[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.00,0:14:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to, Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.00,0:14:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will give you. Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.00,0:07:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.00,0:16:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is our planet. Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.00,0:15:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It contains an astonishing variety Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.00,0:09:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of landscapes Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.00,0:12:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and climates. Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.00,0:12:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since life began Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.00,0:03:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around 4,000 Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.00,0:17:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,million years ago, Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.00,0:15:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has gone through Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:04:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extraordinary changes and its climate Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.00,0:04:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the space that their on it. Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.00,0:12:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But no, Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.00,0:15:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it seems that our planet \Nis being transformed Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.00,0:12:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not by natural events Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.00,0:08:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the by the actions of. Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.00,0:07:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One species Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.00,0:05:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mankind. Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.00,0:16:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know I belong to the most Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.00,0:11:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they spared and dominant \Nspecies and I more Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.00,0:14:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or less. Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.00,0:08:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We live on 27 years ago I presented Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.00,0:12:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,life on Earth. Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.00,0:14:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A series of traces Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.00,0:03:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the evolution of life Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.00,0:02:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from its very beginnings. Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.00,0:10:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I set out to find them film Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.00,0:08:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,representative species Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.00,0:03:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the whole animal kingdom Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.00,0:14:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all it's marvelous \Nand wonderful for us. Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.00,0:05:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the final program Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.00,0:09:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I dealt with the arrival of human beings. Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.00,0:10:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still a recent event in the \Nhistory of our planet. Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.00,0:15:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no scientific \Nevidence whatsoever. Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.00,0:15:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The suppose indeed that Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.00,0:05:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,man will stay on earth \Nshould be any longer Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.00,0:18:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than that Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.00,0:02:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the dinosaurs, Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.00,0:10:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but although Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.00,0:10:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,denying a special place in the world, Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.00,0:17:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.00,0:18:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becoming a modest. Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.00,0:14:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact remains that man has \Nan unprecedented control Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.00,0:03:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the world Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.00,0:06:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everything in it. Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.00,0:13:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.00,0:16:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether he likes it or not. Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.00,0:11:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens next. Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.00,0:08:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is very largely Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:10:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to him. Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.00,0:14:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Up to us. Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.00,0:04:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.00,0:06:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the time I spoke those words. Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.00,0:07:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had no idea that we have been the Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.00,0:15:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might have unleashed forces Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.00,0:12:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in the Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.00,0:07:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hotel in the climate of fear. Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.00,0:19:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good. Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.00,0:08:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The destruction of towns and cities Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.00,0:09:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the southern United States Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.00,0:07:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be linked Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.00,0:17:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the collapse of glasses Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.00,0:13:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in green. Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.00,0:06:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.00,0:18:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going people Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.00,0:09:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is the stuff floating around Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.00,0:14:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if out there. Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.00,0:11:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Might drought Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.00,0:11:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Amazon Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.00,0:10:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that killed thousands of fish Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.00,0:16:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be connected to the intensity \Nof forest fires Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.00,0:18:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Australia. Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.00,0:06:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And are these events related Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.00,0:05:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to one of Europe's hottest ever Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.00,0:13:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,farmers. Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.00,0:13:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which led to the death of 27,000 people. Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.00,0:04:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In every part of the world. Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.00,0:12:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New climatic extremes are \Nnow being the court. Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.00,0:04:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our weather Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.00,0:06:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in turmoil. Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.00,0:16:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the last 50 years Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.00,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been lucky enough to \Nspend my time traveling Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.00,0:06:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the world Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.00,0:19:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at its wonders Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.00,0:07:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its spenders Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.00,0:20:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during a time of course, Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.00,0:05:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've seen many changes Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.00,0:20:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some good Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.00,0:09:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many bad Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.00,0:06:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's only in the last decade Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.00,0:12:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I've come Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.00,0:08:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think about the question Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.00,0:10:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as to whether or not Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.00,0:07:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what I or anybody else has been doing Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.00,0:14:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could have contributed to the change Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.00,0:13:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the climate Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.00,0:20:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the planet. Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.00,0:17:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is undoubtedly taking place. Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.00,0:05:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In recent years, Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.00,0:19:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists have been collaborating Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.00,0:15:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on one of the most urgent and ambitious \Nendeavors in our history. Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.00,0:12:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're trying to understand the unprecedented \Nchanges in our time Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.00,0:09:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,. And they're linking those changes Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.00,0:19:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the rising temperatures \Nthat they're measuring Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.00,0:18:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had thousands of weather stations \Naround the world. Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.00,0:13:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.00,0:07:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.00,0:14:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have global temperatures Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.00,0:06:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.00,0:10:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by just over Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.00,0:17:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nought-point 6 of one degree Celsius. Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.00,0:17:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since 1900 Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.00,0:09:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how can such a seemingly small rise Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.00,0:19:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,create so much havoc Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.00,0:13:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the planet's climate. Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.00,0:06:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.00,0:16:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that figure Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.00,0:16:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nought-point 6 degrees Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.00,0:07:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is only an average Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.00,0:19:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while some places have cooled a little Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.00,0:17:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some Dialogue: 0,0:22:01.00,0:22:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the Arctic Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.00,0:06:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has warmed Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.00,0:20:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by up to 3 degrees. Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.00,0:14:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The frozen surface of the sea \Ncreates a highly specialized Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.00,0:08:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,environment. Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.00,0:06:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And an extraordinary range of animals Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.00,0:20:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have evolved to live both \Nabove and below the ice. Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.00,0:18:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Arctic is now melting so fast Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.00,0:11:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the whole intricate web of wildlife Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.00,0:08:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is under 3. Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.00,0:18:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And no species is more at risk Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.00,0:09:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the animals at the \Ntop of the food chain, Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.00,0:07:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the polar bears. Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.00,0:07:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The turn of the year, Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.00,0:20:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is when females give birth to Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.00,0:22:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,raise their cut. Dialogue: 0,0:22:21.00,0:16:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By this time Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.00,0:15:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mothers will not have eaten \Nfor many months, Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.00,0:07:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet they now have \Nextra mouths to feed. Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.00,0:10:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their main prey are seals Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.00,0:22:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they can only hunt Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.00,0:18:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the ice melts, Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.00,0:15:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it does that Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.00,0:21:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they must come ashore Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.00,0:22:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all the reserves only \Nto raise their cubs. Dialogue: 0,0:22:05.00,0:23:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on land. Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.00,0:17:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are no Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.00,0:16:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hunt. Dialogue: 0,0:20:29.00,0:08:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.00,0:18:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the ice is melting \Nearlier each year Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.00,0:12:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mothers are going hungry Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.00,0:19:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the less able to provide \Nfor their Cup. Dialogue: 0,0:21:23.00,0:23:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Hudson's Bay Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.00,0:15:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.00,0:14:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nick to London Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.00,0:12:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sets out each spring Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.00,0:20:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to track down the polar Dialogue: 0,0:23:39.00,0:13:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bears Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.00,0:18:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and check on their health. Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.00,0:11:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They been there. Dialogue: 0,0:21:07.00,0:10:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been working on that all of \Nus here in the Churchill area Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.00,0:12:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the early 1980s over \Nthe last 25 years Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.00,0:24:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're looking at the population Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.00,0:20:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ecology of polar bears in relation \Nto tie not of change Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.00,0:17:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is population is the most Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.00,0:18:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,studied population anywhere in the world. Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.00,0:16:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By tracking the Bears with such regularity Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.00,0:12:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Miquelon Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.00,0:14:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his team Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.00,0:20:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have discovered that their \Nnumbers have declined Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.00,0:09:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by nearly a quarter Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.00,0:24:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since he first started stuck. Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.00,0:15:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First he needs to find the best. Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.00,0:21:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He then Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.00,0:09:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tranquilized system so that he \Ncan check their body weight Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.00,0:12:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to assess their health. Dialogue: 0,0:24:05.00,0:14:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The team has to work quickly to make \Ntheir checks on their family Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.00,0:21:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the mother wakes up. Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.00,0:13:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,24 and a half pounds Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.00,0:12:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Cobb one Dialogue: 0,0:22:46.00,0:25:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fun Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.00,0:15:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on larger bears Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.00,0:22:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we take the weight and their length \Nand weak calculate what we Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.00,0:19:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,call a body-body condition index. Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.00,0:19:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's essentially the weight of \Nthe bear divided by its length Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.00,0:25:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Square Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.00,0:23:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it gives us a means to compare bears Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.00,0:21:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between years over years Dialogue: 0,0:21:24.00,0:13:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what condition there and when the \Ncome ashore and we found that Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.00,0:24:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the past 25 Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.00,0:23:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,years or so low that the condition \Nof these bears us declining. Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.00,0:24:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cobb 2 straight line leg zero 6-9. Dialogue: 0,0:24:53.00,0:10:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we've got a female \Nwith a trip letter. Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.00,0:16:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very rare sight to find triplets. Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.00,0:15:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the fall time Dialogue: 0,0:20:30.00,0:19:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the Cubs is Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.00,0:14:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a runt of the litter and it's \Nnot likely to survive. Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.00,0:16:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20 years ago. Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.00,0:20:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't all that uncommon \Nto find triplets. Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.00,0:12:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the fall. Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.00,0:16:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About 5% of the bears. Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.00,0:21:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We caught more females with \Ncubs had triplets. Dialogue: 0,0:21:25.00,0:18:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're seeing triplets born in the spring, Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.00,0:12:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're not Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.00,0:15:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one or more of those cubs is not \Nmaking it through the fall. Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.00,0:13:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're seeing reductions in Cup survival, Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.00,0:15:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things of that nature, Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.00,0:24:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all related to climb out of form. Dialogue: 0,0:27:01.00,0:21:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ice is now melting Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.00,0:21:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,3 weeks earlier Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.00,0:17:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each year. Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.00,0:17:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that there is 3 weeks \Nless feeding time for pregnant Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.00,0:21:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mother. Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.00,0:15:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once they come ashore in the sea ice melts Dialogue: 0,0:23:45.00,0:24:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bears are forced to fast for \Nanywhere from 4 months for most Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.00,0:18:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,parents up to 8 months for a female such Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.00,0:12:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.00,0:22:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here. Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.00,0:11:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who would have come ashore last summer Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.00,0:11:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not hard to see all \Nmeal since last July. Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.00,0:12:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the current warming trend continues Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.00,0:12:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the future Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.00,0:12:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looks bleak Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.00,0:16:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for polar bears. Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.00,0:17:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not just that sea level. Dialogue: 0,0:24:26.00,0:21:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is melting at Sutton alarming rate. Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.00,0:27:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The global temperature rise is also \Nbeing felt much higher up. Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.00,0:15:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mountain glasses Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.00,0:19:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all over the planet Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.00,0:23:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also now. Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.00,0:27:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mountain ranges of Patagonia Dialogue: 0,0:22:31.00,0:27:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rundown Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.00,0:17:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards a sudden tip of South America. Dialogue: 0,0:28:17.00,0:19:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the, Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.00,0:14:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the northern Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.00,0:19:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Patagonian Ice Field Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.00,0:15:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it starts almost 2.5 thousand \Nmeters above sea level. Dialogue: 0,0:27:10.00,0:26:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This remote part of Patagonia Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.00,0:18:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the coldest places on \Nearth outside the poll nobody. Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.00,0:21:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,JC allergist Dr. Stephen Harmison Dialogue: 0,0:26:13.00,0:28:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been working in locations \Nlike the meth Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.00,0:18:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for 20 years Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.00,0:20:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's been studying how they've \Nchanged over that time. Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.00,0:23:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Patagonian Ice Field, Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.00,0:13:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most dynamic ice fields on Earth. Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.00,0:28:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To understand climate change \Nin the southern hemisphere. Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.00,0:23:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to go to places like this. Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.00,0:21:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He gives a very good record of climate \Nchange over the whole range Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.00,0:16:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of time to go. Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.00,0:24:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ground I'm standing on Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.00,0:15:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that last year, Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.00,0:23:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the net glass. Dialogue: 0,0:23:45.00,0:22:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was here in about the 1870s \Nand by about 19 the 1930s Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.00,0:16:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will be treated to this Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.00,0:26:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shoreline the lake shoreline Dialogue: 0,0:23:13.00,0:17:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and since then, Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.00,0:21:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since 1930s of courses Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.00,0:19:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,retreated another Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.00,0:29:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2.5 to 3 kilometers perhaps 2 miles Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.00,0:27:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back up this valley. Dialogue: 0,0:26:44.00,0:27:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were hearing Martin 88 Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.00,0:28:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this the whole night was completely \Ncovered with icebergs. Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.00,0:23:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All. Dialogue: 0,0:22:24.00,0:18:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some fake MySpace Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.00,0:21:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we hardly get our boats in the ice front Dialogue: 0,0:28:27.00,0:19:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet that's will go on that landscape \Nis completely changed now Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.00,0:19:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,. Russia's Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.00,0:17:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give us a very Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.00,0:28:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,visual record of climate change \Nand and the they should be no Dialogue: 0,0:28:06.00,0:29:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doubt the climate change is happening. Dialogue: 0,0:29:28.00,0:18:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we look at what glasses and \Ndoing all around the world, Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.00,0:27:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just these ones on the north \NPatagonian Ice Field but glasses Dialogue: 0,0:28:53.00,0:25:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everywhere. Dialogue: 0,0:25:44.00,0:14:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're all in recession pretty well Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.00,0:20:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and and that gives us a very visual \Nrecord what exactly is going Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.00,0:17:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on in most one. Dialogue: 0,0:19:27.00,0:14:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rate of that class Immelt Dialogue: 0,0:21:09.00,0:21:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is now accelerating. Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.00,0:26:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In southern Greenland. Dialogue: 0,0:26:03.00,0:24:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The amount of ice flowing into the sea Dialogue: 0,0:29:35.00,0:22:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has doubled in the last 10 years. Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.00,0:17:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.00,0:14:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is slowly but steadily Dialogue: 0,0:19:23.00,0:23:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing sea levels to rise. Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.00,0:15:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,8,000 miles away. Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.00,0:22:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The inhabitants of the \Ntiny Pacific islands Dialogue: 0,0:26:18.00,0:21:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Tuvalu Dialogue: 0,0:27:29.00,0:18:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are already facing the realities \Nof an invading sea. Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.00,0:29:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As temperatures rise so \Ndo those of the sea, Dialogue: 0,0:29:37.00,0:29:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing oceans to expand Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.00,0:15:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.00,0:28:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coupled with the dresser melt Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.00,0:30:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means that sea levels will \Nrise even higher. Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.00,0:17:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earlier this year Dialogue: 0,0:21:38.00,0:18:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tides rose to their highest \Nlevel ever known Dialogue: 0,0:21:51.00,0:23:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flooding the homes of the islanders. Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.00,0:30:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have been troubled by this problem Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.00,0:26:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the last few decades, Dialogue: 0,0:26:44.00,0:28:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but according to Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.00,0:26:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Diana semi Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.00,0:16:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's getting progressively worse. Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.00,0:28:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the people now experiencing \Nthis high tide is much higher Dialogue: 0,0:29:04.00,0:16:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than Dialogue: 0,0:23:15.00,0:25:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.00,0:16:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hasn't Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.00,0:27:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,won and. Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.00,0:23:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If next year is going to happen \Nlike this and much higher than Dialogue: 0,0:20:46.00,0:28:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this year Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.00,0:22:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.00,0:29:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think there's any \Nfuture for him to. Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.00,0:31:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through Mario Silva Dialogue: 0,0:20:39.00,0:26:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is now 2 values Dialogue: 0,0:31:50.00,0:19:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disaster coordinator. Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.00,0:21:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Dialogue: 0,0:28:16.00,0:27:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prediction for tomorrow. Dialogue: 0,0:27:57.00,0:26:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The highest, Dialogue: 0,0:26:58.00,0:19:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but now Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.00,0:31:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at this time. Dialogue: 0,0:31:21.00,0:22:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Boats Dialogue: 0,0:28:12.00,0:19:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he flooded. Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.00,0:25:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, Dialogue: 0,0:25:04.00,0:20:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's them Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.00,0:26:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all their properties is \Nthey have been cowed Dialogue: 0,0:30:57.00,0:19:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tour Dialogue: 0,0:23:49.00,0:33:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,guide binning in all those would be Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.00,0:27:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,damaged by this. Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.00,0:19:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See what I. Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.00,0:20:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see that Dialogue: 0,0:24:19.00,0:22:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our rubbish everywhere Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.00,0:25:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're you seeing that Dialogue: 0,0:29:52.00,0:33:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the kids swimming Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.00,0:18:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those Dialogue: 0,0:28:45.00,0:18:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waste area, Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.00,0:23:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think Dialogue: 0,0:27:47.00,0:32:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a big Dialogue: 0,0:22:28.00,0:23:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,health problem for kids Dialogue: 0,0:29:09.00,0:24:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and especially his Dialogue: 0,0:29:41.00,0:18:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people thing these houses and. Dialogue: 0,0:27:38.00,0:21:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very worried Dialogue: 0,0:28:51.00,0:18:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flood Dialogue: 0,0:29:43.00,0:22:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have Dialogue: 0,0:28:15.00,0:29:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.00,0:23:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,door Dialogue: 0,0:20:37.00,0:20:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,climbing outside Dialogue: 0,0:29:48.00,0:24:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside, Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.00,0:17:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the flow this company here. Dialogue: 0,0:30:43.00,0:22:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes. Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.00,0:29:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All my Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.00,0:22:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really. Dialogue: 0,0:30:25.00,0:18:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PC Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.00,0:31:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fear well you here Dialogue: 0,0:27:18.00,0:31:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.00,0:21:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here and at times, Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.00,0:32:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calling them but now this year as they Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.00,0:24:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really Dialogue: 0,0:31:23.00,0:23:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high time Dialogue: 0,0:32:14.00,0:27:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside the house. Dialogue: 0,0:27:16.00,0:29:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the first time Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.00,0:31:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think to Dialogue: 0,0:33:09.00,0:19:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to move out because and freight. Dialogue: 0,0:26:14.00,0:33:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.00,0:22:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know placed move. Dialogue: 0,0:29:29.00,0:25:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on the islands where the highest \Npoint is less than 5 meters Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.00,0:28:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above sea level. Dialogue: 0,0:28:54.00,0:22:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is nowhere else to go. Dialogue: 0,0:22:17.00,0:26:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are already plans Dialogue: 0,0:30:38.00,0:18:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for some of the population Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.00,0:22:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be evacuated Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.00,0:22:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to New Zealand. Dialogue: 0,0:22:27.00,0:26:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.00,0:29:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,warming seas Dialogue: 0,0:33:48.00,0:31:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't only mean Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.00,0:27:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rising seas. Dialogue: 0,0:27:01.00,0:20:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have other implications, Dialogue: 0,0:20:53.00,0:25:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,too. Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.00,0:18:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In August 2005 Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.00,0:25:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hurricane Katrina struck the \Ncoastline of Louisiana, Dialogue: 0,0:25:58.00,0:19:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mississippi. Dialogue: 0,0:31:12.00,0:24:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wasn't the high sea temperatures \Nthat many Katrina so intense. Dialogue: 0,0:26:40.00,0:34:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A typical hurricane, Dialogue: 0,0:34:41.00,0:30:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an atmospheric disturbance over Africa Dialogue: 0,0:32:54.00,0:31:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's here in the Gulf of Mexico Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.00,0:21:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they grow to their \Nfull destructive power. Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.00,0:33:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How you can expert Greg Holland Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.00,0:24:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been investigating what \Nfueled Katrina's force. Dialogue: 0,0:28:15.00,0:29:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The process requires that the oceans \Nbe warmer than about 26 Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.00,0:26:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,degrees Celsius. Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.00,0:33:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The tropical Dialogue: 0,0:22:21.00,0:26:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get the hurricane started and Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.00,0:33:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jordanian Dialogue: 0,0:23:23.00,0:23:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the surface high up \Ninto the atmosphere Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.00,0:20:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what this means Dialogue: 0,0:25:07.00,0:28:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ocean heat energy Dialogue: 0,0:32:28.00,0:28:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is used to fuel the development \Nof the immensely powerful winds Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.00,0:20:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is so powerful, Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.00,0:20:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he could run the entire electric \Ngrid of the United States for Dialogue: 0,0:20:58.00,0:31:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,several weeks. Dialogue: 0,0:22:54.00,0:35:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really destructive winds \Nare in the region. Dialogue: 0,0:35:45.00,0:31:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just outside the eye of the hurricane Dialogue: 0,0:27:28.00,0:29:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is how strong they shred \Nthe surface of the ocean into a Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.00,0:36:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,morass of sea and spray Dialogue: 0,0:27:43.00,0:25:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to become so think Dialogue: 0,0:33:44.00,0:22:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Mitchell becomes impossible \Nto tell a difference between Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.00,0:20:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,air and water. Dialogue: 0,0:26:10.00,0:27:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the one the tropical oceans, Dialogue: 0,0:27:12.00,0:24:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more destructive the \Nhurricane can out. Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.00,0:35:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Harry can Katrina breached \Nthe levees of New Orleans Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.00,0:32:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sea temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico \Nand the Atlantic were the Dialogue: 0,0:32:06.00,0:21:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,highest ever recorded. Dialogue: 0,0:35:12.00,0:29:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the United States. Dialogue: 0,0:29:04.00,0:30:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The intensity and sheer destructiveness \Nof the Heineken Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.00,0:26:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became the turning point Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.00,0:25:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the debate about global warming. Dialogue: 0,0:35:01.00,0:35:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although scientists Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.00,0:28:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will not say that one particular \Nhad can is caused by climate Dialogue: 0,0:30:36.00,0:27:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change. Dialogue: 0,0:27:27.00,0:31:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many are now making the connection \Nbetween global warming Dialogue: 0,0:37:20.00,0:33:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rising sea temperatures and the \Nincreasing strength of Vatican. Dialogue: 0,0:35:41.00,0:28:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2005 it was the worst season Dialogue: 0,0:33:24.00,0:30:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ever recorded. Dialogue: 0,0:33:49.00,0:36:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Greg Holland Dialogue: 0,0:25:01.00,0:33:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of those who believes Dialogue: 0,0:21:13.00,0:37:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that worse is yet to come. Dialogue: 0,0:35:17.00,0:32:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can see there's a massive \Nrebuilding program underway, Dialogue: 0,0:32:41.00,0:31:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but unfortunately this \Nstretch of coast song Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.00,0:21:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will certainly be revisited by hurricanes, Dialogue: 0,0:21:36.00,0:33:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a trainer Dialogue: 0,0:30:47.00,0:30:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because of global climate change Dialogue: 0,0:37:39.00,0:28:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we going to be more intense Dialogue: 0,0:23:02.00,0:35:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more destructive Dialogue: 0,0:28:03.00,0:31:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and possibly more frequent. Dialogue: 0,0:31:18.00,0:33:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a grim warning Dialogue: 0,0:31:40.00,0:32:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is global warming of the \Nchanges we're now seeing Dialogue: 0,0:22:14.00,0:27:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really Dialogue: 0,0:32:04.00,0:32:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new phenomenon Dialogue: 0,0:37:35.00,0:21:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Earth's history. Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.00,0:31:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These days, Dialogue: 0,0:31:14.00,0:30:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we talk of climate change, Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.00,0:23:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we tend Dialogue: 0,0:28:47.00,0:28:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to mean changes Dialogue: 0,0:33:28.00,0:22:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we ourselves have brought about, Dialogue: 0,0:22:01.00,0:36:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but of course the climate of the Earth Dialogue: 0,0:25:23.00,0:25:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has always been changing, Dialogue: 0,0:25:45.00,0:33:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either because of some great, Dialogue: 0,0:33:06.00,0:31:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cosmic event Dialogue: 0,0:36:37.00,0:29:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a collision with a meteorite Dialogue: 0,0:37:49.00,0:33:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or else because of some more slower Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.00,0:26:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gradual change Dialogue: 0,0:34:23.00,0:37:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the amount of energy \Nthat the Earth receives Dialogue: 0,0:24:26.00,0:35:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the sun. Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.00,0:30:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Dialogue: 0,0:34:08.00,0:37:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reborn rearguard. Dialogue: 0,0:25:38.00,0:38:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the sun Dialogue: 0,0:27:59.00,0:37:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that provides our planet \Nwith warmth and light. Dialogue: 0,0:37:43.00,0:24:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why Dialogue: 0,0:36:14.00,0:38:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Dialogue: 0,0:34:16.00,0:24:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know. Dialogue: 0,0:37:10.00,0:23:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not the amount amenities Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.00,0:27:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Earth receives from the sun Dialogue: 0,0:32:44.00,0:37:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there. Dialogue: 0,0:31:29.00,0:34:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know. Dialogue: 0,0:26:50.00,0:24:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In cycles of tense and often hundreds \Nof thousands of years Dialogue: 0,0:30:24.00,0:38:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the earth Dialogue: 0,0:26:25.00,0:22:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tilts and changes it orbits around the sun Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.00,0:32:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with each cycle Dialogue: 0,0:37:39.00,0:23:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the patterns of light \Nenergy playing on the Dialogue: 0,0:33:32.00,0:26:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changes. Dialogue: 0,0:34:54.00,0:23:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These natural changes Dialogue: 0,0:28:16.00,0:25:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have contributed Dialogue: 0,0:29:37.00,0:36:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to dramatic shift in my client Dialogue: 0,0:27:41.00,0:25:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the time of the dinosaurs. Dialogue: 0,0:25:53.00,0:37:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was much warmer than it is now. Dialogue: 0,0:36:35.00,0:27:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would have found dinosaurs Dialogue: 0,0:33:47.00,0:23:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roaming in forests, Dialogue: 0,0:23:29.00,0:37:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,close to the north and south poles. Dialogue: 0,0:31:23.00,0:26:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,70 million years after that Dialogue: 0,0:33:05.00,0:30:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much of our Paris was freezing. Dialogue: 0,0:30:37.00,0:32:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's become locked in a \Ncycle of success if ice Dialogue: 0,0:35:40.00,0:25:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ages. Dialogue: 0,0:30:34.00,0:33:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the city of New York had existed 160. Dialogue: 0,0:36:17.00,0:36:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thousand years ago Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.00,0:33:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would have. Dialogue: 0,0:33:59.00,0:34:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Been on the edge of an ice pack \Nsome 2 kilometers high Dialogue: 0,0:27:13.00,0:36:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet global temperatures were \Nonly 4 degrees lower than they Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.00,0:28:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are today. Dialogue: 0,0:32:30.00,0:29:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30 thousand years later, Dialogue: 0,0:29:02.00,0:26:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same city Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.00,0:36:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have been under 5 meters of water Dialogue: 0,0:33:26.00,0:33:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet global temperatures were \Nless than 2 degrees warmer. Dialogue: 0,0:30:12.00,0:34:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This see-sawing in the Earth's climate Dialogue: 0,0:40:24.00,0:38:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was driven by natural forces Dialogue: 0,0:25:27.00,0:30:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long before mankind Dialogue: 0,0:33:48.00,0:38:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appear. Dialogue: 0,0:38:25.00,0:35:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's another Dialogue: 0,0:25:27.00,0:33:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,powerful influence on our climate. Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.00,0:40:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we have to take into account Dialogue: 0,0:40:11.00,0:34:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among the Dialogue: 0,0:38:42.00,0:34:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many glasses that make \Nup the air we breathe, Dialogue: 0,0:34:45.00,0:29:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is one Dialogue: 0,0:32:56.00,0:25:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is particularly important Dialogue: 0,0:30:38.00,0:30:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carbon dioxide Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.00,0:29:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it Dialogue: 0,0:33:20.00,0:24:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,traps the sun's energy Dialogue: 0,0:28:42.00,0:33:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so keeps a panic. Dialogue: 0,0:26:27.00,0:36:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide Dialogue: 0,0:26:50.00,0:40:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,act as a blanket around the earth Dialogue: 0,0:29:32.00,0:32:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prevent in the sun's energy from \Nreflecting back into space. Dialogue: 0,0:36:45.00,0:28:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Left. Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.00,0:37:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called the greenhouse effect \Nand it prevented the planet from Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.00,0:28:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,freezing Dialogue: 0,0:32:25.00,0:34:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the earth began Dialogue: 0,0:32:57.00,0:39:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without Dialogue: 0,0:30:48.00,0:25:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the global temperature would be minus 19 Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.00,0:28:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subsidies. Dialogue: 0,0:32:48.00,0:28:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the face fit Dialogue: 0,0:32:49.00,0:36:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carbon dioxide seems to be a good thing Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.00,0:39:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it stops our planet from freezing \Nand so sustains life on Earth Dialogue: 0,0:29:26.00,0:27:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and without it, Dialogue: 0,0:27:57.00,0:33:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no plant could grow because they \Nneed carbon to build their Dialogue: 0,0:33:30.00,0:38:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tissues. Dialogue: 0,0:40:26.00,0:29:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leaves absorb the gas from the atmosphere Dialogue: 0,0:36:29.00,0:32:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through their pores. Dialogue: 0,0:39:07.00,0:38:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They then break down on the \Ncarbon dioxide molecules Dialogue: 0,0:31:52.00,0:32:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,released the oxygen Dialogue: 0,0:39:23.00,0:40:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and retain the Cup. Dialogue: 0,0:39:20.00,0:28:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over hundreds of millions of years Dialogue: 0,0:34:23.00,0:34:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the great forests Dialogue: 0,0:29:15.00,0:41:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so much carbon dioxide. Dialogue: 0,0:41:56.00,0:42:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Out of the atmosphere Dialogue: 0,0:34:28.00,0:40:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.00,0:28:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reduce the greenhouse effect \Nand cool the planet down. Dialogue: 0,0:32:33.00,0:38:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the trees died. Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.00,0:33:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were buried Dialogue: 0,0:40:35.00,0:34:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and overtime Dialogue: 0,0:41:06.00,0:36:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crushed and compressed Dialogue: 0,0:40:38.00,0:31:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the carbon still within Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.00,0:39:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the ages that followed. Dialogue: 0,0:39:53.00,0:36:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These layers are slowly buried Dialogue: 0,0:39:45.00,0:28:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beneath the earth's surface. Dialogue: 0,0:30:00.00,0:31:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this open cast coal mine in China, Dialogue: 0,0:31:13.00,0:34:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can descend for 500m Dialogue: 0,0:38:55.00,0:36:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through layer upon layer of rock Dialogue: 0,0:42:27.00,0:34:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,representing 10s of millions of years. Dialogue: 0,0:38:35.00,0:29:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right at the bottom, Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.00,0:34:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a layer Dialogue: 0,0:39:27.00,0:38:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what was once would and leaves Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.00,0:42:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is now Dialogue: 0,0:32:11.00,0:41:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coal and. Dialogue: 0,0:42:06.00,0:33:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an ideal place Dialogue: 0,0:38:48.00,0:35:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Professor Bob Spicer Dialogue: 0,0:41:00.00,0:43:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to studies appliances Dialogue: 0,0:32:32.00,0:37:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,influence the climate. Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.00,0:39:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All that time ago. Dialogue: 0,0:38:49.00,0:34:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These leaves Dialogue: 0,0:38:00.00,0:43:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blast saw the light of day. Dialogue: 0,0:43:31.00,0:33:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some 50 million years ago Dialogue: 0,0:28:34.00,0:36:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they were Dialogue: 0,0:41:44.00,0:37:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the trees Dialogue: 0,0:37:36.00,0:29:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking in carbon dioxide and \Nusing the energy of the sun Dialogue: 0,0:39:20.00,0:41:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fix that carbon Dialogue: 0,0:28:42.00,0:37:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into Dialogue: 0,0:28:53.00,0:37:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their tissues and leaves \Nand twigs and the like. Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.00,0:35:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the original Dialogue: 0,0:36:50.00,0:42:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a Dialogue: 0,0:35:41.00,0:40:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cooling effect on the atmosphere \Nbecause they were Dialogue: 0,0:31:14.00,0:39:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking carbon dioxide out Dialogue: 0,0:39:06.00,0:32:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where we Dialogue: 0,0:38:17.00,0:42:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Burnley Dialogue: 0,0:36:29.00,0:30:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the call Dialogue: 0,0:34:30.00,0:43:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the carbon. Dialogue: 0,0:43:01.00,0:31:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's nice one, Dialogue: 0,0:31:33.00,0:28:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put it back into the atmosphere. Dialogue: 0,0:28:45.00,0:36:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today Dialogue: 0,0:42:35.00,0:36:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have the opposite effect \Nwe warm up the atmosphere. Dialogue: 0,0:36:34.00,0:43:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now Dialogue: 0,0:31:25.00,0:40:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the coal is being carried \Nup to the surface Dialogue: 0,0:29:28.00,0:30:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be burned in the power station, Dialogue: 0,0:30:30.00,0:38:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which provides electricity for hundreds \Nof thousands of people. Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.00,0:34:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oil and gas Dialogue: 0,0:42:19.00,0:41:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nicol also Dialogue: 0,0:31:21.00,0:29:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fossil fuel. Dialogue: 0,0:42:56.00,0:38:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When such fuels averting Dialogue: 0,0:31:19.00,0:36:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the carbon re combines with oxygen Dialogue: 0,0:28:32.00,0:43:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is released back into the atmosphere Dialogue: 0,0:32:54.00,0:36:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as carbon dioxide. Dialogue: 0,0:36:03.00,0:31:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The carbon dioxide spreads evenly \Nthrough the Earth's atmosphere. Dialogue: 0,0:31:28.00,0:40:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sickening. Dialogue: 0,0:40:38.00,0:30:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The greenhouse blanket the Dialogue: 0,0:37:20.00,0:29:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world Dialogue: 0,0:35:32.00,0:32:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and further warming the planet. Dialogue: 0,0:43:30.00,0:29:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That blanket extends for \Nmiles above the earth's Dialogue: 0,0:36:55.00,0:38:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you climb up away from the Earth the. Dialogue: 0,0:43:37.00,0:32:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is become thinner. Dialogue: 0,0:32:19.00,0:42:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The temperature. Dialogue: 0,0:42:59.00,0:40:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a result, Dialogue: 0,0:40:40.00,0:33:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becomes colder. Dialogue: 0,0:34:22.00,0:45:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was while I was making the living \Nplanet in the mid 1980s Dialogue: 0,0:35:26.00,0:37:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the tide began to appreciate the \Ncrucial role of the atmosphere Dialogue: 0,0:41:19.00,0:45:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in shaping our climate. Dialogue: 0,0:33:33.00,0:40:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are Dialogue: 0,0:45:03.00,0:29:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very close to the top Dialogue: 0,0:29:36.00,0:33:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Dialogue: 0,0:32:47.00,0:45:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our environment Dialogue: 0,0:39:59.00,0:36:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for all the Dialogue: 0,0:31:31.00,0:39:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goes on Dialogue: 0,0:32:12.00,0:41:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within the Dialogue: 0,0:41:23.00,0:29:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,5 Dialogue: 0,0:43:14.00,0:31:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brief Miles this Dialogue: 0,0:44:26.00,0:37:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,envelope Dialogue: 0,0:36:18.00,0:40:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of atmosphere that wrapped Dialogue: 0,0:44:29.00,0:44:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the world, Dialogue: 0,0:44:20.00,0:46:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's here, Dialogue: 0,0:46:01.00,0:37:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the weather Dialogue: 0,0:32:33.00,0:41:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is manufactured. Dialogue: 0,0:38:55.00,0:31:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I spoke those words Dialogue: 0,0:34:57.00,0:36:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists were already detecting \Ncrucial changes in the Dialogue: 0,0:36:40.00,0:32:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,composition of the atmosphere. Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.00,0:33:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In particular, Dialogue: 0,0:33:23.00,0:36:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changes in the level Dialogue: 0,0:43:24.00,0:29:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of carbon dioxide. Dialogue: 0,0:30:30.00,0:46:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All over the planet Dialogue: 0,0:33:11.00,0:43:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were recording rising levels \Nof that particular gas in there Dialogue: 0,0:43:04.00,0:39:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,. The first regular Dialogue: 0,0:39:51.00,0:37:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,measurements were started 48 Dialogue: 0,0:42:03.00,0:40:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,years ago, Dialogue: 0,0:40:14.00,0:37:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the top of the extinct \Nvolcano of money on lower Dialogue: 0,0:45:27.00,0:41:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Hawaii. Dialogue: 0,0:31:21.00,0:36:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is the rate at which the \Ncarbon dioxide blanket is Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.00,0:41:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thickening Dialogue: 0,0:33:35.00,0:46:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is causing so much concern. Dialogue: 0,0:39:34.00,0:39:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was a boy in the 1930s Dialogue: 0,0:31:17.00,0:37:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,. The carbon dioxide back \Nit was still below 300 Dialogue: 0,0:41:40.00,0:32:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,parts Dialogue: 0,0:37:01.00,0:46:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,per million. Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.00,0:39:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This year Dialogue: 0,0:45:16.00,0:38:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thickness reached 382 Dialogue: 0,0:36:10.00,0:35:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the highest figure Dialogue: 0,0:40:21.00,0:33:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for hundreds of thousands. Dialogue: 0,0:43:20.00,0:32:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how can we possibly know \Nthat carbon dioxide levels Dialogue: 0,0:36:14.00,0:34:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are higher now Dialogue: 0,0:38:05.00,0:32:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than they were thousands of years ago. Dialogue: 0,0:43:18.00,0:36:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Patagonia is ice fields Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.00,0:39:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,huge gaps open up in the summer months, Dialogue: 0,0:39:03.00,0:33:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giving scientists a chance to investigate Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.00,0:31:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,far below the glasses. Dialogue: 0,0:37:51.00,0:35:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stephen Harrison Dialogue: 0,0:42:32.00,0:44:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is taking the opportunity to descend \Ndeep into a pair of us in the Dialogue: 0,0:44:16.00,0:37:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,. It's risky. Dialogue: 0,0:43:02.00,0:32:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You, Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.00,0:37:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know. Dialogue: 0,0:39:23.00,0:45:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The glasses a melting so fast. Dialogue: 0,0:45:25.00,0:41:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The potentially invaluable \Nrecords of the past Dialogue: 0,0:48:08.00,0:37:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,artists. Dialogue: 0,0:45:10.00,0:32:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes. Dialogue: 0,0:32:41.00,0:45:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ice cap in which his glasses flow from Dialogue: 0,0:36:23.00,0:48:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is melting more quickly probably \Nthan any other comparable ice Dialogue: 0,0:32:16.00,0:48:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mass on Earth. Dialogue: 0,0:48:26.00,0:32:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see them out of water, Dialogue: 0,0:32:58.00,0:32:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is around us. Dialogue: 0,0:32:39.00,0:41:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stephen Dialogue: 0,0:45:09.00,0:41:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has spent the last 20 years studying Dialogue: 0,0:44:42.00,0:39:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Latinos and past climates, Dialogue: 0,0:39:55.00,0:44:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he knows that ice can preserve \Nvaluable evidence. Dialogue: 0,0:47:17.00,0:40:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carbon dioxide is a as an important \Ndriver of climate change. Dialogue: 0,0:40:31.00,0:48:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, Dialogue: 0,0:48:21.00,0:43:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that important factor in in Dialogue: 0,0:47:53.00,0:42:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in changing the global climate. Dialogue: 0,0:42:35.00,0:37:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to see how come not citing \Nchanged with the pattern Dialogue: 0,0:35:49.00,0:35:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,periods and warm period \Nthroughout her history. Dialogue: 0,0:47:52.00,0:47:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see the ice here \Nis absolutely full Dialogue: 0,0:35:05.00,0:36:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of of of bubbles Dialogue: 0,0:39:46.00,0:36:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the bubbles informed Dialogue: 0,0:41:17.00,0:34:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the ice Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.00,0:48:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was formed. Dialogue: 0,0:48:59.00,0:36:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course the bubbles contain Dialogue: 0,0:43:01.00,0:47:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,atmosphere oxygen and carbon dioxide Dialogue: 0,0:45:15.00,0:42:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we want to understand the \Nthe role of carbon dioxide Dialogue: 0,0:46:18.00,0:43:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a sort of as a thermal \Nblanket over the earth. Dialogue: 0,0:43:31.00,0:44:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to know about how come \Na dark side has changed the Dialogue: 0,0:44:14.00,0:39:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concentrations