[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Jon Kuniholm - Good Design by Design\NMay 2nd, 2014[
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.50,0:00:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MICHAEL WEISS-MALIK:\NHi, everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.00,0:00:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hear me OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.53,0:00:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.03,0:00:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think we're\Ngoing to get going.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.77,0:00:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My name's Michael Weiss-Malik.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.92,0:00:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our guest today,\NJonathan Kuniholm.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.77,0:00:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I met him in, we\Nthink, 2007 as far
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.77,0:00:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we can piece back together\Nat a SciFoo conference.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.72,0:00:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he had some pretty\Ncool tech that he
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.39,0:00:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was demoing on some open\Nsource robotics stuff
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.20,0:00:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,related to prosthetics.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.39,0:00:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was impressed\Nenough that I said, hey,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.66,0:00:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should come and give a\Ntalk at Google some time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.12,0:00:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he took that to heart.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.20,0:00:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And about four or\Nfive years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.24,0:00:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,emailed me and said, hey, you\Noffer that talk at Google.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.80,0:00:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now would be a great time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.00,0:00:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're hosting him today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.00,0:00:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jonathan is the president and\Nfounder of the Open Prosthetics
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.64,0:00:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Project.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.53,0:00:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's also a founder of\NStumpworX, a startup that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.67,0:00:49.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,focuses on prosthetic\Ntechnology.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.99,0:00:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's also presidential appointee\Nto the National Council
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.32,0:00:53.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Disability.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.81,0:00:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the stuff he has\Nto say is pretty cool.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.15,0:00:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So please put your\Nhands together
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.75,0:00:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and help me welcome Jon.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.75,0:01:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.23,0:01:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,JON KUNIHOLM: Thanks\Nvery much, Michael.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.90,0:01:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me first just offer\Na disclaimer with respect
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.22,0:01:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to my government job.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.14,0:01:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They encourage us to do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.18,0:01:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That everything that\NI'm going to say today
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.54,0:01:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is-- are my personal\Nviews and not
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.56,0:01:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reflective of any position\Nof the government.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.61,0:01:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I would like\Nto talk about today
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.11,0:01:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is, how we can design good\Ndesign to solve problems
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.76,0:01:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that society has, for\Nthe most part, neglected.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.48,0:01:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I came across\None of those problems
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.29,0:01:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,personally after I\Nlost my arm in 2005
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.20,0:01:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and discovered that\Nprosthetic arms were
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.31,0:01:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an orphan medical device.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.61,0:01:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in thinking\Na little bit more
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.22,0:02:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about why prosthetic arms lagged\Nso far behind other technology
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.61,0:02:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we use every day,\NI started to realize
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.35,0:02:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that prosthetic arms and\Norphan medical devices
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.72,0:02:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are part of a larger\Ngroup of those problems
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.04,0:02:20.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that society has\Ntended to neglect
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.31,0:02:22.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can be solved by\Nsomething that we're beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.59,0:02:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to call public interest design.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.48,0:02:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the question\Nthat I'd really like
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.31,0:02:31.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to talk about today--\Nand I would actually
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.45,0:02:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like it to be the\Nbeginning of the discussion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.98,0:02:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's something\Nthat, by no means,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.28,0:02:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I claim to have\Neven begun to solve.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.17,0:02:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,--is, how can we marshal all of\Nthe tools at our disposal to,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.16,0:02:49.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to better\Nsolve those problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.51,0:02:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because very much now I believe\Nthat most of those problems
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.13,0:02:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are solved in kind\Nof a haphazard way.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.02,0:03:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Government-funded projects,\Nphilanthropy, side
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.60,0:03:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,projects from industry,\Nyou name the way
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.21,0:03:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people happen upon these\Nissues and try to solve them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.77,0:03:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in general, you can\Nbe sure that the resources
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.41,0:03:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and attention that we\Ndevote toward solving
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.80,0:03:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these underserved\Nneeds are going
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.93,0:03:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to lag far behind\Nthose problems which
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.69,0:03:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are very obvious from every\Nother standpoint need solving,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.21,0:03:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very profitable things.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.35,0:03:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was no question\Nthat cellphone technology
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.50,0:03:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was going to improve over the\Nlast 10 years, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.60,0:03:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the summer of 2005, I\Ntook leave from graduate school
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.14,0:03:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Duke University.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.64,0:03:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was deployed as a Marine\Nto Iraq in Anbar Province.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.56,0:04:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was the platoon commander\Nfor an engineer platoon
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.72,0:04:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of 50 Marines.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.84,0:04:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were doing\Nmostly what everybody
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.18,0:04:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was doing over there which\Nis sustainment and stability
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.77,0:04:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,operations, patrolling, guarding\Nconvoys, that sort of thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.46,0:04:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On New Year's today\Nof 2005, I was
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.26,0:04:24.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a foot patrol\Nthat was ambushed
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.47,0:04:27.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by improvised explosive device.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.05,0:04:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the blast took off\Nmost of my forearm.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.18,0:04:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I found myself back\Nin the States and learning
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.51,0:04:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about prosthetic arm technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.43,0:04:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I managed to get\Nmyself back to school
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.89,0:04:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get involved with a\Nresearch project sponsored
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.65,0:04:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by DARPA called the\NRevolutionizing Prosthetics
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.11,0:04:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2009 Project.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.28,0:04:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was one of two that DARPA\Nwas funding which is really
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.80,0:05:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first serious prosthetic\Narm research effort that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.67,0:05:10.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at occurred in the United\NStates since-- there was
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.19,0:05:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a small one in the '70s but\Nreally since World War II.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.13,0:05:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the goal was a\Nreally ambitious one.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.17,0:05:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The goal was to\Ncreate in four years
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.61,0:05:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 2007 an arm using\Ncommercially-available
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.46,0:05:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technology that could go to\Nmarket in that year, in 2007.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.91,0:05:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, more\Nambitiously, to create
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.84,0:05:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an arm that had more\Ndegrees of freedom,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.28,0:05:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was fully neurally integrated.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.64,0:05:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So nearly the same articulation\Nas a native human arm
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.92,0:05:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and full strength.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.21,0:05:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And an incredibly\Nambitious project.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.34,0:05:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I think is\Nimportant to understand,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.03,0:06:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's been an enormous-- and\Nthis picture is up here not
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.78,0:06:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,too brag that I\Nwas on "60 Minutes"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.45,0:06:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to show the\Nkind of attention
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.24,0:06:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these projects got.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.09,0:06:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For whatever reason,\Nprosthetic arms
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.96,0:06:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tend to really capture\Nthe popular imagination.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.96,0:06:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People love robotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.36,0:06:24.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They love thinking about the\Nbarriers, the singularity
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.49,0:06:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the barriers between man\Nand machine disappearing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.85,0:06:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it becomes a vehicle for\Nall kinds of philosophical
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.85,0:06:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and science fiction interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.38,0:06:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the takeaway\Nabout these projects which
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.21,0:06:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is important to remember\Nis, first of all,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.16,0:06:45.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we-- despite the\Namazing things that both
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.69,0:06:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these research\Nefforts accomplished,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.53,0:06:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we still have not, 10\Nyears, more than 10 years
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.34,0:07:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the war began Afghanistan,\Nactually pushing 15 now
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.55,0:07:05.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,--still do not have any\Ncommercially-available device
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.21,0:07:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has resulted from any\Nof this government-funded
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.04,0:07:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,research.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.64,0:07:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're still waiting\Nfor the first one.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.10,0:07:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has remained, as always,\Njust around the corner.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.42,0:07:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm told that we're waiting\Non FDA approval for the DECA RP
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.29,0:07:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'07 project to\Nreceive FDA approval.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.19,0:07:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it has been in\Nsome clinical trials.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.95,0:07:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we still haven't\Nseen a device.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.70,0:07:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other one is-- I think\Nthat's important to understand.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.06,0:07:40.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's my belief that\Nwe have a media bias.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.77,0:07:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not a political\Nconservative media bias.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.31,0:07:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's one towards\Nentertainment.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.24,0:07:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so there-- the word\Nbionic is used a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.66,0:07:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The words dexterous\Nand manipulation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.25,0:07:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are also used a lot which\Nhave very specific meanings
