[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.89,0:00:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't see the audience, and I hate that. Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.69,0:00:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many great grandparents\Nare there in the audience? Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.48,0:00:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Damn it, I can't see anything. Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.08,0:00:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're probably wondering why I'm sitting. Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.06,0:00:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is,\Nbecause I'm a great-grandfather. Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.25,0:00:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not a good grandfather,\Na great grandfather. Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.45,0:00:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.95,0:00:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, as everybody knows, Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.23,0:00:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,great grandparents get to do\Nany damn thing they please. Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.69,0:00:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Including following my own\Ngrandfather's advice, Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.39,0:00:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was, whenever you give a talk\Nto a thousand people Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.08,0:00:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about Richard Feynman, sustain yourself. Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.30,0:00:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.44,0:00:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.42,0:00:48.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an extremely slick operation Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.63,0:00:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm not a slick man. Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.57,0:00:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't use these things. Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.53,0:00:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I decided when I was asked to do this Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.41,0:01:00.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that what I really wanted to talk about\Nwas my friend, Richard Feynman. Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.13,0:01:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was one of the fortunate few\Nthat really did get to know him Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.60,0:01:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and enjoyed his presence. Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.20,0:01:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm going to tell you\Nabout the Richard Feynman that I knew. Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.73,0:01:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure there are people here\Nwho could tell you Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.05,0:01:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the Richard Feynman they knew, Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.79,0:01:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it would probably be\Na different Richard Feynman. Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.34,0:01:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Richard Feynman was a very complex man. Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.35,0:01:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a man of many, many parts. Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.66,0:01:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was, of course, foremost,\Na very, very, very great scientist. Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.100,0:01:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was an actor. You saw him act. Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.20,0:01:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also had the good fortune\Nto be in those lectures, Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.88,0:01:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up in the balcony. Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.74,0:01:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were fantastic. Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.08,0:01:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a philosopher. Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.83,0:01:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a drum player. Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.02,0:01:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a teacher par excellence. Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.68,0:01:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Richard Feynman was also a showman, Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.36,0:01:46.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an enormous showman. Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.95,0:01:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was brash, irreverent. Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.39,0:01:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was full of macho,\Na kind of macho one-upmanship. Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.66,0:01:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He loved intellectual battle. Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.60,0:02:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had a gargantuan ego. Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.36,0:02:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the man had, somehow, Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.86,0:02:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of room at the bottom. Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.33,0:02:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I mean by that\Nis a lot of room, in my case -- Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.09,0:02:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't speak for anybody else,\Nbut in my case -- Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.20,0:02:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of room for another big ego. Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.50,0:02:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, not as big as his, Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.92,0:02:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but fairly big. Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.09,0:02:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I always felt good with Dick Feynman. Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.34,0:02:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was always fun to be with him. Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.69,0:02:32.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He always made me feel smart. Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.85,0:02:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can somebody like that\Nmake you feel smart? Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.08,0:02:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somehow he did. Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.27,0:02:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He made me feel smart.\NHe made me feel he was smart. Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.76,0:02:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He made me feel we were both smart, Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.73,0:02:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the two of us could solve\Nany problem whatever. Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.18,0:02:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, we did sometimes\Ndo physics together. Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.22,0:02:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We never published a paper together, Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.28,0:02:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we did have a lot of fun. Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.86,0:02:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He loved to win, Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.78,0:02:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,win these little macho games\Nwe would sometimes play. Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.50,0:03:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he didn't only play them with me,\Nbut with all sorts of people. Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.79,0:03:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would almost always win. Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.65,0:03:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when he didn't win, when he lost, Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.74,0:03:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he would laugh and seem\Nto have just as much fun Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.40,0:03:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as if he had won. Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.43,0:03:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember once he told me a story Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.60,0:03:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about a joke the students played on him. Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.09,0:03:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it was for his birthday -- Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.65,0:03:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they took him for lunch Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.19,0:03:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a sandwich place in Pasadena. Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.84,0:03:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may still exist; I don't know. Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.78,0:03:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Celebrity sandwiches was their thing. Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.39,0:03:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could get a Marilyn Monroe sandwich. Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.75,0:03:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could get a Humphrey Bogart sandwich. Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.57,0:03:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The students went there in advance, Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.78,0:03:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and arranged that they'd all order\NFeynman sandwiches. Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.20,0:03:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One after another, they came in\Nand ordered Feynman sandwiches. Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.21,0:03:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feynman loved this story. Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.46,0:03:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He told me this story,\Nand he was really happy and laughing. Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.52,0:03:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he finished the story, I said to him, Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.30,0:03:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Dick, I wonder what\Nwould be the difference Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.18,0:03:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between a Feynman sandwich\Nand a Susskind sandwich." Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.59,0:03:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And without skipping a beat at all, Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.63,0:04:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said, "Well, they'd be about the same. Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.90,0:04:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only difference is a Susskind\Nsandwich would have a lot more ham." Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.24,0:04:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Ham" as in bad actor. Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.95,0:04:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.50,0:04:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I happened to have been\Nvery quick that day, Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.93,0:04:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I said, "Yeah,\Nbut a lot less baloney." Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.10,0:04:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.08,0:04:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.24,0:04:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The truth of the matter Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.44,0:04:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that a Feynman sandwich\Nhad a load of ham, Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.45,0:04:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but absolutely no baloney. Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.74,0:04:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What Feynman hated worse\Nthan anything else Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.04,0:04:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was intellectual pretense -- Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.07,0:04:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phoniness, Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.32,0:04:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,false sophistication, jargon. Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.05,0:04:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember sometime during the mid-'80s, Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.34,0:04:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dick and I and Sidney Coleman\Nwould meet a couple of times Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.50,0:04:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up in San Francisco --\Nat some very rich guy's house -- Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.69,0:04:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up in San Francisco for dinner. Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.84,0:04:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the last time the rich guy invited us, Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.10,0:04:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he also invited a couple of philosophers. Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.26,0:05:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These guys were philosophers of mind. Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.81,0:05:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their specialty was the philosophy\Nof consciousness. Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.20,0:05:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they were full of all kinds of jargon. Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.91,0:05:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm trying to remember the words -- Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.33,0:05:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"monism," "dualism,"\Ncategories all over the place. Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.25,0:05:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't know what those meant, neither\Ndid Dick or Sydney, for that matter. Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.84,0:05:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sydney, who was better educated\Nthan most of us. Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.65,0:05:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what did we talk about? Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.44,0:05:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what do you talk about\Nwhen you talk about minds? Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.34,0:05:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's one obvious thing to talk about: Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.53,0:05:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can a machine become a mind? Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.08,0:05:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you build a machine Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.83,0:05:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that thinks like a human being\Nthat is conscious? Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.34,0:05:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We sat around and talked about this --\Nwe of course never resolved it. Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.70,0:05:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the trouble with the philosophers Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.50,0:05:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they were philosophizing Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.50,0:05:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they should have been\Nscience-ophizing. Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.29,0:05:48.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a scientific question, after all. Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.65,0:05:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was a very, very\Ndangerous thing to do Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.58,0:05:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around Dick Feynman. Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.04,0:05:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.78,0:05:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feynman let them have it --\Nboth barrels, right between the eyes. Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.100,0:06:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was brutal; it was funny --\Nooh, it was funny. Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.09,0:06:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it was really brutal. Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.83,0:06:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He really popped their balloon. Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.56,0:06:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the amazing thing was --\NFeynman had to leave a little early; Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.09,0:06:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wasn't feeling too well,\Nso he left a little bit early. Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.22,0:06:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Sidney and I were left there\Nwith the two philosophers. Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.13,0:06:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the amazing thing\Nis these guys were flying. Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.15,0:06:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were so happy. Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.33,0:06:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had met the great man; Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.61,0:06:26.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had been instructed by the great man; Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.06,0:06:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had an enormous amount of fun Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.02,0:06:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having their faces shoved in the mud ... Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.38,0:06:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was something special. Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.86,0:06:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I realized there was something\Njust extraordinary about Feynman, Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.27,0:06:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when he did what he did. Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.05,0:06:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So yes - he did not like\Nintellectual pretense. Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.81,0:06:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dick -- he was my friend;\NI did call him Dick -- Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.51,0:06:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dick and I had a little bit of a rapport. Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.22,0:06:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it may have been a special\Nrapport that he and I had. Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.12,0:07:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We liked each other;\Nwe liked the same kind of things. Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.77,0:07:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also like the intellectual macho games. Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.68,0:07:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes I would win,\Nmostly he would win, Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.78,0:07:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we both enjoyed them. Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.40,0:07:10.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Dick became convinced at some point Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.81,0:07:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he and I had\Nsome kind of similarity of personality. Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.63,0:07:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think he was right. Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.10,0:07:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the only point\Nof similarity between us Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.35,0:07:21.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we both like to talk about ourselves. Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.57,0:07:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he was convinced of this. Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.43,0:07:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the man was incredibly curious. Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.51,0:07:31.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he wanted to understand\Nwhat it was and why it was Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.21,0:07:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was this funny connection. Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.77,0:07:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one day, we were walking. Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.48,0:07:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were in France, in Les Houches. Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.33,0:07:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were up in the mountains, 1976.\NUp in the mountains. Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.98,0:07:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Feynman said to me, "Leonardo ..." Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.26,0:07:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason he called me "Leonardo"\Nis because we were in Europe, Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.32,0:07:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was practicing his French. Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.100,0:07:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.14,0:07:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said, "Leonardo, Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.39,0:08:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were you closer to your mother\Nor your father when you were a kid?" Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.40,0:08:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Well, my real hero was my father. Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.46,0:08:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a working man, Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.63,0:08:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a fifth-grade education. Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.78,0:08:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a master mechanic,\Nand he taught me how to use tools. Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.62,0:08:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He taught me all sorts of things\Nabout mechanical things. Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.62,0:08:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He even taught me the Pythagorean theorem. Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.67,0:08:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He didn't call it the hypotenuse, Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.65,0:08:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he called it the shortcut distance." Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.26,0:08:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Feynman's eyes just opened up. Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.06,0:08:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He went off like a lightbulb. Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.41,0:08:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said that he had had Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.52,0:08:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically exactly the same\Nrelationship with his father. Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.27,0:08:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, he had been convinced at one time Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.71,0:08:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that to be a good physicist, Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.55,0:08:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was very important to have had\Nthat kind of relationship Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.90,0:08:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with your father. Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.09,0:08:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I apologize for the sexist\Nconversation here, Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.12,0:08:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is the way it really happened. Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.00,0:08:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said he had been absolutely\Nconvinced that this was necessary, Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.82,0:08:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a necessary part of the growing up\Nof a young physicist. Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.06,0:09:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Being Dick, he, of course,\Nwanted to check this. Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.21,0:09:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wanted to go out and do an experiment. Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.51,0:09:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.55,0:09:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, he did. Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.73,0:09:07.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He went out and did an experiment. Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.41,0:09:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He asked all his friends\Nthat he thought were good physicists, Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.35,0:09:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Was it your mom or your pop\Nthat influenced you?" Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.72,0:09:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to a man - Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.52,0:09:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were all men, Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.50,0:09:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to a man, every single\None of them said, Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.16,0:09:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My mother." Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.41,0:09:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.50,0:09:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There went that theory,\Ndown the trash can of history. Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.52,0:09:26.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.85,0:09:29.