of change in the atmosphere Dialogue: 0,0:44:06.00,0:39:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over hundreds of thousands of years. Dialogue: 0,0:39:48.00,0:38:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An analysis of bubbles such as these Dialogue: 0,0:42:30.00,0:39:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in places like Antarctica and Greenland \Ngives us that that that's Dialogue: 0,0:39:03.00,0:34:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fantastic record. Dialogue: 0,0:44:49.00,0:50:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That record is now also preserved \Nthousands of miles away. Dialogue: 0,0:50:13.00,0:38:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not Dialogue: 0,0:43:44.00,0:48:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the ice fields as originally \Ncontained it Dialogue: 0,0:37:27.00,0:38:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in Denver, Dialogue: 0,0:38:58.00,0:49:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Colorado. Dialogue: 0,0:47:30.00,0:40:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this store room of the United \NStates national ice core Dialogue: 0,0:40:34.00,0:35:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laboratory Dialogue: 0,0:42:25.00,0:46:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hundreds of thousands of years' \Nworth of ice core records Dialogue: 0,0:35:39.00,0:48:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are maintained Dialogue: 0,0:36:20.00,0:37:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at minus 36 degrees. Dialogue: 0,0:47:50.00,0:35:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These ice cores have been extracted \Nfrom as much as 3 kilometers Dialogue: 0,0:40:05.00,0:44:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beneath the polar ice caps. Dialogue: 0,0:44:37.00,0:44:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean for Professor marks a rare as Dialogue: 0,0:48:29.00,0:49:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each one provides a valuable \Nsource of information Dialogue: 0,0:38:13.00,0:50:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about a particular moment in the past. Dialogue: 0,0:38:49.00,0:43:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Dialogue: 0,0:43:59.00,0:48:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this Dialogue: 0,0:37:50.00,0:46:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particular Dialogue: 0,0:49:40.00,0:44:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chunk of ice was about 16,000 years old Dialogue: 0,0:49:13.00,0:42:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come from the Greenland ice sheet. Dialogue: 0,0:44:57.00,0:45:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we see here are layers of fossils Dialogue: 0,0:48:39.00,0:38:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,snow Dialogue: 0,0:49:00.00,0:44:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every year on the top of Greenland, Dialogue: 0,0:44:52.00,0:35:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's an accumulation of snow Dialogue: 0,0:43:44.00,0:50:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.00,0:39:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a good compacted Dialogue: 0,0:43:16.00,0:51:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're through years layer \Nafter layer of snow Dialogue: 0,0:40:19.00,0:40:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually before these layers of ice Dialogue: 0,0:46:01.00,0:43:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's within these layers of ice Dialogue: 0,0:48:43.00,0:48:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can tell all kinds of things \Nabout deep that the Earth's Dialogue: 0,0:48:36.00,0:40:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,past Dialogue: 0,0:49:27.00,0:44:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we find today is at the carbonate Dialogue: 0,0:49:49.00,0:36:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oxide concentrations in the atmosphere \Nare higher than anything Dialogue: 0,0:38:43.00,0:38:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've seen in the past 600,000 years. Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.00,0:36:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's telling us that human activities \Nare having a strong him. Dialogue: 0,0:38:49.00,0:37:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back on the claim it's, Dialogue: 0,0:37:20.00,0:40:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's. Dialogue: 0,0:50:35.00,0:45:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It if we measure this in parts \Nper million of carbon Dialogue: 0,0:49:18.00,0:42:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oxides in the atmosphere, Dialogue: 0,0:42:20.00,0:42:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we call the pre-industrial \Noutput before he wins were Dialogue: 0,0:43:53.00,0:39:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting to have a team Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.00,0:40:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with around 27280 Dialogue: 0,0:44:18.00,0:51:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Premier League. Dialogue: 0,0:49:42.00,0:39:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we've seen now. Dialogue: 0,0:39:24.00,0:41:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most recent record today are \Ntelling us that it's up to about Dialogue: 0,0:41:47.00,0:39:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,380 Dialogue: 0,0:45:29.00,0:50:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the. Dialogue: 0,0:52:41.00,0:43:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see that today if levels \Nare far beyond anything that Dialogue: 0,0:43:25.00,0:45:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we. Dialogue: 0,0:49:21.00,0:46:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you talk to be 5 years ago Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.00,0:37:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would have been Dialogue: 0,0:41:35.00,0:41:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of a fence sitter Dialogue: 0,0:46:06.00,0:46:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this whole idea Dialogue: 0,0:52:37.00,0:39:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Dialogue: 0,0:42:58.00,0:48:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,greenhouse gases involved \Nin climate change Dialogue: 0,0:37:41.00,0:36:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no war. Dialogue: 0,0:36:52.00,0:42:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The changes that we've seen Dialogue: 0,0:48:53.00,0:41:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seem to be much too strong much \Ntoo radical to be just simply Dialogue: 0,0:41:57.00,0:48:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,explained by natural climate cycles. Dialogue: 0,0:52:43.00,0:48:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we're seeing now is \Nthe impact of humans Dialogue: 0,0:52:56.00,0:41:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humans are starting to change \Nthe climate itself. Dialogue: 0,0:53:42.00,0:52:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those changes Dialogue: 0,0:41:34.00,0:45:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could now be occurring. Dialogue: 0,0:45:55.00,0:46:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even in places Dialogue: 0,0:50:16.00,0:53:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are absorbing Dialogue: 0,0:40:28.00,0:51:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,huge amounts of cotton dioxide. Dialogue: 0,0:46:42.00,0:38:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Emerson Dialogue: 0,0:43:33.00,0:38:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is often referred to as \Nthe lungs of the world Dialogue: 0,0:48:36.00,0:40:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for here plants taken vast volumes \Nof carbon dioxide and give out Dialogue: 0,0:40:41.00,0:49:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oxygen Dialogue: 0,0:48:52.00,0:38:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to appreciate the immensity of the \Ngreenery where this gaseous Dialogue: 0,0:38:36.00,0:50:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exchange takes place. Dialogue: 0,0:50:37.00,0:51:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to get up into the branches, Dialogue: 0,0:51:09.00,0:50:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some 50m about the ground. Dialogue: 0,0:40:24.00,0:43:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm Dialogue: 0,0:47:24.00,0:45:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up in the canopy Dialogue: 0,0:52:45.00,0:49:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the jungle. Dialogue: 0,0:49:26.00,0:47:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The tropical rainforest, Dialogue: 0,0:47:18.00,0:52:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here Dialogue: 0,0:40:59.00,0:46:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a greater bulk Dialogue: 0,0:53:30.00,0:54:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of life both animal and plant \Nand the greater diversity too Dialogue: 0,0:46:24.00,0:42:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can be found Dialogue: 0,0:46:45.00,0:47:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anywhere else at all Dialogue: 0,0:38:17.00,0:44:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this huge proliferation Dialogue: 0,0:51:58.00,0:50:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes from 2 main courses Dialogue: 0,0:42:01.00,0:47:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,warmth Dialogue: 0,0:38:12.00,0:49:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and witness Dialogue: 0,0:41:43.00,0:42:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wetness comes from the \Nabundant Equatorial rains Dialogue: 0,0:49:46.00,0:41:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for warmth Dialogue: 0,0:48:47.00,0:46:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the tropical sun Dialogue: 0,0:39:49.00,0:53:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and between them. Dialogue: 0,0:53:49.00,0:54:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those 2 factors have created the jungle Dialogue: 0,0:45:02.00,0:50:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which stretches in a broken Dialogue: 0,0:38:34.00,0:51:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,green band Dialogue: 0,0:41:05.00,0:51:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wright round. Dialogue: 0,0:39:50.00,0:38:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20 years later Dialogue: 0,0:45:11.00,0:45:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in spite of intensive logging Dialogue: 0,0:49:13.00,0:54:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vast areas of this phone is still survive. Dialogue: 0,0:40:26.00,0:52:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bridgestone Youzhny. Dialogue: 0,0:54:01.00,0:43:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But scientists like Dialogue: 0,0:47:33.00,0:51:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down Dialogue: 0,0:55:03.00,0:48:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,next had Dialogue: 0,0:43:15.00,0:50:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in covering an even more sinister threat Dialogue: 0,0:54:17.00,0:53:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the health of the John. Dialogue: 0,0:53:58.00,0:39:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go Dialogue: 0,0:44:49.00,0:43:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them deforestation Dialogue: 0,0:51:02.00,0:51:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he has discovered Dialogue: 0,0:39:04.00,0:40:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many of the largest traders Dialogue: 0,0:45:16.00,0:39:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are dying. Dialogue: 0,0:52:29.00,0:44:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I think Dialogue: 0,0:54:00.00,0:44:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is for me the most scary part about \Nthe future of the Amazon Dialogue: 0,0:47:35.00,0:39:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is drought Dialogue: 0,0:45:36.00,0:40:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because when a drought comes often \Nwith very little warning Dialogue: 0,0:51:19.00,0:40:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it affects not just Dialogue: 0,0:52:11.00,0:53:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one or 2% Dialogue: 0,0:45:13.00,0:45:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the basin, Dialogue: 0,0:45:34.00,0:49:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's an effect 30% Dialogue: 0,0:40:46.00,0:48:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for us Dialogue: 0,0:41:57.00,0:43:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ways that we are just now learning \Ncan be quite devastating to Dialogue: 0,0:43:10.00,0:52:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the forest. Dialogue: 0,0:42:44.00,0:49:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2005 Dialogue: 0,0:41:46.00,0:40:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Amazon region suffered its \Nworst drought in 60 years. Dialogue: 0,0:45:02.00,0:48:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The lack of rain, Dialogue: 0,0:48:33.00,0:40:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led to a catastrophic fall in river levels Dialogue: 0,0:49:56.00,0:40:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decimating the fish popular. Dialogue: 0,0:52:22.00,0:44:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 months after the drought Dialogue: 0,0:52:44.00,0:40:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dan never stat is finding that the trees Dialogue: 0,0:44:37.00,0:51:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have still not recovered. Dialogue: 0,0:45:59.00,0:40:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now we're measuring how much Dialogue: 0,0:50:21.00,0:44:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,water stress the tree that Dialogue: 0,0:49:23.00,0:54:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this leaf Dialogue: 0,0:42:54.00,0:55:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,growing on who was under when we cut it. Dialogue: 0,0:47:41.00,0:52:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last year's drought caught \Nassault by surprise Dialogue: 0,0:44:34.00,0:50:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've had Dialogue: 0,0:53:54.00,0:47:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,devastating effects and the people \Nwho live in the Amazon. Dialogue: 0,0:47:48.00,0:44:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're just right now getting a handle on Dialogue: 0,0:49:40.00,0:44:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many hundreds of thousands \Nof square kilometers of forest Dialogue: 0,0:50:14.00,0:44:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were severely damaged by a drought killing Dialogue: 0,0:48:27.00,0:54:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enormous trees, Dialogue: 0,0:54:48.00,0:43:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are the key organisms \Nin these ecosystems Dialogue: 0,0:52:51.00,0:43:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be the 2006 Dialogue: 0,0:48:33.00,0:42:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is it your full of forest fire because \Nof the drought of 2005. Dialogue: 0,0:51:30.00,0:42:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The drought was linked to the abnormally \Nwarm seas in the Atlantic Dialogue: 0,0:42:05.00,0:50:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,, which disrupted the rainfall \Npatterns in the forests. Dialogue: 0,0:41:40.00,0:53:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's particularly worrisome because. Dialogue: 0,0:48:32.00,0:48:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the type of ocean heating and \Nit seems