[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.93,0:00:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I decided when I was asked to do this
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.81,0:00:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that what I really wanted to talk about\Nwas my friend, Richard Feynman.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.53,0:00:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was one of the fortunate few\Nthat really did get to know him
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.00,0:00:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and enjoyed his presence.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.00,0:00:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm going to tell you\Nabout the Richard Feynman that I knew.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.53,0:00:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure there are people here\Nwho could tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.85,0:00:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the Richard Feynman they knew,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.59,0:00:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it would probably be\Na different Richard Feynman.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.14,0:00:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Richard Feynman was a very complex man.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.15,0:00:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a man of many, many parts.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.46,0:00:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was, of course, foremost,\Na very, very, very great scientist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.80,0:00:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was an actor. You saw him act.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.00,0:00:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also had the good fortune\Nto be in those lectures,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.68,0:00:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up in the balcony.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.54,0:00:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were fantastic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.88,0:00:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a philosopher.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.63,0:00:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a drum player.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.82,0:00:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a teacher par excellence.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.48,0:00:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Richard Feynman was also a showman,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.16,0:00:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an enormous showman.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.75,0:00:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was brash, irreverent.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.19,0:01:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was full of macho,\Na kind of macho one-upmanship.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.46,0:01:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He loved intellectual battle.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.40,0:01:08.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had a gargantuan ego.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.16,0:01:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the man had, somehow,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.66,0:01:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of room at the bottom.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.13,0:01:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I mean by that\Nis a lot of room, in my case --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.89,0:01:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't speak for anybody else,\Nbut in my case --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.00,0:01:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of room for another big ego.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.30,0:01:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, not as big as his,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.72,0:01:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but fairly big.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.89,0:01:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I always felt good with Dick Feynman.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.14,0:01:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was always fun to be with him.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.59,0:01:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He always made me feel smart.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.75,0:01:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can somebody like that\Nmake you feel smart?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.98,0:01:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somehow he did.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.17,0:01:43.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He made me feel smart.\NHe made me feel he was smart.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.66,0:01:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He made me feel we were both smart,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.63,0:01:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the two of us could solve\Nany problem whatever.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.08,0:01:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, we did sometimes\Ndo physics together.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.12,0:01:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We never published a paper together,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.18,0:01:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we did have a lot of fun.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.76,0:01:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He loved to win,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.68,0:02:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,win these little macho games\Nwe would sometimes play.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.40,0:02:06.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he didn't only play them with me,\Nbut with all sorts of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.69,0:02:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would almost always win.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.55,0:02:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when he didn't win, when he lost,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.64,0:02:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he would laugh and seem\Nto have just as much fun
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.30,0:02:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as if he had won.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.33,0:02:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember once he told me a story
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.50,0:02:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about a joke the students played on him.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.89,0:02:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it was for his birthday --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.45,0:02:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they took him for lunch
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.89,0:02:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a sandwich place in Pasadena.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.54,0:02:31.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may still exist; I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.58,0:02:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Celebrity sandwiches was their thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.19,0:02:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could get a Marilyn Monroe sandwich.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.55,0:02:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could get a Humphrey Bogart sandwich.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.37,0:02:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The students went there in advance,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.58,0:02:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and arranged that they'd all order\NFeynman sandwiches.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:47.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One after another, they came in\Nand ordered Feynman sandwiches.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.01,0:02:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feynman loved this story.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.26,0:02:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He told me this story,\Nand he was really happy and laughing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.32,0:02:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he finished the story, I said to him,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.10,0:02:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Dick, I wonder what\Nwould be the difference
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.98,0:03:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between a Feynman sandwich\Nand a Susskind sandwich."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.49,0:03:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And without skipping a beat at all,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.53,0:03:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said, "Well, they'd be about the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.80,0:03:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only difference is a Susskind\Nsandwich would have a lot more ham."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.14,0:03:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Ham" as in bad actor.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.85,0:03:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.40,0:03:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I happened to have been\Nvery quick that day,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.83,0:03:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I said, "Yeah,\Nbut a lot less baloney."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.00,0:03:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.98,0:03:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.14,0:03:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The truth of the matter
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.34,0:03:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that a Feynman sandwich\Nhad a load of ham,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.35,0:03:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but absolutely no baloney.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.64,0:03:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What Feynman hated worse\Nthan anything else