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he was very excited\Nthat he had finally met somebody Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.68,0:09:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had the same experience\Nwith his father Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.30,0:09:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as he had with his father. Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.76,0:09:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for some time, he was convinced\Nthis was the reason we got along so well. Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.90,0:09:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know. Maybe. Who knows? Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.00,0:09:44.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let me tell you a little bit\Nabout Feynman the physicist. Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.02,0:09:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feynman's style --\Nno, "style" is not the right word. Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.00,0:09:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Style" makes you think\Nof the bow tie he might have worn, Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.87,0:09:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the suit he was wearing. Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.19,0:09:57.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's something much deeper than that, Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.14,0:09:59.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I can't think of another word for it. Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.23,0:10:04.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feynman's scientific style\Nwas always to look for the simplest, Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.100,0:10:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most elementary solution\Nto a problem that was possible. Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.94,0:10:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it wasn't possible,\Nyou had to use something fancier. Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.17,0:10:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No doubt, part of this\Nwas his great joy and pleasure Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.76,0:10:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in showing people that he could\Nthink more simply than they could. Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.54,0:10:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he also deeply believed,\Nhe truly believed, Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.72,0:10:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you couldn't explain\Nsomething simply, Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.98,0:10:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you didn't understand it. Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.84,0:10:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1950s, people\Nwere trying to figure out Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.12,0:10:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how superfluid helium worked. Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.01,0:10:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a theory. Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.21,0:10:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was due to a Russian\Nmathematical physicist. Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.65,0:10:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a complicated theory; Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.08,0:10:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll tell you what it was soon enough. Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.22,0:10:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a terribly complicated theory, Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.09,0:10:47.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full of very difficult\Nintegrals and formulas Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.95,0:10:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mathematics and so forth. Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.30,0:10:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it sort of worked,\Nbut it didn't work very well. Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.56,0:10:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only way it worked Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.93,0:10:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is when the helium atoms\Nwere very, very far apart. Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.20,0:10:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had to be. Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.77,0:11:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And unfortunately, Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.85,0:11:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the helium atoms in liquid helium\Nare right on top of each other. Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.99,0:11:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feynman decided, as a sort\Nof amateur helium physicist, Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.35,0:11:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he would try to figure it out. Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.63,0:11:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had an idea, a very clear idea. Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.06,0:11:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would try to figure out Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.47,0:11:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the quantum wave function\Nof this huge number of atoms looked like. Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.57,0:11:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would try to visualize it, Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.24,0:11:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,guided by a small number\Nof simple principles. Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.20,0:11:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The small number of simple principles\Nwere very, very simple. Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.20,0:11:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one was that when\Nhelium atoms touch each other, Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.60,0:11:30.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they repel. Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.93,0:11:34.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The implication of that is that\Nthe wave function has to go to zero, Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.36,0:11:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has to vanish when the helium\Natoms touch each other. Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.46,0:11:39.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other fact\Nis that in the ground state -- Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.80,0:11:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lowest energy state\Nof a quantum system -- Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.56,0:11:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wave function is always very smooth; Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.85,0:11:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has the minimum number of wiggles. Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.97,0:11:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he sat down -- Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.52,0:11:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I imagine he had nothing more Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.82,0:11:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a simple piece\Nof paper and a pencil -- Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.26,0:11:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he tried to write down,\Nand did write down, Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.52,0:11:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the simplest function\Nthat he could think of, Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.84,0:12:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which had the boundary conditions Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.84,0:12:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the wave function\Nvanish when things touch Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.33,0:12:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is smooth in between. Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.93,0:12:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wrote down a simple thing --\Nso simple, in fact, Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.70,0:12:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I suspect a really smart\Nhigh-school student Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.85,0:12:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who didn't even have calculus Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.30,0:12:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could understand what he wrote down. Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.78,0:12:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing was, that simple thing\Nthat he wrote down Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.95,0:12:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,explained everything that was known\Nat the time about liquid helium, Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.52,0:12:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then some. Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.20,0:12:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've always wondered\Nwhether the professionals -- Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.20,0:12:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the real professional helium physicists -- Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.29,0:12:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were just a little bit\Nembarrassed by this. Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.86,0:12:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had their super-powerful technique, Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.56,0:12:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they couldn't do as well. Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.36,0:12:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Incidentally, I'll tell you\Nwhat that super-powerful technique was. Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.51,0:12:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the technique of Feynman diagrams. Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.08,0:12:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.96,0:12:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He did it again in 1968. Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.22,0:12:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1968, in my own university --\NI wasn't there at the time -- Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.23,0:12:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were exploring\Nthe structure of the proton. Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.20,0:12:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The proton is obviously made\Nof a whole bunch of little particles; Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.84,0:13:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was more or less known. Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.22,0:13:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way to analyze it was,\Nof course, Feynman diagrams. Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.58,0:13:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what Feynman diagrams\Nwere constructed for -- Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.15,0:13:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand particles. Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.93,0:13:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The experiments that were going on\Nwere very simple: Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.57,0:13:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you simply take the proton, Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.93,0:13:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you hit it really sharply\Nwith an electron. Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.56,0:13:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the thing\Nthe Feynman diagrams were for. Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.69,0:13:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only problem was that\NFeynman diagrams are complicated. Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.78,0:13:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're difficult integrals. Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.34,0:13:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you could do all of them,\Nyou would have a very precise theory, Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.54,0:13:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you couldn't --\Nthey were just too complicated. Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.01,0:13:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People were trying to do them. Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.50,0:13:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could do a one-loop diagram.\NDon't worry about one loop. Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.44,0:13:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One loop, two loops --\Nmaybe you could do a three-loop diagram, Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.47,0:13:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but beyond that, you couldn't do anything. Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.55,0:13:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feynman said, "Forget all of that. Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.22,0:13:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just think of the proton Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.71,0:13:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an assemblage, a swarm,\Nof little particles." Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.07,0:13:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He called them "partons." Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.84,0:13:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "Just think of it as a swarm\Nof partons moving real fast." Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.57,0:13:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they're moving real fast, Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.80,0:14:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relativity says the internal\Nmotions go very slow. Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.62,0:14:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The electron hits it suddenly -- Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.26,0:14:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's like taking a very sudden\Nsnapshot of the proton. Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.95,0:14:12.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you see? Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.13,0:14:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see a frozen bunch of partons. Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.19,0:14:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't move, Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.40,0:14:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because they don't move\Nduring the course of the experiment, Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.48,0:14:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't have to worry\Nabout how they're moving. Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.81,0:14:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have to worry\Nabout the forces between them. Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.44,0:14:30.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just get to think of it\Nas a population of frozen partons." Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.11,0:14:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the key to analyzing\Nthese experiments. Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.60,0:14:37.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Extremely effective. Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.79,0:14:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somebody said the word\N"revolution" is a bad word. Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.31,0:14:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I suppose it is,\Nso I won't say "revolution," Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.48,0:14:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it certainly evolved very, very deeply\Nour understanding of the proton, Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.00,0:14:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of particles beyond that. Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.17,0:14:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I had some more\Nthat I was going to tell you Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.81,0:14:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about my connection with Feynman, Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.49,0:14:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what he was like, Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.69,0:14:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I see I have exactly half a minute. Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.02,0:15:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think I'll just finish up by saying: Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.97,0:15:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I actually don't think\NFeynman would have liked this event. Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.79,0:15:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think he would have said,\N"I don't need this." Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.68,0:15:10.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But ... Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.86,0:15:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.89,0:15:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How should we honor Feynman? Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.27,0:15:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How should we really honor Feynman? Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.98,0:15:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the answer\Nis we should honor Feynman Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.14,0:15:22.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by getting as much baloney\Nout of our own sandwiches Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.13,0:15:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we can. Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.74,0:15:24.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.92,0:15:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)