to cause the drought Dialogue: 0,0:49:25.00,0:42:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Amazon last year that is Dialogue: 0,0:46:47.00,0:54:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exactly what is predicted, Dialogue: 0,0:54:28.00,0:50:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their scenario Dialogue: 0,0:50:10.00,0:42:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hopeful who worry. Dialogue: 0,0:44:01.00,0:49:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes. Dialogue: 0,0:50:56.00,0:47:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Amazon Dialogue: 0,0:53:07.00,0:47:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not the only rich ecosystem Dialogue: 0,0:51:00.00,0:46:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now at risk. Dialogue: 0,0:42:27.00,0:49:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world's coral reefs and other \Nmarine equivalent of the Dialogue: 0,0:52:10.00,0:54:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rainforest teeming with countless \Ndifferent species. Dialogue: 0,0:53:08.00,0:55:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That Dialogue: 0,0:46:49.00,0:50:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know. Dialogue: 0,0:55:39.00,0:46:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Warming sea temperatures are already \Nputting the oceans and the Dialogue: 0,0:46:33.00,0:45:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,life within them Dialogue: 0,0:49:04.00,0:43:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under increasing strain. Dialogue: 0,0:46:58.00,0:43:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The 2000 kilometer long Great \NBarrier Reef in Australia Dialogue: 0,0:53:22.00,0:52:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the wonders of the world. Dialogue: 0,0:48:46.00,0:51:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Early in the life on Earth series Dialogue: 0,0:57:28.00,0:52:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I examined it for myself. Dialogue: 0,0:50:54.00,0:57:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason Dialogue: 0,0:47:45.00,0:47:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may look like some fantastic Dialogue: 0,0:52:57.00,0:44:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multicolored Dialogue: 0,0:48:28.00,0:42:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,jungle of plants and flowers. Dialogue: 0,0:42:51.00,0:55:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when you touch, Dialogue: 0,0:55:21.00,0:52:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one, Dialogue: 0,0:52:32.00,0:45:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has a hard being incongruous Dialogue: 0,0:53:44.00,0:45:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crunch Dialogue: 0,0:52:15.00,0:44:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the stone. Dialogue: 0,0:44:10.00,0:57:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then 27 years ago Dialogue: 0,0:50:42.00,0:58:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reef Dialogue: 0,0:44:53.00,0:53:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seemed won a huge unblemished \Nand healthy world of its own. Dialogue: 0,0:50:52.00,0:55:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I described the intimate relationship Dialogue: 0,0:48:25.00,0:55:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the tiny animal coral polyps Dialogue: 0,0:43:48.00,0:49:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the alchemy that shelter inside them. Dialogue: 0,0:53:20.00,0:43:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lately. Dialogue: 0,0:43:51.00,0:46:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A relationship established hundreds \Nof millions of years ago Dialogue: 0,0:54:44.00,0:48:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that eventually produced Greece \Nso immense that they're visible Dialogue: 0,0:51:38.00,0:49:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from space. Dialogue: 0,0:52:20.00,0:46:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it may well be the river Dialogue: 0,0:55:22.00,0:54:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,passing astronaut came this way, Dialogue: 0,0:54:54.00,0:49:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,several hundred Dialogue: 0,0:56:55.00,0:52:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,million years ago, Dialogue: 0,0:52:47.00,0:50:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might have noticed. Dialogue: 0,0:58:12.00,0:58:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at the time I was making the series Dialogue: 0,0:48:45.00,0:50:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was unaware of a new and \Ndisturbing phenomenon. Dialogue: 0,0:56:15.00,0:51:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Dialogue: 0,0:51:56.00,0:49:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in early 2006 Dialogue: 0,0:57:48.00,0:59:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the state of the car on the Barrier Reef Dialogue: 0,0:46:31.00,0:45:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is worrying marine biologist \NOve Hoegh Guldberg. Dialogue: 0,1:00:07.00,0:45:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In recent years. Dialogue: 0,0:45:49.00,0:52:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He and other scientists Dialogue: 0,0:56:10.00,0:53:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have found that the reefs a far more \Nsensitive to see temperatures Dialogue: 0,0:51:44.00,0:53:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than they had previously. Dialogue: 0,0:52:12.00,0:59:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This year Dialogue: 0,0:50:23.00,0:44:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has seen temperatures are abnormally high. Dialogue: 0,0:46:45.00,0:54:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everywhere and up. Dialogue: 0,0:54:26.00,0:58:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Dialogue: 0,0:58:36.00,0:58:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can say it isn't blitz Carl's Dialogue: 0,0:46:09.00,0:52:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carlson Dialogue: 0,0:58:19.00,0:54:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adobe proudly Dialogue: 0,0:57:41.00,1:00:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anelka Dialogue: 0,0:52:02.00,0:54:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,existing Dialogue: 0,0:45:33.00,0:48:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a brilliant bike. Dialogue: 0,0:48:14.00,0:55:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the cost of the out, Dialogue: 0,0:55:45.00,0:59:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have a lot of that this is Dialogue: 0,0:48:48.00,0:47:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all that's left of the Dialogue: 0,0:54:59.00,0:46:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,absolutely Dialogue: 0,0:52:50.00,0:48:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reflect the skeletons Dialogue: 0,0:58:42.00,0:47:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,okay I'm here, Dialogue: 0,0:47:44.00,1:00:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just saved Dialogue: 0,0:47:46.00,0:58:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and later after they don't Dialogue: 0,0:48:58.00,0:54:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the time glitz golf Dialogue: 0,0:49:20.00,0:58:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and silicone struggling, Dialogue: 0,0:58:11.00,0:52:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think I said it really \Nquite like this before. Dialogue: 0,0:52:15.00,0:44:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you cut off. Dialogue: 0,0:59:49.00,0:51:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is particularly unsettling Dialogue: 0,0:56:41.00,0:51:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientist Dialogue: 0,0:56:12.00,0:50:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that this reaching is \Nbecoming more frequent Dialogue: 0,0:53:26.00,0:52:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is sea temperatures remain \Nhigh for too long. Dialogue: 0,0:52:49.00,1:00:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the out he won't return Dialogue: 0,0:51:01.00,0:52:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the call may die Dialogue: 0,0:46:04.00,0:54:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ove Hoegh Dialogue: 0,0:49:25.00,0:47:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is using approved Dialogue: 0,0:56:26.00,0:45:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to discover how stressed Dialogue: 0,0:49:18.00,0:45:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this Congress. Dialogue: 0,0:49:31.00,0:55:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I tells me that you know Dialogue: 0,0:50:53.00,1:00:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the Dialogue: 0,0:54:44.00,0:56:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Algeria, Dialogue: 0,0:56:54.00,1:01:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who left in these corals Dialogue: 0,0:53:46.00,0:54:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are severely damaged Dialogue: 0,1:00:47.00,0:55:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've been terrorized by combination Dialogue: 0,0:46:00.00,0:45:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of heat and likely. Dialogue: 0,0:59:48.00,0:47:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Away. Dialogue: 0,0:55:49.00,0:48:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I come here and see this Dialogue: 0,0:55:02.00,0:51:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said it really stressed out rescue Dialogue: 0,0:46:06.00,0:57:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a former self getting really concerned Dialogue: 0,0:58:48.00,1:01:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's another reminder Dialogue: 0,0:58:30.00,0:53:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there are a huge changes on \Nthe way with climate change Dialogue: 0,0:47:44.00,0:51:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the, Dialogue: 0,0:51:05.00,0:47:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the 3rd bleaching event Dialogue: 0,0:51:27.00,1:00:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the last 90 years of the Great \NBarrier anything and everything Dialogue: 0,0:45:50.00,0:50:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had Dialogue: 0,0:52:51.00,0:56:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Dialogue: 0,0:49:02.00,0:48:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as predicted if Dialogue: 0,0:59:03.00,1:01:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they getting more frequent Dialogue: 0,0:51:55.00,0:54:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Dialogue: 0,0:49:56.00,0:49:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more severe head Dialogue: 0,0:55:58.00,0:52:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I called customer funds \Nthat you rather frightening Dialogue: 0,0:57:21.00,0:56:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,movement Dialogue: 0,0:52:23.00,0:54:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the area. Dialogue: 0,0:58:46.00,0:59:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of Dialogue: 0,0:50:49.00,0:51:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of. Dialogue: 0,0:51:30.00,0:51:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Devastating thought Dialogue: 0,0:49:52.00,1:01:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if the warming continues. Dialogue: 0,1:01:43.00,0:55:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of our richest environment. Dialogue: 0,0:57:25.00,0:46:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some species that live in them Dialogue: 0,0:56:47.00,0:55:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be under threat. Dialogue: 0,0:55:49.00,1:01:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not just the non-human. Dialogue: 0,1:01:51.00,0:54:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We as a species will not be immune either. Dialogue: 0,0:54:15.00,0:47:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we possibly know \Nwhat the future holds. Dialogue: 0,0:47:09.00,0:49:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists don't pretend that they \Ncan predict specific changes to Dialogue: 0,0:49:32.00,0:58:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the climate with absolute certainty. Dialogue: 0,0:58:14.00,0:55:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they can do Dialogue: 0,1:03:15.00,0:56:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his calculate the likelihood Dialogue: 0,1:00:47.00,0:54:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they will occur. Dialogue: 0,1:01:14.00,0:54:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's here at the Met Office's \NHadley Centre in Exeter Dialogue: 0,1:00:28.00,1:01:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can't find the answer \Nto some of the big questions. Dialogue: 0,0:55:33.00,0:49:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This super computer can perform 10 billion Dialogue: 0,0:55:56.00,0:56:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calculations per second Dialogue: 0,0:52:59.00,1:00:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each one Dialogue: 0,0:48:50.00,0:47:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contributing to a model that scientists \Nlike Peter Cox can use to Dialogue: 0,0:47:54.00,0:51:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protect our future climber. Dialogue: 0,0:53:18.00,0:56:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Climate Dialogue: 0,1:00:08.00,0:56:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,models that essentially Dialogue: 0,0:54:00.00,1:01:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come out of weather forecasting models Dialogue: 0,0:54:12.00,1:03:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they run for much longer periods \Naround own for hundreds of years Dialogue: 0,0:47:25.00,1:00:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than days Dialogue: 0,0:51:16.00,0:51:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they contain older complex they \Ncontain clouds they contain Dialogue: 0,0:59:29.00,0:59:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rainfall patterns they contain winds Dialogue: 0,0:57:32.00,0:56:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Clark models have to contain \Nslower components like how the Dialogue: 0,0:59:45.00,0:57:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vegetation on the soil respond \Nto changing how the oceans Dialogue: 0,1:02:08.00,0:50:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change. Dialogue: 0,0:54:50.00,1:03:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The model Dialogue: 0,0:50:31.00,0:58:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is like a virtual world a \Nsort of flight simulator. Dialogue: 0,0:49:15.00,1:03:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where everything from the melting \Nice in the Arctic to the Dialogue: 0,0:49:08.00,1:02:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,formation of clouds in the atmosphere Dialogue: 0,0:51:10.00,1:01:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the temperatures of the oceans Dialogue: 0,0:49:32.00,1:04:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are represented by solemnly leap, Dialogue: 0,1:04:15.00,1:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can give us the probability Dialogue: 0,0:48:58.00,1:04:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that future events may happen. Dialogue: 0,1:01:32.00,1:04:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, Dialogue: 0,1:04:03.00,0:48:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the chances of are having \Nanother major heatwave Dialogue: 0,0:56:47.00,1:00:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the one of summer 2003 Dialogue: 0,0:48:30.00,1:04:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,. And Dialogue: 