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.94,0:03:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was intellectual pretense --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.97,0:03:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phoniness,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.22,0:03:43.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,false sophistication, jargon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.95,0:03:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember sometime during the mid-'80s,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.24,0:03:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dick and I and Sidney Coleman\Nwould meet a couple of times
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.40,0:03:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up in San Francisco --\Nat some very rich guy's house --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.59,0:03:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up in San Francisco for dinner.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.74,0:04:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the last time the rich guy invited us,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.00,0:04:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he also invited a couple of philosophers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.16,0:04:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These guys were philosophers of mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.71,0:04:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their specialty was the philosophy\Nof consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.10,0:04:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they were full of all kinds of jargon.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.81,0:04:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm trying to remember the words --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.23,0:04:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"monism," "dualism,"\Ncategories all over the place.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.15,0:04:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't know what those meant, neither\Ndid Dick or Sydney, for that matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.75,0:04:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what did we talk about?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.54,0:04:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what do you talk about\Nwhen you talk about minds?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.14,0:04:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's one obvious thing to talk about:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.33,0:04:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can a machine become a mind?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.58,0:04:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you build a machine
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.33,0:04:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that thinks like a human being\Nthat is conscious?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.84,0:04:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We sat around and talked about this --\Nwe of course never resolved it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.20,0:04:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the trouble with the philosophers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.00,0:04:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they were philosophizing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.00,0:04:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they should have been\Nscience-ophizing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.79,0:04:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a scientific question, after all.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.15,0:04:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was a very, very\Ndangerous thing to do
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.08,0:04:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around Dick Feynman.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.54,0:04:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.28,0:04:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feynman let them have it --\Nboth barrels, right between the eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.50,0:05:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was brutal; it was funny --\Nooh, it was funny.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.59,0:05:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it was really brutal.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.33,0:05:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He really popped their balloon.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.06,0:05:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the amazing thing was --\NFeynman had to leave a little early;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.59,0:05:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wasn't feeling too well,\Nso he left a little bit early.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.72,0:05:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Sidney and I were left there\Nwith the two philosophers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.63,0:05:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the amazing thing\Nis these guys were flying.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.65,0:05:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were so happy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.83,0:05:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had met the great man;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.11,0:05:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had been instructed by the great man;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.56,0:05:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had an enormous amount of fun
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.52,0:05:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having their faces shoved in the mud ...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.88,0:05:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was something special.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.36,0:05:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I realized there was something\Njust extraordinary about Feynman,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.77,0:05:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when he did what he did.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.41,0:05:46.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dick -- he was my friend;\NI did call him Dick --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.11,0:05:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dick and I had a little bit of a rapport.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.82,0:05:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it may have been a special\Nrapport that he and I had.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.72,0:05:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We liked each other;\Nwe liked the same kind of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.37,0:05:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also like the intellectual macho games.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.28,0:06:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes I would win,\Nmostly he would win,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.38,0:06:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we both enjoyed them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.00,0:06:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Dick became convinced at some point
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.41,0:06:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he and I had\Nsome kind of similarity of personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.23,0:06:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think he was right.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.70,0:06:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the only point\Nof similarity between us
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.95,0:06:15.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we both like to talk about ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.17,0:06:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he was convinced of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.03,0:06:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the man was incredibly curious.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.11,0:06:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he wanted to understand\Nwhat it was and why it was
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.81,0:06:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was this funny connection.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.37,0:06:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one day, we were walking.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.08,0:06:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were in France, in Les Houches.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.93,0:06:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were up in the mountains, 1976.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.58,0:06:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Feynman said to me, "Leonardo ..."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.86,0:06:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason he called me "Leonardo"\Nis because we were in Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.92,0:06:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was practicing his French.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.60,0:06:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.74,0:06:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said, "Leonardo,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.99,0:06:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were you closer to your mother\Nor your father when you were a kid?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.00,0:06:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Well, my real hero was my father.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.06,0:07:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a working man,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.23,0:07:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a fifth-grade education.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.38,0:07:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a master mechanic,\Nand he taught me how to use tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.22,0:07:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He taught me all sorts of things\Nabout mechanical things.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.22,0:07:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He even taught me the Pythagorean theorem.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.27,0:07:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He didn't call it the hypotenuse,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.25,0:07:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he called it the shortcut distance."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.86,0:07:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Feynman's eyes just opened up.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.66,0:07:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He went off like a lightbulb.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.01,0:07:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said that he had had
