[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.49,0:00:12.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hello, everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.25,0:00:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.26,0:00:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's see. OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.75,0:00:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, I want to talk\Nto you all about meat, OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.86,0:00:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Delicious, tasty, succulent meat.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.99,0:00:31.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.01,0:00:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I've loved meat my whole life.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.89,0:00:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My very first favorite food was hot dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.02,0:00:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I loved hot dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.64,0:00:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, when I turned about, like, six,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.75,0:00:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I decided, actually, pepperoni pizza\Nis the best food in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.04,0:00:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I still think so. It really is.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.75,0:00:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My favorite Chinese food? Hong shao rou.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.69,0:00:55.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.21,0:00:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amazing! So delicious!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.28,0:01:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But despite this love of meat,\Nabout two and a half months ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.06,0:01:07.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I decided to begin eating a lot less meat,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.43,0:01:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that was partly, you know,\Nfor health reasons,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.64,0:01:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and partly because I'd always wanted\Nto care more about the animals
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.51,0:01:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that get killed and turned\Ninto bacon, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.74,0:01:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it was also because I learned a lot\Nmore about the environmental impact
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.26,0:01:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that my food choices had\Non the world around me.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.00,0:01:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there is possibly nothing more manly
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.49,0:01:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than cutting into a big,\Njuicy steak, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.08,0:01:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think there's nothing more human.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.89,0:01:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meat has been central\Nto our identity as human beings,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.56,0:01:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and central to the development\Nof our human characteristics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.98,0:01:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meat is what gave us bigger brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.10,0:02:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's what gave us smaller guts,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.51,0:02:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although I'm still working\Non mine, I suppose.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.66,0:02:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.94,0:02:06.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's what allowed us\Nto begin walking on two legs,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.99,0:02:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of all four limbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.72,0:02:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meat is what made us intelligent.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.94,0:02:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cooperative hunting\Nis what helped us develop language,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.25,0:02:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our social skills,\Nand again, our intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.76,0:02:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have used this intelligence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.40,0:02:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create a world\Nwhere we can eat a lot of meat.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.23,0:02:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1900,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.65,0:02:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the total mass or weight of all\Nof the domesticated animals in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.66,0:02:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning cows, horses, pigs, goats, sheep,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.46,0:02:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything you could put in a fence\Nand keep right next to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.22,0:02:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was four times the weight\Nof all of the wild animals in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.36,0:02:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fast-forward 100 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.87,0:02:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the total weight\Nof all domesticated animals in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.96,0:03:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is 25 times the amount \Nof wild animal mass.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.80,0:03:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our love of meat has transformed the world\Nand will keep transforming it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.60,0:03:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is because, ever since\Nthe end of World War II,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.29,0:03:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,global incomes have been rising.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.22,0:03:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Starting in 1950,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.75,0:03:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meat consumption worldwide\Nwas equal to 50 million tons.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.27,0:03:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty-five years later, that had doubled\Nto more than 110 million tons.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.12,0:03:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another 25 years, it doubled again\Nto 220 million tons of meat
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.69,0:03:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eaten by everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.00,0:03:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ten years later, another 55 million tons,\Nto 275 million tons,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.46,0:03:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,totaling an average of about 40 kilos\Nper person around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.81,0:03:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that level of meat consumption\Nis not the same everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.04,0:04:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously, the more income a country has\Nthe more meat they will eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.70,0:04:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why even before World War II,\Nand especially afterwards,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.00,0:04:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,America has been the largest consumer\Nof meat for a long time,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.62,0:04:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,followed by Brazil and Spain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.94,0:04:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, developing countries
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.44,0:04:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have not yet sort of risen up\Ninto developed-country status
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.04,0:04:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still eat very low quantities of meat.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.98,0:04:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,African countries like Nigeria and Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.20,0:04:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the 1940s, have only seen\Ntheir consumption of meat levels double,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.09,0:04:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas a country like South Korea,\Nwhich has become much, much wealthier
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.11,0:04:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the decades since World War II,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.82,0:04:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has seen its level of meat consumption\Nmultiply by 20 times.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.08,0:04:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the next 40 or so years,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.93,0:04:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists estimate that worldwide\Nconsumption of meat will jump up 55%.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.17,0:05:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That rise in meat consumption\Nis coming from developing countries