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.29,0:07:59.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in robotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.31,0:08:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are some\Ncaveats that I could give.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.59,0:08:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could call a trigger\Ngrip, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.19,0:08:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where one part of\Nthe hand is grasping
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.35,0:08:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a handle of a cordless\Ndrill, and the finger
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.65,0:08:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is pulling the trigger.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.22,0:08:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That tends toward a\Nsort of manipulation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.81,0:08:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's at lease a compound grasp\Nwhere one part of your hand
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.23,0:08:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is doing one thing\Nand one doing another.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.22,0:08:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course, the slide that\NI'm showing here right now
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.55,0:08:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gives you some insight into what\Nthe human hands are capable of.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.86,0:08:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This pair of hands\Nis doing a card trick
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.27,0:08:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where four cuts of the\Ndeck are being controlled
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.86,0:08:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by different parts\Nof the two hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.37,0:08:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a dynamic movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.07,0:08:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I guarantee\Nyou that there
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.99,0:09:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't a robotic hand\Nof any kind that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.80,0:09:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could do these card\Ntricks right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.04,0:09:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But based on the popular press\Npresentation of all this,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.41,0:09:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would think that it can.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.09,0:09:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would think that\Nthese problems are solved.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.00,0:09:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So while I think it's important\Nto acknowledge the strides that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.69,0:09:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were made by these\Nresearch projects,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.04,0:09:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's also very\Nimportant to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.83,0:09:26.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are not there yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.15,0:09:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we do not have\Nbionic people.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.86,0:09:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these hands are,\Nfor most part right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.70,0:09:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that it would be fair\Nto say, at least in terms
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.44,0:09:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of prosthetic control, that even\Nthese highly articulated hands
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.78,0:09:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are really only\Ncapable of grasping.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.09,0:09:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the difference between\Ngrasping and manipulation,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.84,0:09:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can use a Rubik's\Ncube to illustrate.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.13,0:09:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Manipulation is a\Nspeed cuber solving
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.50,0:10:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Rubik's cube in a few minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.17,0:10:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And grasping is not dropping it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.03,0:10:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And grasping a Rubik's\Ncube is actually something
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.69,0:10:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I can do with\Nthe hook that I
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.36,0:10:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wear when I do wear a prosthetic\Narm, which is the Dorrance
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.46,0:10:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,5x named after the guy\Nwho patented it in 1912.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.84,0:10:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see that since\Nthen, it's evolved a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.62,0:10:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's some rubber grip on\Nthe fingers, a cigarette notch,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.70,0:10:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think it's\Ncalled a pen notch now.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.00,0:10:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this remains, despite\Neverything that's happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.79,0:10:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most used prosthetic\Nterminal device in America.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.36,0:10:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And were you to go to the\NMyoelectric Conference
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.54,0:10:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in New Brunswick in\NCanada this August,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.94,0:10:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would be a fair bet to make\Nthat the majority of amputees
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.80,0:11:02.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attending the conference, at\Nleast the ones who weren't paid
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.41,0:11:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be there by a\Nprosthetic company,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.86,0:11:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be wearing\None of these devices
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.92,0:11:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not any of the\Nrobotic prosthetic hands
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.43,0:11:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are available.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.82,0:11:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other thing that's\Nimportant to note about this
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.28,0:11:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that there's another\Nchoice which actually beats
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.92,0:11:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of them which is the\None that I'm wearing today
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.84,0:11:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.23,0:11:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And about half of\Nall arm amputees
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.12,0:11:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,choose most times not to\Nwear a prosthesis at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.47,0:11:31.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's mostly because\Nof weight and comfort
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.97,0:11:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in suspension.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.55,0:11:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm going to talk about\Nthat a little bit later.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.20,0:11:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, why is all of that?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.99,0:11:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is by no means an\Nattack on any the folks
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.59,0:11:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were generous enough\Nto fund that project
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.88,0:12:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to make some progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.81,0:12:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The real problem is\Nthat there simply
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.43,0:12:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't a market for these things.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.50,0:12:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The market for powered\Narms is just barely noise
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.28,0:12:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to these\Nother large markets.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.99,0:12:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even though the government\Nhas accomplished quite a bit
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.45,0:12:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some of these\Nresearch projects, what
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.67,0:12:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we call the valley of death\Nwhich is the bridge that one
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.93,0:12:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these products must cross\Nin order to get from the lab
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.02,0:12:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into becoming a clinical\Nproduct, is really significant.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.74,0:12:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And without a market to drive\Nfurther funding, that gap which
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.53,0:12:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is estimated by\Npeople in the industry
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.50,0:12:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be something like\N90% of the R&D remaining
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.60,0:12:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a medical product once\Na proof of principle device
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.48,0:12:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is finished, there's just simply\Nnowhere for those resources
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.47,0:12:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come from and make it happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.76,0:13:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so correspondingly,\Nthe amount
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.59,0:13:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of effort that's actually put\Ninto solving this problem is
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.71,0:13:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also very small, compared\Nto-- I cherry-picked
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.29,0:13:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few really large\Ngovernment-sponsored
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.41,0:13:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,engineering projects.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.15,0:13:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of which have been compared\Nto the DARPA prosthetics
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.26,0:13:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,project.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.58,0:13:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is all in 2006 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.64,0:13:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Manhattan Project comes\Nin at over $20 billion,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.73,0:13:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the moon race over $120 billion,\Nand just the R&D for the Joint
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.40,0:13:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Strike Fighter at\Nover $40 billion.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.66,0:13:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the $100\Nmillion, well more than
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.78,0:13:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anybody had spent on prosthetic\Narms in half a century.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.20,0:13:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The DARPA spend is basically\Njust noise compared to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.87,0:13:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I would argue that the\Ntask that they set out to solve
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.66,0:14:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rivals some of these in\Nterms of the engineering
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.33,0:14:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,effort required.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.06,0:14:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a small project\Ninstead of a large one.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.38,0:14:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But nevertheless, an enormous\Nportion of our brains,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.08,0:14:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example, is devoted to\Nthe control of our hands
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.19,0:14:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in manipulations.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.94,0:14:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know if\Nyou all have ever
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.32,0:14:25.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seen-- I don't have a\Nslide of it here here,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.15,0:14:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the homunculus that neural\Nresearchers use to represent,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.87,0:14:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they take a human figure and\Nadjust him proportionally,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.30,0:14:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on the number\Nof nerve endings
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.26,0:14:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some studies of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.55,0:14:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this little figure has\Ngigantic lips, gigantic hands,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.21,0:14:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, depending on whether you're\Nlooking at the censored version
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.52,0:14:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or not, gigantic\Ngenitalia, reflecting
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.98,0:14:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much of our\Nbrains are devoted
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.53,0:14:52.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to control these various\Nparts of our body.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.09,0:14:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is true both in\Nterms of motor control
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.37,0:14:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sensory control.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.27,0:14:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I works both ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.49,0:15:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you can see from that\Nslide of the card trick,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.80,0:15:04.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feedback, sensory\Nfeedback is certainly
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.13,0:15:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a huge part of our hands\Nbeing able to do what we do.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.85,0:15:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we have is a\Nthree-way market failure
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.88,0:15:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve this problem- Industry,\Ngovernment, and academia.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.87,0:15:28.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All doing their parts, but all\Nunable to solve this problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.95,0:15:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so -- so
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.97,0:15:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course, it's\Ncompletely understandable.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.02,0:15:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why we\Ncall a prosthetic arms
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.99,0:15:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an orphan device.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.97,0:15:47.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The orphan drug law\Nthat was passed in 1983
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.31,0:15:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,defined patients in need of a\Ndrug as being medical orphans
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.03,0:16:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if their patient population\Nwas less than 250,000.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.24,0:16:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So prosthetic arms\Nin the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.69,0:16:07.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are about, a couple\Nyears ago, 43,000
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.75,0:16:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so fewer than 50,000 patients\Nin the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.13,0:16:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's 1/6 of the maximum\Nthreshold for being an orphan.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.57,0:16:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Course, the orphan drug law\Ncovers pharmaceuticals and not