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.12,0:07:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically exactly the same\Nrelationship with his father.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.87,0:07:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, he had been convinced at one time
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.31,0:07:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that to be a good physicist,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.15,0:07:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was very important to have had\Nthat kind of relationship
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.51,0:07:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with your father.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.69,0:07:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I apologize for the sexist\Nconversation here,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.72,0:07:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is the way it really happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.60,0:07:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said he had been absolutely\Nconvinced that this was necessary,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.42,0:07:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a necessary part of the growing up\Nof a young physicist.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.66,0:07:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Being Dick, he, of course,\Nwanted to check this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.81,0:07:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wanted to go out and do an experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.11,0:07:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.15,0:07:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, he did.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.33,0:08:00.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He went out and did an experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.01,0:08:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He asked all his friends\Nthat he thought were good physicists,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.95,0:08:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Was it your mom or your pop\Nthat influenced you?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.32,0:08:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were all men,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.30,0:08:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to a man, every single\None of them said,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.96,0:08:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My mother."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.21,0:08:15.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.30,0:08:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There went that theory,\Ndown the trash can of history.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.32,0:08:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.45,0:08:23.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he was very excited\Nthat he had finally met somebody
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.28,0:08:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had the same experience\Nwith his father
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.90,0:08:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as he had with his father.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.36,0:08:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for some time, he was convinced\Nthis was the reason we got along so well.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.50,0:08:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know. Maybe. Who knows?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.60,0:08:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let me tell you a little bit\Nabout Feynman the physicist.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.62,0:08:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feynman's style --\Nno, "style" is not the right word.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.60,0:08:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Style" makes you think\Nof the bow tie he might have worn,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.47,0:08:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the suit he was wearing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.79,0:08:50.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's something much deeper than that,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.74,0:08:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I can't think of another word for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.83,0:08:58.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feynman's scientific style\Nwas always to look for the simplest,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.30,0:09:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most elementary solution\Nto a problem that was possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.24,0:09:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it wasn't possible,\Nyou had to use something fancier.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.47,0:09:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No doubt, part of this\Nwas his great joy and pleasure
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.06,0:09:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in showing people that he could\Nthink more simply than they could.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.84,0:09:17.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he also deeply believed,\Nhe truly believed,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.02,0:09:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you couldn't explain\Nsomething simply,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.28,0:09:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you didn't understand it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.14,0:09:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1950s, people\Nwere trying to figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.42,0:09:28.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how superfluid helium worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.31,0:09:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.51,0:09:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was due to a Russian\Nmathematical physicist.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.95,0:09:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a complicated theory;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.38,0:09:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll tell you what it was soon enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.52,0:09:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a terribly complicated theory,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.39,0:09:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full of very difficult\Nintegrals and formulas
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.25,0:09:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mathematics and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.60,0:09:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it sort of worked,\Nbut it didn't work very well.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.86,0:09:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only way it worked
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.23,0:09:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is when the helium atoms\Nwere very, very far apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.47,0:09:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And unfortunately,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.21,0:09:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the helium atoms in liquid helium\Nare right on top of each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.39,0:10:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feynman decided, as a sort\Nof amateur helium physicist,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.75,0:10:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he would try to figure it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.03,0:10:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had an idea, a very clear idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.46,0:10:06.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would try to figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.87,0:10:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the quantum wave function\Nof this huge number of atoms looked like.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.97,0:10:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would try to visualize it,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.64,0:10:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,guided by a small number\Nof simple principles.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.60,0:10:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The small number of simple principles\Nwere very, very simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.60,0:10:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one was that when\Nhelium atoms touch each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.00,0:10:24.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they repel.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.33,0:10:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The implication of that is that\Nthe wave function has to go to zero,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.76,0:10:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has to vanish when the helium\Natoms touch each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.86,0:10:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other fact\Nis that in the ground state --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.20,0:10:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lowest energy state\Nof a quantum system --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.96,0:10:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wave function is always very smooth;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.25,0:10:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has the minimum number of wiggles.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.37,0:10:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he sat down --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.92,0:10:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I imagine he had nothing more