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.46,0:05:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beginning to eat a lot more meat,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.86,0:05:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hopefully, developed countries\Nslowly tapering off their intake.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.04,0:05:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe by doing things\Nlike what I'm doing right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.75,0:05:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every year, we kill 55 billion chickens,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.59,0:05:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,3 billion ducks and turkeys,\N1 billion sheep and goats,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.25,0:05:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,300 million cattle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.25,0:05:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In America alone,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.36,0:05:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we kill 24 million chickens\Nevery single day.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.85,0:05:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is a lot of meat,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.76,0:05:43.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we are going to keep creating\Nmore and more of it to kill.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.39,0:05:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take China, for instance.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.70,0:05:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China, in 1961, \Nhad the average per capita rate
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.60,0:05:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of less than four kilos per person.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.70,0:05:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fifty years later, it had risen\Nto 57,5 kilograms per person
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.91,0:06:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of meat intake in one year.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.78,0:06:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Researchers estimate that, by 2030,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.41,0:06:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China's intake of meat will rise\Nto 90 kilos per person,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.44,0:06:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two-thirds of that being pork.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.05,0:06:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with all of this meat\Nbeing eaten in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.81,0:06:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it takes up a lot of resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.32,0:06:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One kilo of meat requires\Na whole lot land and crops
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.17,0:06:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to support that meat.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.77,0:06:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One kilo of beef requires\Nup to 50 square meters of land,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.12,0:06:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to produce the crops necessary\Nto feed that cow.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.38,0:06:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One kilo of pork requires\Nup to 12 square meters of land.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.30,0:06:45.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One kilo of chicken requires\Nup to ten square meters of land.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.15,0:06:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we are rapidly running out of land\Nto feed all of these animals
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.02,0:06:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we so ravenously want to eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.24,0:07:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One quarter of all of the continental\Nsurface that doesn't have ice
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.94,0:07:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is already taken up by livestock raising,\Nmeaning cows and other animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.23,0:07:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eating grass and wandering\Naround pastures and meadows.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.52,0:07:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the same amount of land\Nthat is devoted to forests,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.24,0:07:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at least, hopefully, will still be\Nremaining forests in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.72,0:07:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One-third of all arable -\Nmade suitable for farming -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.10,0:07:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one-third of all arable lands right now\Nis devoted to feed crops,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.34,0:07:37.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning crops that we grow specifically\Nto feed the meat that we want to eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.15,0:07:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In total, humans devote\Neight times more land
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.16,0:07:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to feeding the animals \Nthat we want to eat
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.65,0:07:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than we do to feeding ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.88,0:07:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this brings us to South America.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.67,0:08:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China is running out of land
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.24,0:08:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to feed its insatiable appetite for meat.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.67,0:08:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As I already mentioned,\NChina's meat consumption
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.30,0:08:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about 60 kilos per person\Nper year right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.02,0:08:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and two-thrids of that is devoted to pork.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.38,0:08:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Chinese pigs do not have\Nenough land available in China
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.24,0:08:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to grow the soybeans\Nor the corn that feed those pigs,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.45,0:08:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means that China\Nhas to import all of this food
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.25,0:08:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to feed the pigs that it wants to eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.46,0:08:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a lot of that food\Ncomes from South America.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.41,0:08:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China buys one half\Nof the global market for soybean,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.98,0:08:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it buys one-fifth\Nof all the corn made in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.40,0:08:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It buys that soybean from countries\Nlike Argentina, Chile, Brazil.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.30,0:09:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the rapidly rising problems\Nthat the world is facing
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.50,0:09:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that a lot of that land,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.50,0:09:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is slowly being \Nturned into crop land
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.18,0:09:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to produce soy to feed the pigs\Nthat are in China,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.45,0:09:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is right now rain forest.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.10,0:09:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, deforestation is when rain forests\Nand other forests are cleared
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.43,0:09:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to turn it into crop land\Nthat can feed these animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.34,0:09:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And rain forests deforestation,\Nin particular, is very dangerous
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.80,0:09:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the rain forests are a sponge
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.40,0:09:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the greenhouse gases\Nthat create global warming.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.54,0:09:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.69,0:09:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the meat that we eat