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.92,0:16:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,medical devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.62,0:16:27.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we don't have a companion\Nregulation or law or anything
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.67,0:16:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that covers the creation\Nof medical devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.33,0:16:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And another peculiarity,\Nof course, of that
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.06,0:16:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is, how we pay for medical\Ndevices in the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.62,0:16:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I will get to that\Na little bit later.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.47,0:16:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as I mentioned before, all\Nof these medical orphans--
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.69,0:16:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the NIH-- and\Nthis includes all
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.44,0:16:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the drug, the orphan drug\Npatient populations and others.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.99,0:17:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The NIH lists something like\N10,000 orphaned conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.27,0:17:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on its website.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.43,0:17:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because I happened to be\Ninterested in prosthetic arms,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.50,0:17:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I searched for limb\Nabsence, arm absence.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.24,0:17:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so my particular\Norphan condition
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.28,0:17:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually not one of the ones\Nthat's listed on that site.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.10,0:17:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I would say that\Nthere are probably more.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.93,0:17:24.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the question is-- and\Nthis gets back to the graphs
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.25,0:17:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I showed before.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.97,0:17:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because there's obviously\Nno market for it,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.30,0:17:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't necessarily\Nmake sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.72,0:17:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wouldn't argue, for example,\Nthat it's a travesty that DARPA
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.18,0:17:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't invest $100 billion into\Nsolving this prosthetic arm
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.59,0:17:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problem because the\Nsame could be said
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.33,0:17:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for any of these other orphans.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.76,0:17:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We simply can't\Nafford to do that
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.13,0:17:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a public health standpoint.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.81,0:17:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just not an effective\Nway to spend our resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.96,0:17:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So nevertheless,\Nfeeling like this
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.63,0:17:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a problem that we'd\Nlike for society to solve
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.13,0:18:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that it's not the only\None, this is the question.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.07,0:18:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we attacked\Nthese problems
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.75,0:18:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and solve some of them?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.26,0:18:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's clear that\Nwe probably need
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.98,0:18:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think about them a little bit\Ndifferent way than we are now.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.13,0:18:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My friend Chuck\NMesser described this
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.81,0:18:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as using your geek\Npowers for good.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.48,0:18:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Cooper-Hewitt Design\NMuseum, in referencing
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.14,0:18:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 90% of the world\Nthat doesn't benefit
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.11,0:18:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from our consumer culture,\Nthey had a design exhibit
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.42,0:18:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,several years ago called Design\Nfor the Other 90% in reference
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.06,0:18:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to that.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.56,0:18:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's another movement\Nhere in the Bay Area.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.05,0:18:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, you have\Na designer and engineer
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.44,0:18:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,named Ralf Hotchkiss\Nwho makes a wheelchair.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.15,0:18:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whirlwind Wheelchair\Nis their organization.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.58,0:18:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they make appropriate\Ntechnology wheelchairs
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.56,0:18:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have larger balloon\Ntires on the front
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.26,0:18:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deal with uneven terrain\Nand broken sidewalks
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.97,0:18:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you're more\Nlikely to encounter,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.71,0:19:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if there are sidewalks all, in\Na lot of the developing world.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.85,0:19:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they have a cool\Nmodel where they
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.10,0:19:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,try to set up factories as\Na profitable businesses,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.52,0:19:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a social enterprise, to\Nmanufacture this wheelchair
Dialogue: 0,0:19:13.13,0:19:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,design in the area where\Nthey might be used.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.44,0:19:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this in contrast\Nto sometimes
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.08,0:19:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what gets done in the\Nwheelchair space, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:23.26,0:19:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to send a kind of\Nrickety hospital wheelchair
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.03,0:19:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over to that environment\Nwhere at last,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:30.69,0:19:32.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a lot of medical\Ntechnology over there,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:32.73,0:19:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 10 minutes\Nbefore it breaks.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.12,0:19:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, somebody has trouble\Nfinding a part to fix it,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:37.87,0:19:40.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it ends up getting junked.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.77,0:19:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's-- whereas I'm arguing\Nthat prosthetic arm users
Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.69,0:19:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the United States are\Nan underserved population,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.45,0:19:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not\Ndisadvantaged, certainly,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.10,0:19:56.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the same degree that patients\Nin the developing world are.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.69,0:19:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But all of these\Npatients are underserved
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.61,0:20:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some way or another.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:03.26,0:20:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a good phrase\Nthat's been used
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.70,0:20:10.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to describe all of these\Nproblems and the design
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.27,0:20:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can use to\Ntry to attack them
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.06,0:20:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is public interest design,\Ndesign in the public interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.49,0:20:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so really what\NI'd like to talk
Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.59,0:20:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about is, what are\Nthe ways besides-- I
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.18,0:20:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will start off with\Ngovernment-sponsored research
Dialogue: 0,0:20:25.58,0:20:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's a lot of\Nwhat's happening currently.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.41,0:20:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what is our\Nwhole quiver of tools
Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.50,0:20:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we might use to try to\Nsolve some of these problems?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:35.83,0:20:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And-- yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.62,0:20:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sorry about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:41.06,0:20:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what are the\Ncollection of tools
Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.86,0:20:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we could use to try to\Nbetter solve these problems?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:48.05,0:20:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I, like lots of\Npeople do, I think
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.46,0:20:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll probably come down on there\Nbeing some combination of all
Dialogue: 0,0:20:55.33,0:20:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these that are necessary.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:57.49,0:21:00.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just to brush over\Nthem all, to begin
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.49,0:21:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with government-sponsored\Nresearch and commercialization,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.81,0:21:10.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then DIY and the maker culture,\Npotentially an orphan device
Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.37,0:21:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,law to service as a companion\Nto the orphan drug law
Dialogue: 0,0:21:15.32,0:21:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we've had in this\Ncountry since 1983.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.30,0:21:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, what other\Nregulatory or policy changes
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.67,0:21:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be made under\Nour existing structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.61,0:21:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But by program managers\Nwho fund, for example, some
Dialogue: 0,0:21:31.73,0:21:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this government-sponsored\Nresearch, what things might
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.57,0:21:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they do to try to raise the\Nimpact of the research funding
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.49,0:21:43.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they're\Ncurrently giving out.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:43.37,0:21:46.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then secondly, what can\Nwe do in the private sector?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.74,0:21:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are there ways that folks\Nin the private sector
Dialogue: 0,0:21:50.84,0:21:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be able to\Ncontribute in ways
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.69,0:21:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that don't impact\Ntheir own bottom line?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.24,0:22:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they can\Npotentially even have
Dialogue: 0,0:22:00.20,0:22:07.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a win-win in serving\Nthese underserved folks.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:07.71,0:22:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to start off with,\Nthese are the three--
Dialogue: 0,0:22:12.22,0:22:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are icons that represent\Nthe three major engineering
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.47,0:22:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,research efforts that\NI showed the funding
Dialogue: 0,0:22:17.75,0:22:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,levels for- the moon\Nshot, at the atomic bomb,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.83,0:22:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Joint Strike Fighter.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:22.44,0:22:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's certainly clear\Nthat there are some problems
Dialogue: 0,0:22:26.70,0:22:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that government has\Nto solve if they're
Dialogue: 0,0:22:30.51,0:22:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going to get it solved for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:32.22,0:22:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While we do have SpaceX in\Na commercial space effort
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.33,0:22:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right now, it only exists\Nbecause the government
Dialogue: 0,0:22:41.94,0:22:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is choosing to create\Nthat capability.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:43.85,0:22:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the funding's coming\Nfrom the government.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:46.38,0:22:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's an example, actually,\Nof spreading this stuff
Dialogue: 0,0:22:49.14,0:22:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.32,0:22:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it was clear that\Nsending a man to the moon
Dialogue: 0,0:22:56.22,0:22:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or building the bomb,\Nhowever you feel about
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.16,0:23:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that having done, these\Nwere certainly projects that
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.97,0:23:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would never have happened\Nhad not one of the largest
Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.12,0:23:07.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wealthiest\Ngovernments in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:23:07.75,0:23:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decided that they were\Ngoing to make it happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:09.71,0:23:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they happen\Nbecause, in at least two
Dialogue: 0,0:23:13.55,0:23:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these cases, the first\Ntwo that I mentioned,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:15.98,0:23:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the results were non-negotiable.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.05,0:23:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were going to\Nget to the moon,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.49,0:23:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter how much it costs\Nand how dangerous it was.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:24.55,0:23:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those who were\Nin charge of the bomb
Dialogue: 0,0:23:28.70,0:23:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,viewed it as a response\Nto an existential threat.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:32.66,0:23:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that failure\Nwas not an option.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.83,0:23:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's probably-- the\Ngovernment probably
Dialogue: 0,0:23:39.39,0:23:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have spent anything\Nto achieve these ends.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:46.12,0:23:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, a lot of times,\Nsome these very programs
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.37,0:23:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other basic\Nscience research
Dialogue: 0,0:23:53.38,0:23:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the government\Ndoes are cited
Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.95,0:24:00.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as having intangible\Nbenefits that spin off,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:00.25,0:24:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we would be without were\Nit not for these other efforts.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.21,0:24:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so Tang, Teflon,\Nand Velcro are three.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:10.12,0:24:12.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's actually\Na myth-busting page
Dialogue: 0,0:24:12.11,0:24:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on NASA's website that I\Nhave up there on the slide.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:15.17,0:24:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Says that, in fact, none\Nof these three products
Dialogue: 0,0:24:18.30,0:24:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were created by NASA\Nor NASA-funded research
Dialogue: 0,0:24:21.28,0:24:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although the space program did\Ntake advantage of all of those.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:24.84,0:24:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So while they used Tang,\NTeflon, and Velcro,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.96,0:24:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they did not create it.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.38,0:24:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I would argue that even\Nif they had, building a bomb,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.92,0:24:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sending somebody to the moon,\Nor building a high-tech fighter
Dialogue: 0,0:24:40.85,0:24:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,jet are not the most efficient\Nways to create things
Dialogue: 0,0:24:44.07,0:24:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Tang, Teflon, and Velcro.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:46.10,0:24:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if what you want\Nis a prosthetic arm
Dialogue: 0,0:24:50.62,0:24:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to put somebody on the moon\Nor to build a fighter jet,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:56.64,0:24:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is what you do.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:59.11,0:25:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this really comes\Ndown to a difference
Dialogue: 0,0:25:03.64,0:25:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between engineering\Nand basic science.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:06.75,0:25:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the point is that\Nwhatever efforts there
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.74,0:25:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are that are devoted to\Nsolving this problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:12.76,0:25:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it really needs to be dedicated\Nto solving the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:16.39,0:25:18.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there needs to be\Nsome agreement on actually
Dialogue: 0,0:25:18.95,0:25:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the problem is.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:21.16,0:25:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A significant component\Nof at least the four year
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.76,0:25:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARPA effort was based on the\Ncreation of a neural brain
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.37,0:25:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,machine interface.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:31.82,0:25:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is-- well,\Nin the long term,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.60,0:25:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's certainly true that\Nthat represents potentially
Dialogue: 0,0:25:40.47,0:25:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a holy grail of prosthetic arms.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:43.68,0:25:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not clear that that is\Na necessary component of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:50.00,0:25:53.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly given the state\Nof the technology that most
Dialogue: 0,0:25:53.22,0:25:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people are using every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:57.81,0:26:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then-- so I was-- at the\Ntime when I met Michael in 2007,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:05.68,0:26:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had a version of\Nthis hardware board
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.60,0:26:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we were showing\NGoogle SciFoo.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:12.19,0:26:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is-- Tim Hanson\Nis now post-doc at UCSF.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:18.09,0:26:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he created, when he\Nwas at the Nicolelis Lab
Dialogue: 0,0:26:21.23,0:26:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Duke University, the\Nsignal processing board which
Dialogue: 0,0:26:24.62,0:26:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is capable of processing 16\NEMG, electromyogram, signals
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.44,0:26:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the surface\Nof the skin that
Dialogue: 0,0:26:34.82,0:26:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can detect muscle movements.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.13,0:26:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we designed it to have as\Nmany interfaces as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.83,0:26:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because are our goal\Nin this DIY space
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.94,0:26:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to try to encourage\Nexperimentation
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.81,0:26:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to try to benefit\Nfrom the maker
Dialogue: 0,0:26:48.96,0:26:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,culture and the huge\Nvideo game industry in --
Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.09,0:26:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And hope that some of\Nthose resources and efforts
Dialogue: 0,0:26:59.77,0:27:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and interests could rub off\Nand make some improvements
Dialogue: 0,0:27:02.85,0:27:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in prosthetic arms.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.96,0:27:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we learned is the\Ndownside to DIY maker
Dialogue: 0,0:27:11.78,0:27:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and open source culture was\Nthat, these projects sometimes
Dialogue: 0,0:27:16.72,0:27:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,require-- well first, they\Ncan't be done completely
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.67,0:27:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:21.89,0:27:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then secondly,\Nthere's activation energy
Dialogue: 0,0:27:24.96,0:27:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to any kind of\Ncollaborative effort.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:27.98,0:27:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which if you don't\Ncross, you have
Dialogue: 0,0:27:30.71,0:27:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of difficulty\Nmaking anything happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.13,0:27:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this project is still alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.14,0:27:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I looked.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:36.54,0:27:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were commits this week.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:40.37,0:27:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they're primarily-- but all\Nof those, as far as I'm aware,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.18,0:27:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are coming from the two\Nlabs at UCSF and Duke
Dialogue: 0,0:27:48.24,0:27:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are using the hardware.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:49.80,0:27:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the schematics-- all\Nthis is open source and GPL
Dialogue: 0,0:27:54.38,0:27:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the extent that it\Nactually applies to all of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:59.18,0:28:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The schematics are up there,\Nall of the masks, the firmware
Dialogue: 0,0:28:03.59,0:28:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the board,\Neverything is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:05.12,0:28:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as far as I'm aware, nobody\Nhas actually made one of these,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:08.40,0:28:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except for those two\Nlabs that are using
Dialogue: 0,0:28:11.44,0:28:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are active contributors.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:12.61,0:28:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Tim made a pretty\Ncomplicated board.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:15.66,0:28:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like six layers and has\Nthese tiny little vias and some
Dialogue: 0,0:28:20.49,0:28:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,04 components on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.22,0:28:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had some-- we made\Nthis thing in a toaster
Dialogue: 0,0:28:24.60,0:28:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had some horrible moments\Nwhere somebody breathed on it
Dialogue: 0,0:28:29.52,0:28:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or-- And then, you can't\Ntell what any of those things
Dialogue: 0,0:28:32.02,0:28:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are anymore, et cetera.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:34.15,0:28:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as far as I know, nobody from\Nthe larger DIY or maker culture
Dialogue: 0,0:28:39.10,0:28:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has participated\Nin this project.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:41.24,0:28:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there's also-- there's\Nanother part of the project.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:43.68,0:28:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have functioning pattern\Nrecognition software in MATLAB
Dialogue: 0,0:28:48.52,0:28:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is not open source.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:50.31,0:28:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, this is\Nanother barrier.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:52.85,0:28:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to use the open source\Nsoftware that we have up there,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.18,0:28:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to have\Naccess to something
Dialogue: 0,0:28:59.10,0:29:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like $20,000 worth\Nof MATLAB tool boxes
Dialogue: 0,0:29:02.32,0:29:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you're only going to have\Nif you're either an industry
Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.19,0:29:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you're in academia somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.22,0:29:10.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these, again, are\Nsome of the barriers.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.79,0:29:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But beyond that,\Nthis hasn't really
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.86,0:29:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had the impact\Nthat we really hope
Dialogue: 0,0:29:19.62,0:29:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it would have\Nwhen we started.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.73,0:29:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although I'm certainly\Nproud we tried,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:25.44,0:29:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a pretty cool\Npiece of hardware.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:29.05,0:29:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another one.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:29.84,0:29:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had a little project on\Nthe open prosthetics project
Dialogue: 0,0:29:32.42,0:29:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to recreate a\Nprosthetic hook that
Dialogue: 0,0:29:35.49,0:29:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was designed in the '20s which\Nhas been out of production
Dialogue: 0,0:29:41.93,0:29:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for something like\N35 or 40 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:45.80,0:29:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most of the guys,\Nand it is mostly
Dialogue: 0,0:29:49.48,0:29:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,guys, who use this hook\Nare now 80, 90 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:53.86,0:29:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I live in the Midwest.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:55.41,0:29:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think there are some\Ndemographic particular areas
Dialogue: 0,0:29:59.08,0:30:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about where this\Nthing was prescribed
Dialogue: 0,0:30:00.89,0:30:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what people\Nwanted to use it for.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.62,0:30:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I still get calls from\Npeople who find-- very few,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:05.83,0:30:06.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a trickle.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.73,0:30:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,--who find this thing\Non the web and want one.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:09.71,0:30:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see here, this\Nis a picture-- somebody,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.81,0:30:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bre Pettis put it\Nin the Thingiverse.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:18.56,0:30:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a bunch of\Npeople-- I got bunches
Dialogue: 0,0:30:21.27,0:30:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people who want to volunteer.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:22.60,0:30:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were offering to print\Nas many of these things
Dialogue: 0,0:30:25.08,0:30:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they could on there first\Ngeneration MakerBots, which
Dialogue: 0,0:30:28.41,0:30:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is where I think this\Nprinted hook came from,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.85,0:30:33.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help the project.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.72,0:30:38.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But unfortunately, even\Nthe latest generation
Dialogue: 0,0:30:38.67,0:30:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MakerBot 2-- which which\NI have and really enjoy.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:43.75,0:30:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,--it doesn't print\Nin a material that's
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.51,0:30:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appropriate for actual use,\Nat least in this design.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:51.85,0:30:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is made to be a\Nmetal, a metal hook.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.27,0:31:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see that the\Nresolution is really not
Dialogue: 0,0:31:00.65,0:31:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fantastic there.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:01.57,0:31:05.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So and what we discovered,\Nthat one in the lower right
Dialogue: 0,0:31:05.97,0:31:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was printed using\Na selective laser
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.44,0:31:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,centering rapid\Nprototyping process.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:11.09,0:31:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we had some tolerance\Nproblems with that
Dialogue: 0,0:31:14.16,0:31:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the service bureau\Nactually printed the thing out
Dialogue: 0,0:31:19.21,0:31:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a plate and then\Nmachined off the plate.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:23.14,0:31:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The two jaws of the hook\Ndid not fit together.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:26.28,0:31:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we had something like more\Nthan 50,000ths off on that
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.16,0:31:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.18,0:31:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.68,0:31:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I bring this up\Njust to point out
Dialogue: 0,0:31:34.58,0:31:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the limitations of\Nsome of these things.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:38.06,0:31:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you see this--\Njust a loop back
Dialogue: 0,0:31:42.88,0:31:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a moment to the\Nbreathless enthusiasm
Dialogue: 0,0:31:47.40,0:31:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the press for a\Nlot of these things.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.03,0:31:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't tell you the\Nnumber of stories
Dialogue: 0,0:31:50.77,0:31:53.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I've seen in\Nthe last two years
Dialogue: 0,0:31:53.53,0:31:57.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about a high school\Nstudent who has 3D printed
Dialogue: 0,0:31:57.77,0:32:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a prosthetic hand that is\Nsupposedly better than, you
Dialogue: 0,0:32:01.77,0:32:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pick the price point, of\Nsome commercially-available
Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.44,0:32:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prosthetic hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:06.64,0:32:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when you-- there's\Nreally no scrutiny