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.22,0:10:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a simple piece\Nof paper and a pencil --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.66,0:10:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he tried to write down,\Nand did write down,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.92,0:10:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the simplest function\Nthat he could think of,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.24,0:10:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which had the boundary conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.24,0:10:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the wave function\Nvanish when things touch
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.73,0:10:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is smooth in between.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.23,0:11:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wrote down a simple thing --\Nso simple, in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.100,0:11:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I suspect a really smart\Nhigh-school student
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.15,0:11:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who didn't even have calculus
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.60,0:11:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could understand what he wrote down.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.08,0:11:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing was, that simple thing\Nthat he wrote down
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.25,0:11:15.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,explained everything that was known\Nat the time about liquid helium,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.82,0:11:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then some.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.50,0:11:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've always wondered\Nwhether the professionals --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.50,0:11:22.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the real professional helium physicists --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.59,0:11:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were just a little bit\Nembarrassed by this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.16,0:11:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had their super-powerful technique,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.86,0:11:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they couldn't do as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.66,0:11:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Incidentally, I'll tell you\Nwhat that super-powerful technique was.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.81,0:11:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the technique of Feynman diagrams.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.38,0:11:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.26,0:11:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He did it again in 1968.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.52,0:11:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1968, in my own university --\NI wasn't there at the time --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.53,0:11:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were exploring\Nthe structure of the proton.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.50,0:11:53.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The proton is obviously made\Nof a whole bunch of little particles;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.14,0:11:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was more or less known.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.52,0:11:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way to analyze it was,\Nof course, Feynman diagrams.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.88,0:12:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what Feynman diagrams\Nwere constructed for --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.45,0:12:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.23,0:12:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The experiments that were going on\Nwere very simple:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.87,0:12:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you simply take the proton,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.23,0:12:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you hit it really sharply\Nwith an electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.86,0:12:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the thing\Nthe Feynman diagrams were for.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.99,0:12:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only problem was that\NFeynman diagrams are complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.08,0:12:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're difficult integrals.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.64,0:12:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you could do all of them,\Nyou would have a very precise theory,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.84,0:12:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you couldn't --\Nthey were just too complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.31,0:12:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People were trying to do them.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.80,0:12:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could do a one-loop diagram.\NDon't worry about one loop.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.74,0:12:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One loop, two loops --\Nmaybe you could do a three-loop diagram,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.77,0:12:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but beyond that, you couldn't do anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.85,0:12:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feynman said, "Forget all of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.52,0:12:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just think of the proton
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.01,0:12:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an assemblage, a swarm,\Nof little particles."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.37,0:12:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He called them "partons."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.04,0:12:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "Just think of it as a swarm\Nof partons moving real fast."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.77,0:12:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they're moving real fast,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.100,0:12:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relativity says the internal\Nmotions go very slow.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.82,0:12:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The electron hits it suddenly --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.46,0:13:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's like taking a very sudden\Nsnapshot of the proton.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.15,0:13:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you see?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.33,0:13:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see a frozen bunch of partons.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.39,0:13:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't move,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.60,0:13:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because they don't move\Nduring the course of the experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.68,0:13:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't have to worry\Nabout how they're moving.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.01,0:13:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have to worry\Nabout the forces between them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.64,0:13:23.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just get to think of it\Nas a population of frozen partons."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.31,0:13:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the key to analyzing\Nthese experiments.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.80,0:13:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Extremely effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.99,0:13:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somebody said the word\N"revolution" is a bad word.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.51,0:13:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I suppose it is,\Nso I won't say "revolution,"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.68,0:13:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it certainly evolved very, very deeply\Nour understanding of the proton,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.20,0:13:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of particles beyond that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.37,0:13:45.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I had some more\Nthat I was going to tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.01,0:13:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about my connection with Feynman,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.69,0:13:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what he was like,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.89,0:13:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I see I have exactly half a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.22,0:13:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think I'll just finish up by saying:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.17,0:13:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I actually don't think\NFeynman would have liked this event.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.99,0:14:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think he would have said,\N"I don't need this."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.88,0:14:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But ...
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.06,0:14:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.09,0:14:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How should we honor Feynman?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.47,0:14:08.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How should we really honor Feynman?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.18,0:14:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the answer\Nis we should honor Feynman
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.34,0:14:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by getting as much baloney\Nout of our own sandwiches
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.33,0:14:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we can.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.94,0:14:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.12,0:14:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)