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.63,0:09:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creates more soybean,\Nwhich creates less rain forests,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.65,0:10:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which creates more greenhouse gases,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.51,0:10:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which create hotter temperatures\Nand weirder weather for all of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.16,0:10:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let's talk about \Nthe other feed crop, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.87,0:10:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, there are two feed crops:\Nsoybeans and corn.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.96,0:10:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soybeans are grown\Nfor the protein to feed these pigs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.71,0:10:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Corn is grown for carbohydrates,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.64,0:10:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and almost all of the world's corn\Nis grown in America.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.12,0:10:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, American-made corn
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.28,0:10:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is tremendously productive,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.67,0:10:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the reason it's so productive\Nis because we pour lots and lots of oil,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.82,0:10:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gasoline, and fertilizer \Ninto that land
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.66,0:10:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create these amazing amounts of corn.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.88,0:10:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes about 50 gallons of oil\Nto create one acre of corn,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.45,0:10:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of that oil is used\Nto build fertilizer.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.30,0:10:54.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fertilizer's magic ingredient is nitrogen.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.24,0:10:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, nitrogen is not very good\Nfor the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.80,0:11:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in really large quantities,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.63,0:11:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those are the quantities\Nthat we are feeding our lands.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.78,0:11:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When nitrogen seeps into the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.22,0:11:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can enter our drinking water supply,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.75,0:11:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that can be harmful for our health,\Nespecially the health of little children.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.50,0:11:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the real problem\Nwith nitrogen and water pollution
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.25,0:11:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is when nitrogen leaks into the soil\Nand travels down into a river,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.43,0:11:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and travels down that river\Nand enters the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.60,0:11:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and enters shallow coastal waters,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.45,0:11:34.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the Gulf of Mexico.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.53,0:11:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A huge portion of the nitrogen in America
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.24,0:11:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has leaked into the Gulf of Mexico,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.22,0:11:45.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creating what's called eutrophication,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.63,0:11:51.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eutrophication is what happens\Nwhen nitrogen enters water
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.01,0:11:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and creates a massive growth of algae,\Nthese big algae blooms.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.18,0:12:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when all of that algae\Nenters a huge space in water,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.74,0:12:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it sucks up all of the oxygen,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.49,0:12:07.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaving what are called hypoxic dead zones\Nwhere fish cannot breathe
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.71,0:12:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where all of the fish\Nand the sea life in that region dies.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.15,0:12:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what America's amazing and incredible\Nsort of industrial factory farming
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.29,0:12:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has done to the water \Nin the Gulf of Mexico
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.61,0:12:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has created a hypoxic dead zone\Nthat is as big as the state of New Jersey.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.78,0:12:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that's not the only\Nsort of euthophication
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.72,0:12:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's happening in the globe.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.65,0:12:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eutrophication is happening all over,\Nand it is a rising problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.15,0:12:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, I want to talk about meat\Nproduction's effects on the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.29,0:12:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on greenhouse gases and global warming.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.08,0:12:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every kilo of meat, as we've seen,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.53,0:12:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a particular price that we pay \Nto the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.85,0:12:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beef, in particular, \Nis the most expensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.96,0:13:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, meat production is responsible\Nfor three primary greenhouse gases:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.04,0:13:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carbon dioxide, which, hopefully,\Nyou are all aware of;
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.52,0:13:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,methane, which is produced\Nwhen cows burp and fart out,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.43,0:13:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.71,0:13:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after eating lots and lots of grass\Nor, nowadays, corn -
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.32,0:13:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Methane is 21 times more poisonous\Nthan carbon dioxide.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.96,0:13:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nitrous oxide is created\Nfrom animal manure
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.09,0:13:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from these nitrogen fertilizers\Nleaking into the soil and the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.46,0:13:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nitrous oxide is even more\Npoisonous than methane.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.70,0:13:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nitrous oxide is 310 times\Nmore dangerous for the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.17,0:13:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than carbon dioxide.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.76,0:13:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, altogether,\Nmeat production produces 10%
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.95,0:14:00.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all carbon dioxide\Nemissions worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.15,0:14:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It creates 40% of all of the released\Nmethane into the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.94,0:14:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nearly two-thirds of all human-caused\Nemissions of nitrous oxide.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.87,0:14:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Altogether, this means \Nthat meat production
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.40,0:14:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the second highest leading cause\Nof greenhouse gases,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.78,0:14:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accounting for one-fifth of all\Ngreenhouse gases produced in 2004,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.33,0:14:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's rising every year.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.84,0:14:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is more than the greenhouse gases\Nproduced by all of transportation,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.98,0:14:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning planes, trains, automobiles,\Ntrucks, ships combined.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.89,0:14:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's look at American cows in particular.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.79,0:14:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, American cows produce\Nmore greenhouse gases