Dialogue: 0,0:32:09.73,0:32:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at all that's applied\Nto these claims.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:14.51,0:32:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very often, there are\Ncompletely externally-powered.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:16.89,0:32:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like motors with strings or\Nmaybe they're not even powered.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:24.27,0:32:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In any case, nobody really\Nclosely examines the claim
Dialogue: 0,0:32:28.16,0:32:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that some kid has bested\Na $40,000 prosthetic
Dialogue: 0,0:32:33.29,0:32:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hand in his bedroom\Nwith a RepRap machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:36.18,0:32:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while I consider\Nmyself to be a part of
Dialogue: 0,0:32:43.17,0:32:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fully embrace\Nthe maker culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:44.67,0:32:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we also need to be\Nvery realistic about what we've
Dialogue: 0,0:32:48.40,0:32:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually accomplished\Nand try not
Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.97,0:32:55.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to run victory laps before\Nwe've actually done it.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:55.43,0:32:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that this probably\Nis one of those cases.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:58.52,0:33:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the happy\Nending to this story
Dialogue: 0,0:33:01.72,0:33:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that there actually is\Na prosthetic company called
Dialogue: 0,0:33:05.19,0:33:10.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ToughWare that re-engineer--\Nthey re-engineered this
Dialogue: 0,0:33:10.93,0:33:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fixed some of the\Nproblems that we had actually
Dialogue: 0,0:33:13.43,0:33:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,identified with the\Noriginal design.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:15.74,0:33:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think you could\Nactually see it
Dialogue: 0,0:33:17.12,0:33:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the-- that's an original hook\Nfrom many decades ago up there.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:22.42,0:33:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see the\Nplaces it has been welded.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:25.21,0:33:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this company fixed\Nsome of the problems
Dialogue: 0,0:33:30.60,0:33:32.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where these\Nthings were breaking.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:32.14,0:33:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I do believe that\Nyou can actually now
Dialogue: 0,0:33:36.38,0:33:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,purchase a version of this\Nhook commercially again.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:39.71,0:33:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I consider that\Nto be a success even
Dialogue: 0,0:33:44.96,0:33:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we weren't the\Nones who did it.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:49.36,0:33:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So lastly-- and there is\Nsome bleed across here.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:54.84,0:33:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Michael did reference the\Ncompany that I've started.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:59.57,0:34:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also decided to\Nback up a little bit
Dialogue: 0,0:34:02.70,0:34:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and solve one of the problems\Nabout prosthetic arms that
Dialogue: 0,0:34:07.61,0:34:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may be, in fact, the most\Nvexing and least address,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:10.81,0:34:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is how we attach\Nthem to people's bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:15.58,0:34:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is traditionally done\Nwith a hard carbon fiber
Dialogue: 0,0:34:18.76,0:34:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or fiberglass socket,\Na rubber liner,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:23.00,0:34:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe a plastic\Nsocket there.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:27.25,0:34:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I would liken a\Nlot of these designs
Dialogue: 0,0:34:30.65,0:34:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to wearing wooden\Nshoes and rubber socks.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.04,0:34:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it does pretty horrible\Nthings to your skin
Dialogue: 0,0:34:37.49,0:34:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when there's moisture\Nand friction involved.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:40.60,0:34:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And heat, moisture, weight,\Nand perceived weight
Dialogue: 0,0:34:44.19,0:34:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is really related to\Nall of these things
Dialogue: 0,0:34:47.19,0:34:50.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because people will tolerate\Nhanging less off of your body
Dialogue: 0,0:34:50.03,0:34:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it doesn't really fit well.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:51.36,0:34:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It feels like it's heavier\Nif it's uncomfortable.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:54.60,0:35:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we decided that\Nthe way to solve this
Dialogue: 0,0:35:00.18,0:35:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to go back to what\Nprosthetic arms used
Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.80,0:35:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be like in the\N'40s before the VA did
Dialogue: 0,0:35:04.66,0:35:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the research that created\Nthese composite sockets.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:08.31,0:35:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And consider making prosthetics\Nsockets more like shoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:12.80,0:35:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like athletic shoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:14.59,0:35:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prosthetics sockets used\Nto be made of leather.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:16.55,0:35:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've been told\Nby old guys who
Dialogue: 0,0:35:19.32,0:35:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wear leather\Nsockets that they're
Dialogue: 0,0:35:20.70,0:35:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most comfortable\Nthing in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:22.00,0:35:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they'd never\Nwear anything else.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:23.86,0:35:26.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can't find anybody\Nto make one of these things
Dialogue: 0,0:35:26.11,0:35:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now because they're\Nreally labor intensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:27.90,0:35:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the VA actually did\Na whole bunch of research
Dialogue: 0,0:35:29.98,0:35:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the '40s, trying\Nto figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:35:31.36,0:35:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to make them not stink\Nbecause of they're basically
Dialogue: 0,0:35:35.08,0:35:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like shoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:37.50,0:35:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we now have a pending\Nresearch proposal
Dialogue: 0,0:35:42.02,0:35:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we should hear\Nfrom the Army and DARPA
Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.11,0:35:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from any day now to use current\Nathletic shoe technology to try
Dialogue: 0,0:35:53.26,0:35:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make a flexible, variable\Ncompliance socket that's
Dialogue: 0,0:35:57.14,0:36:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stiff in some places\Nand flexible and others,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:00.32,0:36:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breathable everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:02.23,0:36:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That basically solves\Nall the same problems
Dialogue: 0,0:36:04.39,0:36:06.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that your running shoes do.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:06.99,0:36:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this would address\Nthe number one reason
Dialogue: 0,0:36:10.36,0:36:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people abandon\Nprosthetic arms.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:13.32,0:36:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that, by the way, actually\Nincludes, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:17.72,0:36:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the DARPA arms that\Nwas tested in VA clinics
Dialogue: 0,0:36:22.71,0:36:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among transradial\Npatients like me.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:27.76,0:36:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Comfort was actually\None of the major reasons
Dialogue: 0,0:36:31.46,0:36:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I think about\Nhalf of those patients
Dialogue: 0,0:36:34.41,0:36:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said that they might not\Nbe interested in having
Dialogue: 0,0:36:36.84,0:36:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of those new arms.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:37.80,0:36:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we solve that\Nproblem, then we
Dialogue: 0,0:36:40.49,0:36:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could potentially make a\Nlot of the other technology
Dialogue: 0,0:36:43.40,0:36:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more effective because\Nwe'll be better
Dialogue: 0,0:36:45.11,0:36:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at attaching it to\Npeople's bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:46.57,0:36:50.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's what we're\Nup to right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:50.03,0:36:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An orphan device law.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:51.53,0:36:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at the time that the orphan\Ndrug law was passed in 1983,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:55.48,0:36:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had a bipartisan Congress.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.95,0:37:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that to imagine\Nin the current legislative
Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.38,0:37:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,environment that we\Ncan get anything done,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:10.30,0:37:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may be over optimistic.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:12.54,0:37:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although, perhaps,\Nin an ideal world,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:15.98,0:37:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would consider a law that\Ncould increase innovation
Dialogue: 0,0:37:21.78,0:37:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and competition in this space.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:24.52,0:37:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, for those of you who\Nare unfamiliar with it, what
Dialogue: 0,0:37:28.30,0:37:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the orphan drug law does is, it\Nextends exclusivity for a drug
Dialogue: 0,0:37:35.10,0:37:38.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,company who has\Ndeveloped a product
Dialogue: 0,0:37:38.43,0:37:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but who believes that\Nthe further investment
Dialogue: 0,0:37:42.92,0:37:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,necessary to actually bring\Na proven drug to market
Dialogue: 0,0:37:46.73,0:37:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not worth the investment\Nbecause their patent,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:50.68,0:37:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the exclusivity available to\Nthem on the original patent,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.05,0:37:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has expired.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.66,0:37:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Drug development is often\Na really long process.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:57.42,0:38:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a race against\Nthe sundown on the patents.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:03.76,0:38:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now unfortunately,\NI'm not convinced
Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.63,0:38:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a similar model in the this\Neven much smaller orphan device
Dialogue: 0,0:38:12.29,0:38:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spaces would\Nactually do anything
Dialogue: 0,0:38:13.73,0:38:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because exclusivity in\Nprosthetic arm patents
Dialogue: 0,0:38:18.84,0:38:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is often abandoned\Nwhen people decide
Dialogue: 0,0:38:22.23,0:38:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stop paying the maintenance\Non their process arm patents
Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.81,0:38:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after seven or 15 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:26.69,0:38:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they're leaving exclusivity\Non the table with regard
Dialogue: 0,0:38:29.95,0:38:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to patents in the space already.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.82,0:38:34.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So would extending it\Nactually do anything?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:34.63,0:38:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm not convinced\Nthat it would.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:37.17,0:38:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Yeah?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:43.88,0:38:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
Dialogue: 0,0:38:54.98,0:38:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,JON KUNIHOLM: OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:55.69,0:38:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So since we're not\Nmiked in the audience,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:58.02,0:39:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the question is, is the approval\Nprocess for medical devices,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:02.58,0:39:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prosthetic arm\Nspecifically, similarly long
Dialogue: 0,0:39:06.40,0:39:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it is for drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:08.91,0:39:10.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's sort of a\Ncomplicated question
Dialogue: 0,0:39:10.45,0:39:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it depends on\Nwhich class of devices
Dialogue: 0,0:39:13.16,0:39:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're talking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:14.04,0:39:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The FDA it has three classes\Nof medical devices- I, II,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:18.06,0:39:19.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and III.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:19.85,0:39:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The DARPA neural sensing\Nsystem would be a Class III
Dialogue: 0,0:39:26.48,0:39:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,medical device\Nbecause it actually
Dialogue: 0,0:39:28.54,0:39:31.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involves an internal implant.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:31.19,0:39:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most prosthetic devices\Nright now are Class I.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:35.87,0:39:37.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're not only\NClass I, they're
Dialogue: 0,0:39:37.41,0:39:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Class I Exempt which means that\Nthere are exempt from-- there's
Dialogue: 0,0:39:40.47,0:39:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something like seven or eight\Nrequirements for Class I
Dialogue: 0,0:39:43.15,0:39:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:44.08,0:39:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all but three\Nof those are ignored
Dialogue: 0,0:39:48.09,0:39:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this group of\NClass I Exempt devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:53.12,0:39:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in fact-- and this\Nis something actually
Dialogue: 0,0:39:57.21,0:40:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there's been some--\Nsome of the folks who've
Dialogue: 0,0:40:02.07,0:40:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been pursuing these new\Nthings have been assuming--
Dialogue: 0,0:40:04.96,0:40:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they may be right.\N--that the FDA is seeking
Dialogue: 0,0:40:07.32,0:40:12.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to regulate prosthetic arm\Nstuff more rigorously than they
Dialogue: 0,0:40:12.25,0:40:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:14.40,0:40:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So even though you\Ncould bring-- there
Dialogue: 0,0:40:18.18,0:40:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are articulated\Nmyoelectric hands
Dialogue: 0,0:40:21.91,0:40:25.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have been brought to\Nmarket in the last five years
Dialogue: 0,0:40:25.93,0:40:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were brought to market.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:30.11,0:40:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All you have to do basically\Nis announced to the FDA
