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I decided when I was asked to do this

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that what I really wanted to talk about
was my friend, Richard Feynman.

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I was one of the fortunate few
that really did get to know him

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and enjoyed his presence.

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And I'm going to tell you
about the Richard Feynman that I knew.

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I'm sure there are people here
who could tell you

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about the Richard Feynman they knew,

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and it would probably be
a different Richard Feynman.

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Richard Feynman was a very complex man.

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He was a man of many, many parts.

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He was, of course, foremost,
a very, very, very great scientist.

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He was an actor. You saw him act.

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I also had the good fortune
to be in those lectures,

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up in the balcony.

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They were fantastic.

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He was a philosopher.

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He was a drum player.

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He was a teacher par excellence.

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Richard Feynman was also a showman,

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an enormous showman.

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He was brash, irreverent.

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He was full of macho,
a kind of macho one-upmanship.

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He loved intellectual battle.

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He had a gargantuan ego.

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But the man had, somehow,

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a lot of room at the bottom.

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And what I mean by that
is a lot of room, in my case --

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I can't speak for anybody else,
but in my case --

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a lot of room for another big ego.

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Well, not as big as his,

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but fairly big.

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I always felt good with Dick Feynman.

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It was always fun to be with him.

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He always made me feel smart.

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How can somebody like that
make you feel smart?

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Somehow he did.

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He made me feel smart.
He made me feel he was smart.

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He made me feel we were both smart,

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and the two of us could solve
any problem whatever.

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And in fact, we did sometimes
do physics together.

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We never published a paper together,

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but we did have a lot of fun.

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He loved to win,

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win these little macho games
we would sometimes play.

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And he didn't only play them with me,
but with all sorts of people.

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He would almost always win.

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But when he didn't win, when he lost,

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he would laugh and seem
to have just as much fun

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as if he had won.

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I remember once he told me a story

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about a joke the students played on him.

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I think it was for his birthday --

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they took him for lunch

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to a sandwich place in Pasadena.

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It may still exist; I don't know.

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Celebrity sandwiches was their thing.

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You could get a Marilyn Monroe sandwich.

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You could get a Humphrey Bogart sandwich.

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The students went there in advance,

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and arranged that they'd all order
Feynman sandwiches.

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One after another, they came in
and ordered Feynman sandwiches.

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Feynman loved this story.

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He told me this story,
and he was really happy and laughing.

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When he finished the story, I said to him,

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"Dick, I wonder what
would be the difference

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between a Feynman sandwich
and a Susskind sandwich."

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And without skipping a beat at all,

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he said, "Well, they'd be about the same.

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The only difference is a Susskind
sandwich would have a lot more ham."

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"Ham" as in bad actor.

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(Laughter)

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Well, I happened to have been
very quick that day,

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and I said, "Yeah,
but a lot less baloney."

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(Laughter)

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(Applause)

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The truth of the matter

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is that a Feynman sandwich
had a load of ham,

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but absolutely no baloney.

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What Feynman hated worse
than anything else

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was intellectual pretense --

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phoniness,

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false sophistication, jargon.

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I remember sometime during the mid-'80s,

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Dick and I and Sidney Coleman
would meet a couple of times

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up in San Francisco --
at some very rich guy's house --

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up in San Francisco for dinner.

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And the last time the rich guy invited us,

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he also invited a couple of philosophers.

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These guys were philosophers of mind.

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Their specialty was the philosophy
of consciousness.

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And they were full of all kinds of jargon.

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I'm trying to remember the words --

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"monism," "dualism,"
categories all over the place.

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I didn't know what those meant, neither
did Dick or Sydney, for that matter.

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And what did we talk about?

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Well, what do you talk about
when you talk about minds?

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There's one obvious thing to talk about:

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Can a machine become a mind?

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Can you build a machine

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that thinks like a human being
that is conscious?

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We sat around and talked about this --
we of course never resolved it.

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But the trouble with the philosophers

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is that they were philosophizing

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when they should have been
science-ophizing.

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It's a scientific question, after all.