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.88,0:14:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than 22 million cars on the road per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.30,0:14:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And American cows produce\Nthat many greenhouse gases
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.22,0:14:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because Americans eat a lot of beef.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.51,0:14:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The average American eats\Nabout three hamburgers per week,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.12,0:15:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which equals 156 hamburgers per year,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.47,0:15:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, if you multiply\Nby the population of America,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.62,0:15:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means that Americans going\Nto McDonald's, and Wendy's,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.37,0:15:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Burger King, and all the other\Ndelicious restaurants that we have
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.43,0:15:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are eating 40 billion hamburgers per year,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.22,0:15:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those 40 billion hamburgers are\Nexacting a huge toll on our environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.34,0:15:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every single quarter-pounder that we eat\Nneeds 100 gallons of water,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.55,0:15:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1.2 pounds of grain, 1 cup of gasoline,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.84,0:15:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and creates 1.5 pounds of topsoil,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.06,0:15:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning the best kind of soil\Nfor the most fertile crops,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.74,0:15:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is lost due to erosion.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.02,0:15:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these sort of economic ingredients
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.40,0:15:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pay a big price when it comes\Nto the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.74,0:15:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every quarter-pounder hamburger
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.33,0:15:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accounts for about 6.5 pounds\Nof carbon dioxide equivalents.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.52,0:16:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that Americans'\Nmassive hamburger habit -
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.72,0:16:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've got to have it! -
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.19,0:16:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three hamburgers per week,\Nagain, multiplied every American,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.84,0:16:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means that American hamburger habit
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.41,0:16:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the cause of about 158 million tons\Nof greenhouse gases
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.20,0:16:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,released into the atmosphere every year,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.74,0:16:22.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is equal to 34 coal-fired\Npower plants running year-round.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.35,0:16:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that is a big figure,\Nand that's all because of what we eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.47,0:16:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, I want to talk to you a little bit\Nabout what you can do about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.66,0:16:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the reason I'm giving this talk
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.51,0:16:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because, a couple of months ago,\NI started reading a book.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.43,0:16:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, I'm not a scientist,\NI'm not an expert.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.01,0:16:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm just someone who's very hungry\Nand wanted to read about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.12,0:16:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.32,0:16:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.37,0:16:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that if you reduce -
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.02,0:16:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say you eat two hamburgers a week.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.72,0:16:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you start switching to a diet\Nof only one hamburger per week,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.09,0:17:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are saving the equivalent of about\N350 miles of one car taken off the road,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.69,0:17:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a whole [year].
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.48,0:17:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If all of us make the decision\Nto reduce our meat intake,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.51,0:17:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can all make a difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.93,0:17:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have decided to drop\Nmy sort of meat intake
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.44,0:17:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from 12 meals every week\Nto about four meals every week.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.89,0:17:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't give up meat\Nbecause it's way too good, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.60,0:17:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, every small little choice\Nthat we make matters.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.53,0:17:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to leave you with a quote,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.38,0:17:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by an American writer, poet,\Nand environmental activist
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.19,0:17:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,named Wendell Berry.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.17,0:17:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He says that "eating \Nis an agricultural act."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.85,0:17:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What he means by that
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.07,0:17:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that every decision we make\Nabout what we are eating
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.05,0:17:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affects what the farmers grow and produce.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.44,0:17:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It affects what\Nthe restaurants serve to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.99,0:18:02.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It affects what our mom\Nwill cook us for dinner, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.16,0:18:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eating is a political act.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.80,0:18:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can vote with our mouth\Nand with our stomachs,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.40,0:18:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by choosing to eat less meat,\Nwe can make the world a better place.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.22,0:18:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, please, I would love it\Nif all of you guys left today thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.90,0:18:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"OK, when I go to McDonald's,\NI'm not going to choose the hamburger.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.34,0:18:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, I'll choose the apple pies."
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.92,0:18:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.61,0:18:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are delicious.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.57,0:18:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, when you're out\Nat a restaurant with friends,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.07,0:18:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're all sharing a couple\Nof meat dishes and some veggie dishes,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.05,0:18:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,switch out one of the pork dishes\Nfor another vegetable dish.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.67,0:18:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every little decision that we make\Nhas an effect on the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.41,0:18:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, together, let's eat better\Nand let's make the world a better place.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.88,0:18:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright. Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.15,0:19:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)