Dialogue: 0,0:40:32.57,0:40:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you're going to start\Nselling these things and do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:34.99,0:40:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you're going to test\Nit, you stamp it experimental.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:37.40,0:40:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're good to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:39.93,0:40:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But nobody wants to invest\Nhundreds of millions of dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:40:44.49,0:40:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the creation of\Na device unless they
Dialogue: 0,0:40:46.34,0:40:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are sure that they're going\Nto get away with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:49.19,0:40:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the FDA had\Nbeen making noises
Dialogue: 0,0:40:51.67,0:40:53.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were going\Nto try to bump up
Dialogue: 0,0:40:53.47,0:40:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the classification of\Nsome of these things.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:55.62,0:41:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they also have a requirement\Nfor orthopedic devices
Dialogue: 0,0:41:01.62,0:41:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is reasonable.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:02.71,0:41:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's based on-- so a screw\Nin an orthopedic implant
Dialogue: 0,0:41:06.69,0:41:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a Class I device that's a\Ncomponent of a Class III device
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.29,0:41:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the implant.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:11.70,0:41:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was a bad\Nfailure in the '80s because
Dialogue: 0,0:41:16.54,0:41:19.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the changing of\Nthese Class I devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:19.79,0:41:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the FDA requires\Neach Class I component
Dialogue: 0,0:41:24.35,0:41:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be separately recertified\Nwith the Class III system.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:27.27,0:41:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if somebody did something\Nlike that, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:29.48,0:41:35.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with, say, there's a bolt\Nthat can go through your skin
Dialogue: 0,0:41:35.67,0:41:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the bone.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:36.30,0:41:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called osseointegration.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:37.51,0:41:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A titanium bolt.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:39.62,0:41:43.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the bolt, of course,\Nis a Class III device
Dialogue: 0,0:41:43.53,0:41:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it goes inside the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:47.04,0:41:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if they required you\Nto separately certify
Dialogue: 0,0:41:51.54,0:41:54.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every prosthetic hand\Nor foot that you attach
Dialogue: 0,0:41:54.67,0:41:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to one of these systems,\Nit would effectively
Dialogue: 0,0:41:57.15,0:41:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mean that there wouldn't be\Nany available because nobody
Dialogue: 0,0:41:59.52,0:42:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would bother to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:00.84,0:42:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the whole-- so actually, you\Nbring up a really great point
Dialogue: 0,0:42:06.65,0:42:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that the FDA is a\Nreally important part of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:09.79,0:42:14.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some orphan device law, a\Nhypothetical orphan device law
Dialogue: 0,0:42:14.65,0:42:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or revisions of regulations that\Nmight really impact the space,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:19.45,0:42:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should try to remove\Nsome of those barriers
Dialogue: 0,0:42:23.14,0:42:26.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually the\NFDA could potentially
Dialogue: 0,0:42:26.35,0:42:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,create in trying to\Nbetter protect us.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:29.76,0:42:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are humanitarian\Nexemptions available.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.70,0:42:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it's something\Nthat I think
Dialogue: 0,0:42:35.76,0:42:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bares further consideration.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:37.98,0:42:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that leads into\Nthe next group
Dialogue: 0,0:42:39.73,0:42:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of things which\Nare beyond new law.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:42.10,0:42:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about the interpretation of\Nexisting laws and regulations?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:45.90,0:42:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Bayh-Dole Act\Nis the law from 1980
Dialogue: 0,0:42:51.43,0:42:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that governs the\Ngovernment-funded creation
Dialogue: 0,0:42:53.38,0:42:54.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of intellectual property.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:54.49,0:42:57.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the part that most of us are\Nfamiliar with, if you've ever
Dialogue: 0,0:42:57.07,0:42:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,received a government grant,\Nis that the government
Dialogue: 0,0:42:59.20,0:43:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has royalty-free nonexclusive\Nlicense to anything
Dialogue: 0,0:43:02.40,0:43:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they pay you to create.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:04.74,0:43:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, in order to\Nencourage economic activity,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:08.01,0:43:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anybody who creates this\Nstuff has the permission
Dialogue: 0,0:43:12.56,0:43:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go off and license it.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:14.63,0:43:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do whatever they want, exploit\Nthat intellectual property
Dialogue: 0,0:43:17.44,0:43:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on their own, as long as they\Ndon't charge any royalties back
Dialogue: 0,0:43:20.79,0:43:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the government.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:22.09,0:43:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In practice, I think some\Nof this actually goes on.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:24.22,0:43:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because if they fund,\Nparticularly weapon systems
Dialogue: 0,0:43:27.39,0:43:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stuff like that, it's\Nnot like they segment off
Dialogue: 0,0:43:31.30,0:43:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the intellectual\Nproperty component of it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:33.38,0:43:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not like anybody else can\Nmake some of these fighter jets
Dialogue: 0,0:43:36.49,0:43:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or tanks or whatever.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:38.94,0:43:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the least popular\Nprovision of this law
Dialogue: 0,0:43:41.90,0:43:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what are called\Nmarch-in rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:44.04,0:43:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which means that if the\Ngovernment-- if there are--
Dialogue: 0,0:43:46.16,0:43:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are four criteria\Nthat could be met where
Dialogue: 0,0:43:48.12,0:43:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the government can\Ncome in and say,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:49.74,0:43:55.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are not making use of this\Nintellectual property the way
Dialogue: 0,0:43:55.09,0:43:55.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we intended you to.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:55.99,0:43:59.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to take it from you\Nand give it to somebody else.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:59.55,0:44:05.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people-- it has been\Nexercised very few times,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:05.73,0:44:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if ever.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:06.71,0:44:09.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a very unpopular,\Nas you can imagine,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:09.11,0:44:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,provision with people who get\Na lot of government funding.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:12.99,0:44:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much time do we have?
Dialogue: 0,0:44:17.12,0:44:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So while this law\Nexists, it is something
Dialogue: 0,0:44:26.88,0:44:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could be made use of\Nthat's on the books already.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:29.92,0:44:35.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so people, program\Nmanagers could say, OK,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:35.01,0:44:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's been 15 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:37.10,0:44:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You haven't-- you created\Na product where we're going
Dialogue: 0,0:44:40.74,0:44:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find somebody who will\Nbecause our goal is to bring
Dialogue: 0,0:44:43.75,0:44:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something like this to market.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:45.60,0:44:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And another one that\NI referenced earlier
Dialogue: 0,0:44:47.53,0:44:50.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the Center for Medicare\Nand Medicaid Services.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:50.71,0:44:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all these devices, and many\Nmedical devices are like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:54.56,0:44:59.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are reimbursed as durable\Nmedical equipment-
Dialogue: 0,0:44:59.55,0:45:04.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,canes, walkers, CPAP machines,\Nand prosthetic devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:04.14,0:45:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the weirdness\Nthat this creates
Dialogue: 0,0:45:05.91,0:45:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the whole\Ncost of supporting
Dialogue: 0,0:45:07.85,0:45:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the device for something\Nlike five years
Dialogue: 0,0:45:09.80,0:45:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in between replacements\Nhas to be captured just
Dialogue: 0,0:45:12.24,0:45:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the provision of the product\Nat the beginning of its life
Dialogue: 0,0:45:15.32,0:45:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cycle.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:15.96,0:45:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of the appointment\Nand everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:17.54,0:45:22.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a prosthetist needs to be\Nable to function based on that.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:22.63,0:45:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other thing that's\Nweird about this
Dialogue: 0,0:45:24.82,0:45:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that there's a perverse\Nincentive, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:26.82,0:45:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to provide more\Nof these products.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:29.15,0:45:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because if you give\Nsomebody a myoelectric arm,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:34.30,0:45:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it reimburses at\N$30,000, $35,000.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:39.12,0:45:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A body-powered\Narm may be $8,000.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:44.07,0:45:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the other thing is that the\Nway that these reimbursement
Dialogue: 0,0:45:46.68,0:45:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,codes are created is\Nthat a company has
Dialogue: 0,0:45:49.11,0:45:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to demonstrate efficacy.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:50.70,0:45:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, they petition CMS.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:53.43,0:45:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that they have to\Nbasically outlay all of the R&D
Dialogue: 0,0:45:57.85,0:45:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ahead before they know\Nif they're going to get
Dialogue: 0,0:45:59.77,0:46:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reimbursed.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:00.27,0:46:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, there have been\Nsome recent cases
Dialogue: 0,0:46:02.96,0:46:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where people get the wrong\Nanswer back from CMS.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:06.62,0:46:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it kills the company.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:07.77,0:46:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A good example is\Nthe iBot wheelchair
Dialogue: 0,0:46:10.60,0:46:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which everybody agrees is\Npretty impressive technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:13.44,0:46:16.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That came back as being\Nexcluded to a very
Dialogue: 0,0:46:16.53,0:46:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,few pretty serious\Ndisabilities and not
Dialogue: 0,0:46:21.49,0:46:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reimbursable at a rate that\Ncould sustain its manufacturer.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:25.54,0:46:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the company has\Nclosed it doors.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:28.08,0:46:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it's actually\Nup in the air
Dialogue: 0,0:46:29.56,0:46:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's going to happen\Nto that technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:31.51,0:46:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hopefully, DEKA, which\Nis the creator of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:34.51,0:46:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will figure something out.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:36.80,0:46:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one thing that I\Nthink people might do
Dialogue: 0,0:46:39.61,0:46:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be to create incentives\Nin reimbursement codes.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:43.20,0:46:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could create a code\Nfor the performance
Dialogue: 0,0:46:46.37,0:46:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a particular device without\Nknowing that it exists.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:49.00,0:46:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I could say, a 15 degree\Nof freedom prosthetic hand
Dialogue: 0,0:46:54.60,0:46:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wrist that's capable of\Nall these performance criteria
Dialogue: 0,0:46:58.01,0:47:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will reimburse at this rate,\N$150,000, whatever it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:02.01,0:47:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, a company\Nwould know ahead of time
Dialogue: 0,0:47:05.48,0:47:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they have a\Npayday ahead of them
Dialogue: 0,0:47:07.61,0:47:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they're capable of\Nmeeting the criteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:09.83,0:47:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it would be much more\Nclear that this was possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:14.11,0:47:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, contract language.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:15.78,0:47:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a bunch of open source\Nand open architectural language
Dialogue: 0,0:47:21.15,0:47:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Navy, for one,\Nstill has on kind of dead
Dialogue: 0,0:47:25.00,0:47:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,website that's still up there.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:26.25,0:47:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's sample program\Nmanager language
Dialogue: 0,0:47:29.32,0:47:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to put in RFPs to\Nensure that you
Dialogue: 0,0:47:32.31,0:47:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can get what you\Nwant out of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:36.52,0:47:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those are tools\Nthat could be used.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:38.48,0:47:41.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then lastly, the DARPA\Nhas made really good use
Dialogue: 0,0:47:41.51,0:47:44.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of challenges and contests.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:44.59,0:47:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think this sort of thing,\Nin partnership with industry,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:48.45,0:47:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be very helpful.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:50.52,0:47:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I guess in some\Nsense, my graphic here
Dialogue: 0,0:47:52.58,0:47:54.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of somebody cutting\Nred tape, maybe
Dialogue: 0,0:47:54.09,0:47:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm actually talking\Nabout creating
Dialogue: 0,0:47:55.55,0:47:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some more in some cases.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:57.18,0:47:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you get the picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:59.63,0:48:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what about industry?
