaming the poor and praising the rich for their respective faiths.
As I said, this is essentially a blame-the-victim approach;
you can see manifestations of it all throughout society.
One of the more pernicious
is the tendency, both among ordinary folk and the legal system,
to blame rape victims for their own circumstances.
So if the world is just,
and good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people,
to try to reconcile such a horrific act as rape
while preserving the belief that the world is just,
you turn that innocent victim into somebody that's guilty.
They were dressed provocatively,
they were walking where they shouldn't had been walking.
Another manifestation of this blame-the-victim approach
could be seen throughout society.
For example, blaming those in poverty for their own circumstances.
Claiming that those on welfare are lazy or mooches.
Or blaming educational inequity on the children and the parents themselves.
But we all know, at least on a more rational deliberate moment,
that the world is not just,
and that the lottery of life is not always fair.
We need to acknowledge the role that luck plays in our lives,
who we are, and how we turn out, right?
We don't all have equal starting points.
As I said in the beginning, I'm an optimist,
I am optimistic that if we could adopt this skeptical perspective,
we may be able to free ourselves
from some of these beliefs and harmful tendencies.
In fact, there was a recent study that came out
in the Journal of Psychological Science
that found that by reducing people's beliefs in free will,
it actually made them less punitive,
and call for less harsh forms of treatment in a number of hypothetical scenarios.
This tells me two things: one, it reaffirms what I was saying earlier,
that where believe in free will is strong as we see increased punitiveness,
but it also provides hopes to me
that we can perhaps relinquish ourselves on some of these more harmful beliefs
and by doing so, loose some of that moral anger I've been discussing.
So my proposal is rather simple.
Let's not fear free will skepticism. Let's embrace it.
Let's give up the belief in free will, and with it,
the pernicious belief in just-deserts, that people justly deserve what they get.
Let's leave this adequate notion behind,
lose our moral anger and stop blaming the victim.
Instead, let's turn our attention to the difficult task
of addressing the causes that lead
to criminality, to wealth inequity, and educational inequity.
Once we relinquish the belief in free will, this will allow us
to look more clearly at the causes and more deeply at the systems
that shape individuals and their behavior,
and this will allow us to adopt more humane and more effective policies
in education, criminal justice, and social policies.
Thank you very much.
(Applause)