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And this was a very, very
dangerous thing to do

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around Dick Feynman.

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(Laughter)

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Feynman let them have it --
both barrels, right between the eyes.

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It was brutal; it was funny --
ooh, it was funny.

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But it was really brutal.

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He really popped their balloon.

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But the amazing thing was --
Feynman had to leave a little early;

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he wasn't feeling too well,
so he left a little bit early.

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And Sidney and I were left there
with the two philosophers.

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And the amazing thing
is these guys were flying.

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They were so happy.

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They had met the great man;

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they had been instructed by the great man;

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they had an enormous amount of fun

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having their faces shoved in the mud ...

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And it was something special.

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I realized there was something
just extraordinary about Feynman,

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even when he did what he did.

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Dick -- he was my friend;
I did call him Dick --

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Dick and I had a little bit of a rapport.

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I think it may have been a special
rapport that he and I had.

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We liked each other;
we liked the same kind of things.

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I also like the intellectual macho games.

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Sometimes I would win,
mostly he would win,

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but we both enjoyed them.

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And Dick became convinced at some point

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that he and I had
some kind of similarity of personality.

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I don't think he was right.

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I think the only point
of similarity between us

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is we both like to talk about ourselves.

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But he was convinced of this.

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And the man was incredibly curious.

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And he wanted to understand
what it was and why it was

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that there was this funny connection.

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And one day, we were walking.

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We were in France, in Les Houches.

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We were up in the mountains, 1976.

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And Feynman said to me, "Leonardo ..."

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The reason he called me "Leonardo"
is because we were in Europe,

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and he was practicing his French.

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(Laughter)

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And he said, "Leonardo,

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were you closer to your mother
or your father when you were a kid?"

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I said, "Well, my real hero was my father.

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He was a working man,

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had a fifth-grade education.

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He was a master mechanic,
and he taught me how to use tools.

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He taught me all sorts of things
about mechanical things.

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He even taught me the Pythagorean theorem.

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He didn't call it the hypotenuse,

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he called it the shortcut distance."

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And Feynman's eyes just opened up.

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He went off like a lightbulb.

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And he said that he had had

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basically exactly the same
relationship with his father.

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In fact, he had been convinced at one time

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that to be a good physicist,

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it was very important to have had
that kind of relationship

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with your father.

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I apologize for the sexist
conversation here,

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but this is the way it really happened.

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He said he had been absolutely
convinced that this was necessary,

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a necessary part of the growing up
of a young physicist.

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Being Dick, he, of course,
wanted to check this.

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He wanted to go out and do an experiment.

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(Laughter)

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Well, he did.

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He went out and did an experiment.

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He asked all his friends
that he thought were good physicists,

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"Was it your mom or your pop
that influenced you?"

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They were all men,

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and to a man, every single
one of them said,

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"My mother."

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(Laughter)

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There went that theory,
down the trash can of history.

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(Laughter)

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But he was very excited
that he had finally met somebody

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who had the same experience
with his father

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as he had with his father.

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And for some time, he was convinced
this was the reason we got along so well.

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I don't know. Maybe. Who knows?

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But let me tell you a little bit
about Feynman the physicist.

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Feynman's style --
no, "style" is not the right word.

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"Style" makes you think
of the bow tie he might have worn,

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or the suit he was wearing.

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It's something much deeper than that,

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but I can't think of another word for it.

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Feynman's scientific style
was always to look for the simplest,

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most elementary solution
to a problem that was possible.

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If it wasn't possible,
you had to use something fancier.

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No doubt, part of this
was his great joy and pleasure

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in showing people that he could
think more simply than they could.

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But he also deeply believed,
he truly believed,

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that if you couldn't explain
something simply,

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you didn't understand it.

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In the 1950s, people
were trying to figure out

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how superfluid helium worked.

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There was a theory.

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It was due to a Russian
mathematical physicist.

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It was a complicated theory;

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I'll tell you what it was soon enough.

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It was a terribly complicated theory,

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full of very difficult
integrals and formulas

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and mathematics and so forth.

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And it sort of worked,
but it didn't work very well.