Dialogue: 0,0:48:03.16,0:48:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's you guys\Nhere at Google.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:07.43,0:48:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that Google has done\Nsome really creative things
Dialogue: 0,0:48:11.28,0:48:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of business model in\Ncreating great products that
Dialogue: 0,0:48:15.04,0:48:18.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solve problems in ways\Nthat people hadn't before
Dialogue: 0,0:48:18.89,0:48:22.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by focusing the\Nbusiness model in sort
Dialogue: 0,0:48:22.59,0:48:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of unexpected parts of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:24.96,0:48:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I think both Android,\Nboth the Android operating
Dialogue: 0,0:48:28.83,0:48:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,system and Gmail are\Ngood examples of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:31.08,0:48:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a recent acquisition of\Nyours, the nest company that
Dialogue: 0,0:48:34.12,0:48:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes these thermostats\Nand the smoke detector,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:39.83,0:48:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those are examples\Nof products where
Dialogue: 0,0:48:42.42,0:48:44.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people would have said\Nthe innovation is--
Dialogue: 0,0:48:44.54,0:48:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are commodities.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:45.89,0:48:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't improve on this.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:47.19,0:48:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is what it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:47.92,0:48:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody has to have one.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:49.41,0:48:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're going to buy\Nthe $8.95 one instead
Dialogue: 0,0:48:51.74,0:48:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the $9.95 one because it just\Ndoes whatever it needs to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:55.92,0:49:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think the way that that\Ncompany was able to really pay
Dialogue: 0,0:49:01.57,0:49:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attention to consumers\Nrepresents creative thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:49:07.98,0:49:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the way that\Nprobably everybody needs
Dialogue: 0,0:49:10.13,0:49:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to attack challenging markets.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:12.90,0:49:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these ones that\NI've talked about
Dialogue: 0,0:49:14.44,0:49:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are certainly some of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:17.72,0:49:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you guys have\Nalso been in the news
Dialogue: 0,0:49:20.08,0:49:24.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recently for, by count,\Nsomething like nine,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:24.85,0:49:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,counting the drone company,\Nrobotic acquisitions
Dialogue: 0,0:49:27.12,0:49:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the last year or so.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:29.55,0:49:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of these\Nis Redwood Robotics
Dialogue: 0,0:49:31.89,0:49:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I think involves a part\Nof a Willow Garage spin-off.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:36.44,0:49:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I looked a little\Nbit-- I'd never
Dialogue: 0,0:49:38.48,0:49:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seen this hand picture before.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:41.06,0:49:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks to me like a rendering.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:42.57,0:49:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know if it\Nrepresents a real product.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:45.54,0:49:48.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that it's\Ninteresting that, in terms
Dialogue: 0,0:49:48.33,0:49:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a manipulation and\Nterminal device, a hand
Dialogue: 0,0:49:54.36,0:49:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,acquisition that you\Nguys chose to acquire,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:56.98,0:50:00.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Redwood and not any\Nof the companies
Dialogue: 0,0:50:00.67,0:50:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were involved in the\NDARPA prosthetic arms,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:04.63,0:50:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the-- there's an interesting\Ncompanionship between robot
Dialogue: 0,0:50:11.32,0:50:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teleoperation and prosthetics.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:15.52,0:50:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Myron Diftler, who runs the\Nrobonaut program for NASA
Dialogue: 0,0:50:21.79,0:50:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Johnson Space Center, said\Nthat when he thought about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:26.14,0:50:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the prosthetic\Nproblem is basically
Dialogue: 0,0:50:29.63,0:50:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a teleoperation problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:31.40,0:50:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just happened to be\Nattached to the device you're
Dialogue: 0,0:50:33.88,0:50:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to teleoperate.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:35.23,0:50:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in some sense, when you\Ntake away video latency
Dialogue: 0,0:50:39.48,0:50:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the moon or whatever, the\Nprosthetic control problem
Dialogue: 0,0:50:44.68,0:50:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be, in some sense, easier.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:47.92,0:50:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although the way that\Nthese things are usually
Dialogue: 0,0:50:51.71,0:50:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,performed right now is\Nwith a haptic armature.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:57.59,0:51:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the prosthetic\Ncase, obviously, you're
Dialogue: 0,0:51:00.06,0:51:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to control a limb that's\Nabsent, so you don't have
Dialogue: 0,0:51:03.44,0:51:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,access to those\Nfingers to tell you,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:05.74,0:51:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tell those digits\Nwhere to move.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:07.87,0:51:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, my point\Nin bringing this up
Dialogue: 0,0:51:10.76,0:51:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that there is some\Ngreat companionship
Dialogue: 0,0:51:15.28,0:51:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to these problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:16.20,0:51:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, while\Nit is not clear
Dialogue: 0,0:51:21.06,0:51:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right now who in America is\Nready to buy, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:26.16,0:51:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a personal assistance\Nrobot or some other things
Dialogue: 0,0:51:30.30,0:51:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that one might\Nimagine as products
Dialogue: 0,0:51:31.92,0:51:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could come out of companies\Nlike these down the road.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:36.00,0:51:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are prosthetic\Ncustomers who
Dialogue: 0,0:51:38.74,0:51:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can, according to the\Ncurrent reimbursement
Dialogue: 0,0:51:40.74,0:51:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,system, in some\Ncases, pay in excess
Dialogue: 0,0:51:44.41,0:51:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of $100,000 for one\Nof these devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:47.43,0:51:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it might be possible to\Ncreate a synergy of interest
Dialogue: 0,0:51:52.55,0:51:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you're solving problems\Nfor the future of home
Dialogue: 0,0:51:58.29,0:52:02.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mass-produced\Nrobotics at the same time
Dialogue: 0,0:52:02.41,0:52:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you are serving prosthetic\Ncustomers in the near term.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:06.04,0:52:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though they don't represent\Nthe huge revenue stream
Dialogue: 0,0:52:10.15,0:52:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we all would if everybody\Nhas a Jetsons-style maid
Dialogue: 0,0:52:15.51,0:52:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their home.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:19.55,0:52:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a picture\Nof my friend Kevin
Dialogue: 0,0:52:22.66,0:52:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was born without\Nboth of his legs.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:27.77,0:52:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I throw his picture up there\Nbecause he is, in some ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:31.30,0:52:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represents an orphan of an even\Nsmaller community than my own.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:36.49,0:52:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without any hip joints, when\Nhe was about 10 years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:40.48,0:52:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they tried to put\Nprosthetic legs on him.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:42.77,0:52:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they weren't really\Nanything but another couple
Dialogue: 0,0:52:46.23,0:52:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of extra crutches for him\Nto sort of haul around.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:49.59,0:52:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he very quickly decided\Nthat he wanted no part of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:52.54,0:52:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he gets around\Non a skateboard.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:56.74,0:53:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that said, if\Nyou were to envision--
Dialogue: 0,0:53:01.43,0:53:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's a way to\Nstay active, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:04.43,0:53:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you were to envision a\Nrobotic prosthetic device that
Dialogue: 0,0:53:07.91,0:53:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might help him, it\Ncould look something
Dialogue: 0,0:53:10.12,0:53:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Boston Robotics,\NBoston Dynamics-- I forget
Dialogue: 0,0:53:15.43,0:53:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the name of the\Ncompany. --in Cambridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:18.72,0:53:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have the big\Ndog, walking bot
Dialogue: 0,0:53:20.65,0:53:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those others where they\Npretty famously kicked them
Dialogue: 0,0:53:22.94,0:53:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over in the video.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:27.62,0:53:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A pair of those walking legs,\Ncontrolled like the Segway,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:31.46,0:53:38.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is by leaning, could\Ndo a pretty fair bit
Dialogue: 0,0:53:38.53,0:53:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards replacing legs.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:41.44,0:53:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that's another case where\None of these robotics companies
Dialogue: 0,0:53:47.34,0:53:51.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might hold, in currently\Navailable technology, the keys
Dialogue: 0,0:53:51.69,0:53:54.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to making a change\Nin somebody's life.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:54.41,0:54:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my hope in\Nmentioning industry--
Dialogue: 0,0:54:00.06,0:54:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think, again, none of\Nthese are mutually exclusive.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:04.54,0:54:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do believe that\Nthe only way that we
Dialogue: 0,0:54:09.44,0:54:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to solve these\Nextremely vexing problems
Dialogue: 0,0:54:11.71,0:54:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to society is by throwing nearly\Neverything that we have at it
Dialogue: 0,0:54:16.10,0:54:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seeing what sticks.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:18.65,0:54:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so really my purpose\Nin talking to you today
Dialogue: 0,0:54:23.08,0:54:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to try-- I want to start\Nthis conversation because it's
Dialogue: 0,0:54:27.80,0:54:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pretty clear to me that there\Nare some things that we could
Dialogue: 0,0:54:31.44,0:54:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do better about how we're\Nresponding to these problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:33.73,0:54:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'd very much like some help\Nin figuring out how to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:38.99,0:54:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I used up more time\Nthan I had intended to.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:42.56,0:54:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you all\Nhave any questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:45.29,0:54:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd certainly like to\Ntry and answer them.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:04.52,0:55:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question is-- I mentioned\Nthat most arm amputees still
Dialogue: 0,0:55:08.88,0:55:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use hooks vise the\Nmore complicated
Dialogue: 0,0:55:13.97,0:55:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electrical externally-powered\Nprostheses and why.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:19.36,0:55:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think cost is part of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:21.46,0:55:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Affordable Care Act\Nhas changed some of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:24.20,0:55:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before January, a lot of\Npeople with medical insurance
Dialogue: 0,0:55:33.24,0:55:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had lifetime caps of, in\Nsome cases, just more,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:37.50,0:55:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like $1,500 lifetime cap on\Nprosthetics services which
Dialogue: 0,0:55:41.05,0:55:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't even enough to\Nget a single prosthesis.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:45.06,0:55:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And beyond the\Nexpansion of coverage,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:50.75,0:55:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the removal of the lifetime\Ncaps and pre-existing conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:55:57.76,0:56:00.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are huge for the\Nprosthetic community.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:00.67,0:56:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to the extent\Nthat it is monetary,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:04.76,0:56:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Affordable Care Act\Nshould change some of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:09.39,0:56:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I, anecdotally, I don't\Nthink that there's
Dialogue: 0,0:56:14.04,0:56:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any great data on this.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:17.18,0:56:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think that a lot\Nof common complaints
Dialogue: 0,0:56:23.06,0:56:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the myoelectric\Nprostheses are latencies,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:29.33,0:56:34.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unintended movements, the speed\Nwith which the motors move,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:34.27,0:56:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the weight.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:35.57,0:56:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, I think you\Nhit on it, function
Dialogue: 0,0:56:38.38,0:56:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is probably the primary reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:41.63,0:56:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The hook has been famously\Ndescribed in TED Talks
Dialogue: 0,0:56:48.26,0:56:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a rubber band and a\Nhook on the end of a stick.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:51.79,0:56:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I believe that\Nthe bar is actually
Dialogue: 0,0:56:54.42,0:56:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite a bit higher than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:55.63,0:56:59.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Dorrance hook is really\Nkind of a marvel of design.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:59.19,0:57:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got a bunch of\Naffordances built into it.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:02.76,0:57:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can pick something\Nup, use it as a hook,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:05.33,0:57:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as a split hook,\Nyou can open it up
Dialogue: 0,0:57:07.68,0:57:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use the individual\Nfingers for different things.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:10.47,0:57:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The little thumb that\Nhas the cable on it---
Dialogue: 0,0:57:14.08,0:57:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll put that back up.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:16.59,0:57:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The little thumb that\Nhas the cable on it
Dialogue: 0,0:57:21.82,0:57:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be used to push things.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:24.23,0:57:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And is the part of\Nthe device that's
Dialogue: 0,0:57:29.05,0:57:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used to wedge a\Nknife and a fork.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:31.33,0:57:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually that's\Na perfect example
Dialogue: 0,0:57:33.55,0:57:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is eating with a knife and fork.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:38.08,0:57:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With cosmetic coverings\Non the myoelectric hands,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:41.04,0:57:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they tend to be slippery.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:42.15,0:57:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's hard to get a knife and\Na fork to sit securely in them.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:46.72,0:57:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this thing is designed\Nto do exactly that.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:49.07,0:57:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got a chisel\Ntang in the middle,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:51.06,0:57:54.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you can stick\Na tool in there.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:54.67,0:57:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or you can wedge either\Na knife or a fork
Dialogue: 0,0:57:56.72,0:57:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in between the fingers\Nand over the thumb.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:59.39,0:58:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think function\Nis a lot of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:04.88,0:58:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any other questions?
Dialogue: 0,0:58:10.90,0:58:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah?
Dialogue: 0,0:58:11.40,0:58:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
Dialogue: 0,0:58:22.81,0:58:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,JON KUNIHOLM: Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:23.60,0:58:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So well, first of all,\Nit's selfish of me, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:58:26.40,0:58:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's my problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:27.22,0:58:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's what I spend a\Nlot of time thinking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:30.19,0:58:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are other\Ncomplications.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:32.41,0:58:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there are something like\N50 times more leg amputees
Dialogue: 0,0:58:38.68,0:58:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in America than arm amputees\Nbecause of peripheral vascular
Dialogue: 0,0:58:43.72,0:58:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disease secondary diabetes.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:48.12,0:58:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the major\Ncause of leg amputation.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:50.56,0:58:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there are more than\Ntwo million leg amputees
Dialogue: 0,0:58:54.17,0:58:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in America.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:55.00,0:58:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most of-- and is an\Neasier problem to solve, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:59.67,0:59:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you're looking at--\Nwell, Oscar Pistorius
Dialogue: 0,0:59:03.49,0:59:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a great example.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:04.28,0:59:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cheetah legs make somebody\Ncapable of running close to 10
Dialogue: 0,0:59:08.55,0:59:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,second 100.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:10.92,0:59:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although knees are a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:12.98,0:59:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Oscar Pistorius is\Na below knee amputee.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:18.01,0:59:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, among the\Npowered devices,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:21.04,0:59:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,control engineers\Nwho work on legs
Dialogue: 0,0:59:23.29,0:59:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have told me that it's possible\Nto do reasonable approximations
Dialogue: 0,0:59:27.70,0:59:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of gate with the individual\Ncomponents not even talking
Dialogue: 0,0:59:31.36,0:59:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:32.70,0:59:35.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where they just respond\Nto the external forces,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:35.01,0:59:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're capable of doing\Na pretty good job walking.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:39.01,0:59:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And contrast that to\Nan arm where just,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:43.26,0:59:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forget the manipulation\Nstuff, just
Dialogue: 0,0:59:45.47,0:59:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reach to grasp with a\Nwhole arm for somebody
Dialogue: 0,0:59:47.86,0:59:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to the shoulder level\Ninvolves the coordination
Dialogue: 0,0:59:50.57,0:59:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all of the joints together.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:52.92,0:59:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I like to say that if you\Nimagine that these are legs,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:57.64,1:00:00.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the arm problem has five of\Nthem on the end of a sixth.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:00.49,1:00:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they all have to\Ndance together in order
Dialogue: 0,1:00:02.44,1:00:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do the most basic task\Nthat an arm has to do.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:07.00,1:00:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:07.50,1:00:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the economics are--\Nlegs are a lot bigger business.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:13.04,1:00:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there is a real incentive.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:16.09,1:00:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although there are\Nsome new leg companies,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:20.65,1:00:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the high cost of\Nadditional degrees of freedom,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:26.71,1:00:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are some\Nleg companies that
Dialogue: 0,1:00:28.41,1:00:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to be in\Ntrouble if they don't
Dialogue: 0,1:00:30.08,1:00:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get the reimbursements that\Nthey want on powered ankles,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:33.69,1:00:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:35.09,1:00:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so in that sense they\Nshare exactly the same problem.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:45.25,1:00:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anything else?
Dialogue: 0,1:00:49.34,1:00:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any questions from our\Nremote rooms?
Dialogue: 0,1:00:59.15,1:00:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:59.95,1:01:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, listen.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:01.19,1:01:04.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much for taking\Nthe time to check it out.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:04.14,1:01:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I don't if there's a way for\Nme to post contact information
Dialogue: 0,1:01:07.07,1:01:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whatever.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:07.57,1:01:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if anybody's interested\Nin further talking about this,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:12.00,1:01:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,please get with\NMichael Weiss-Malik.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:15.85,1:01:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he'll put you\Nin touch with me.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:19.36,1:01:21.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks very much.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:21.17,1:01:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)