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The only way it worked

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is when the helium atoms
were very, very far apart.

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And unfortunately,

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the helium atoms in liquid helium
are right on top of each other.

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Feynman decided, as a sort
of amateur helium physicist,

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that he would try to figure it out.

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He had an idea, a very clear idea.

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He would try to figure out

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what the quantum wave function
of this huge number of atoms looked like.

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He would try to visualize it,

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guided by a small number
of simple principles.

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The small number of simple principles
were very, very simple.

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The first one was that when
helium atoms touch each other,

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they repel.

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The implication of that is that
the wave function has to go to zero,

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it has to vanish when the helium
atoms touch each other.

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The other fact
is that in the ground state --

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the lowest energy state
of a quantum system --

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the wave function is always very smooth;

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it has the minimum number of wiggles.

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So he sat down --

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and I imagine he had nothing more

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than a simple piece
of paper and a pencil --

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and he tried to write down,
and did write down,

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the simplest function
that he could think of,

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which had the boundary conditions

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that the wave function
vanish when things touch

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and is smooth in between.

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He wrote down a simple thing --
so simple, in fact,

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that I suspect a really smart
high-school student

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who didn't even have calculus

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could understand what he wrote down.

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The thing was, that simple thing
that he wrote down

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explained everything that was known
at the time about liquid helium,

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and then some.

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I've always wondered
whether the professionals --

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the real professional helium physicists --

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were just a little bit
embarrassed by this.

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They had their super-powerful technique,

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and they couldn't do as well.

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00:11:29,655 --> 00:11:33,782
Incidentally, I'll tell you
what that super-powerful technique was.

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It was the technique of Feynman diagrams.

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(Laughter)

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He did it again in 1968.

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In 1968, in my own university --
I wasn't there at the time --

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they were exploring
the structure of the proton.

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The proton is obviously made
of a whole bunch of little particles;

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this was more or less known.

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And the way to analyze it was,
of course, Feynman diagrams.

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That's what Feynman diagrams
were constructed for --

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to understand particles.

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The experiments that were going on
were very simple:

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you simply take the proton,

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and you hit it really sharply
with an electron.

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This was the thing
the Feynman diagrams were for.

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The only problem was that
Feynman diagrams are complicated.

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They're difficult integrals.

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If you could do all of them,
you would have a very precise theory,

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but you couldn't --
they were just too complicated.

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People were trying to do them.

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You could do a one-loop diagram.
Don't worry about one loop.

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One loop, two loops --
maybe you could do a three-loop diagram,

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but beyond that, you couldn't do anything.

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Feynman said, "Forget all of that.

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Just think of the proton

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as an assemblage, a swarm,
of little particles."

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He called them "partons."

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He said, "Just think of it as a swarm
of partons moving real fast."

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Because they're moving real fast,

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relativity says the internal
motions go very slow.

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The electron hits it suddenly --

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it's like taking a very sudden
snapshot of the proton.

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What do you see?

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You see a frozen bunch of partons.

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They don't move,

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and because they don't move
during the course of the experiment,

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you don't have to worry
about how they're moving.

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You don't have to worry
about the forces between them.

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You just get to think of it
as a population of frozen partons."

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This was the key to analyzing
these experiments.

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Extremely effective.

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00:13:30,987 --> 00:13:33,489
Somebody said the word
"revolution" is a bad word.

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I suppose it is,
so I won't say "revolution,"

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but it certainly evolved very, very deeply
our understanding of the proton,

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and of particles beyond that.

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Well, I had some more
that I was going to tell you

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about my connection with Feynman,

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what he was like,

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but I see I have exactly half a minute.

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So I think I'll just finish up by saying:

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I actually don't think
Feynman would have liked this event.

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I think he would have said,
"I don't need this."

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But ...

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(Laughter)

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How should we honor Feynman?

307
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How should we really honor Feynman?

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00:14:08,176 --> 00:14:11,320
I think the answer
is we should honor Feynman

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by getting as much baloney
out of our own sandwiches

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as we can.

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Thank you.

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(Applause)