0,1:04:51.00,0:52:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the planet warms up Dialogue: 0,1:01:03.00,0:57:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can we expect Dialogue: 0,1:01:24.00,0:51:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heatwaves more often. Dialogue: 0,0:55:00.00,0:56:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's impossible to put any particular \Nclimatic or weather event Dialogue: 0,1:01:23.00,0:57:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to climate change alone. Dialogue: 0,0:57:15.00,0:57:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what you can do is say that climate \Nchange affects the chance Dialogue: 0,0:57:18.00,0:56:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an event occurring Dialogue: 0,0:49:10.00,0:55:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and though it to the very extreme \N2003 summer we've suffered in Dialogue: 0,0:55:13.00,0:52:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europe. Dialogue: 0,0:52:15.00,0:50:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He killed many people \Nin France for example Dialogue: 0,0:57:37.00,0:55:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a case in point. Dialogue: 0,0:55:58.00,0:57:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's something that is a, Dialogue: 0,0:57:59.00,0:59:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a rare event now Dialogue: 0,0:49:51.00,0:59:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a one in 200 year type of event, Dialogue: 0,0:59:43.00,0:57:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that Dialogue: 0,0:50:35.00,1:02:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is twice as likely as it was before \Nwe started to click change the Dialogue: 0,1:02:37.00,0:53:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,climate Dialogue: 0,1:02:58.00,1:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by 20-40 because of \Nfuture climate change, Dialogue: 0,1:04:31.00,0:55:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will become a one in 2 year event Dialogue: 0,1:04:23.00,1:04:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost the norm by 20-80 Dialogue: 0,0:55:06.00,0:58:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will consider that call you. Dialogue: 0,0:54:11.00,0:58:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One place where the Hadley model \Nis predicting increasing Dialogue: 0,1:01:14.00,0:54:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,temperatures Dialogue: 0,0:54:56.00,0:52:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the next year Dialogue: 0,0:56:47.00,0:49:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,province in northern China. Dialogue: 0,1:01:04.00,0:53:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not good news for a land Dialogue: 0,0:57:46.00,1:04:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the desert is expanding. Dialogue: 0,1:01:53.00,0:56:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the last 20 years, Dialogue: 0,0:56:15.00,0:59:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's been a marked decline in Maine. Dialogue: 0,1:03:08.00,1:01:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Powerful winds have driven \Nthe thin soil into dues Dialogue: 0,0:52:22.00,0:54:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smothering fields and villages. Dialogue: 0,1:00:57.00,1:02:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In soup will drink Dialogue: 0,0:52:39.00,0:57:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many villages have deserted \Ntheir homes for the cities. Dialogue: 0,1:02:39.00,0:59:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those who are left behind like one lane Dialogue: 0,0:53:03.00,1:04:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,must endure a daily battle \Nwith the encroaching Dialogue: 0,0:56:16.00,1:00:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dealings. Dialogue: 0,0:54:38.00,0:56:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, Dialogue: 0,0:56:29.00,1:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there wasn't so much sand here before. Dialogue: 0,1:05:21.00,0:52:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. Dialogue: 0,0:52:02.00,0:52:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the wind is blowing. Dialogue: 0,0:52:33.00,0:57:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More and more sensitive and. Dialogue: 0,0:54:16.00,1:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do you know she also. Dialogue: 0,1:00:37.00,0:53:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember when I was a child. Dialogue: 0,0:53:39.00,0:55:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Dialogue: 0,1:01:29.00,1:06:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,environment was really good. Dialogue: 0,1:06:11.00,0:51:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in 1973 Dialogue: 0,1:04:13.00,0:56:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,went dry Dialogue: 0,1:06:54.00,1:06:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the grass struck growing Dialogue: 0,0:55:56.00,1:06:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but dust storms Dialogue: 0,1:01:07.00,1:01:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sand covered everything Dialogue: 0,0:51:59.00,0:51:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and began to affect our lives in every way Dialogue: 0,0:58:21.00,1:05:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chi white. Dialogue: 0,0:56:39.00,1:04:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you go, Dialogue: 0,1:04:09.00,0:58:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you go you know and I get home \Nif I don't brush I sand away Dialogue: 0,1:01:02.00,1:01:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,account gets into my house. Dialogue: 0,1:04:46.00,0:56:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then if you, Dialogue: 0,0:56:47.00,1:01:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if there is takes a lot of time \Nso it affects my work. Dialogue: 0,1:02:57.00,0:55:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they require Dialogue: 0,1:02:18.00,0:52:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of people have left \Nthe village already. Dialogue: 0,0:52:31.00,1:06:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was also sold Dialogue: 0,0:57:52.00,0:52:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,securities would you might they \Nwant to improve their lives. Dialogue: 0,0:52:05.00,0:58:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you know Dialogue: 0,1:02:35.00,1:00:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moved to a better place with water \Nand much better conditions Dialogue: 0,0:52:59.00,0:54:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you Dialogue: 0,0:57:39.00,0:59:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not Dialogue: 0,1:02:39.00,1:06:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Georgia. Dialogue: 0,1:03:07.00,1:07:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Dialogue: 0,0:54:58.00,0:57:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,group. Dialogue: 0,0:51:29.00,1:03:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those villages Dialogue: 0,1:07:49.00,1:03:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that aren't swamped by sand Dialogue: 0,0:53:32.00,1:06:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are suffering from severe drought Dialogue: 0,1:01:44.00,0:56:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this village Dialogue: 0,1:03:05.00,1:06:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ego Dialogue: 0,0:58:46.00,0:55:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has not had a harvest for 3 years. Dialogue: 0,1:06:13.00,1:08:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Professor Lin that Dialogue: 0,0:57:25.00,0:57:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is working for the Chinese government Dialogue: 0,0:53:58.00,0:54:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to discover how badly affected \Nthe local people are. Dialogue: 0,1:08:06.00,0:58:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, Dialogue: 0,0:58:07.00,1:07:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until that can you remember when you were Dialogue: 0,0:54:29.00,1:01:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,younger. Dialogue: 0,1:01:09.00,1:07:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know what. Dialogue: 0,1:07:19.00,0:59:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same situation to do Dialogue: 0,1:07:21.00,1:04:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I was a child who it was \Nalso sometimes very trying Dialogue: 0,1:08:34.00,0:59:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,IVF. Dialogue: 0,0:59:25.00,1:01:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's become more serious. Dialogue: 0,1:01:56.00,1:00:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In recent years. Dialogue: 0,0:52:40.00,0:56:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you know it's not on the radar Dialogue: 0,0:57:12.00,0:58:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for troops being on recently Dialogue: 0,0:54:14.00,1:02:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the harvest was very bad Dialogue: 0,0:54:26.00,1:06:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why was that Dialogue: 0,1:01:37.00,0:54:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's been a Dialogue: 0,0:59:48.00,0:54:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rifle. Dialogue: 0,0:54:19.00,1:06:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's been no rain for 3 years Dialogue: 0,0:53:11.00,1:04:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called White out Dialogue: 0,0:54:22.00,1:04:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of work well by, Dialogue: 0,1:04:23.00,0:56:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can only depend on the food \Ngiven by the government Dialogue: 0,1:07:46.00,1:08:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and without crops. Dialogue: 0,1:08:57.00,1:05:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have no income Dialogue: 0,0:57:29.00,1:00:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can't buy anything Dialogue: 0,1:08:50.00,0:58:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have no money to spend. Dialogue: 0,0:56:24.00,1:00:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the winds pick up Dialogue: 0,1:06:25.00,1:06:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the dry soil Dialogue: 0,0:53:27.00,1:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completely create a standstill. Dialogue: 0,0:59:00.00,0:58:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such storms are already afflicting \Ncities like Beijing Dialogue: 0,0:55:04.00,1:03:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the dying Dialogue: 0,1:07:44.00,0:56:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continues this will only get worse. Dialogue: 0,1:08:50.00,1:04:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bleak realities of climate change Dialogue: 0,1:09:03.00,1:02:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are being felt all over the world. Dialogue: 0,1:03:38.00,0:54:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet Dialogue: 0,1:01:19.00,0:59:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite so much evidence some people \Nrefused to believe that human Dialogue: 0,0:59:43.00,0:53:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,activity Dialogue: 0,0:57:44.00,0:59:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the cause of the changes we're seeing Dialogue: 0,1:09:06.00,1:07:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the climate models Dialogue: 0,0:54:28.00,0:56:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the Hadley Centre, Dialogue: 0,0:56:59.00,1:08:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believe that they have put. Dialogue: 0,1:09:13.00,1:00:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They sat Dialogue: 0,1:06:54.00,0:55:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both natural climate variations Dialogue: 0,0:59:37.00,1:03:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our carbon dioxide emissions \Ninto their model Dialogue: 0,0:54:11.00,1:01:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see which best explains the \Nchanges in temperature. Dialogue: 0,1:01:14.00,0:55:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the last 120 years. Dialogue: 0,1:08:28.00,0:58:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The key question of course Dialogue: 0,0:55:41.00,0:59:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how can we distinguish between \Nvariations due to natural causes Dialogue: 0,0:58:16.00,0:56:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those variations of the climate Dialogue: 0,1:06:18.00,1:05:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are induced by human activity. Dialogue: 0,1:05:02.00,0:55:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Dialogue: 0,1:01:33.00,1:03:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the key thing Dialogue: 0,1:07:14.00,1:10:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Dialogue: 0,0:59:25.00,1:04:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,convinced me it anyway Dialogue: 0,1:10:06.00,0:58:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a graph like Dialogue: 0,1:04:58.00,1:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this one that we marked out on the floor Dialogue: 0,1:07:50.00,0:55:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have been prepared from Dialogue: 0,1:00:32.00,1:01:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,climate scientists Dialogue: 0,1:04:43.00,1:09:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Dialogue: 0,0:56:54.00,0:56:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Professor Peter Cox Dialogue: 0,1:00:25.00,1:05:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now explain to us the significance Dialogue: 0,1:08:57.00,1:01:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this squad. Dialogue: 0,1:10:38.00,0:58:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. Dialogue: 0,0:58:49.00,0:58:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we're gonna do is to \Ntake a walk through time Dialogue: 0,1:03:01.00,1:05:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the first thing to note, Dialogue: 0,1:05:22.00,1:06:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we walk through its a bit the \Nclimate is naturally variable. Dialogue: 0,1:06:05.00,1:09:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a spiky based Dialogue: 0,0:59:07.00,1:06:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,occasionally there's a downward trend \Nthat's associated a volcano Dialogue: 0,1:06:19.00,0:56:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going off the coast of system \Ndown because of the dust, Dialogue: 0,0:56:12.00,1:05:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it throws up Dialogue: 0,1:08:52.00,1:04:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the general it just Dialogue: 0,1:09:23.00,1:05:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isolates around Dialogue: 0,0:54:35.00,0:55:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we get to a period Dialogue: 0,1:03:16.00,1:02:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around about 1910 Dialogue: 0,1:08:07.00,1:00:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can start to see an upward trend Dialogue: 0,0:57:20.00,1:00:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a warming of the climate \Nand global warming, Dialogue: 0,1:00:52.00,1:03:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you like, Dialogue: 0,1:03:53.00,0:58:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the issue is Dialogue: 0,1:03:24.00,0:57:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what caused that Dialogue: 0,1:07:25.00,0:55:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that Dialogue: 0,0:59:06.00,1:04:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humans are was that natural. Dialogue: 0,1:04:17.00,1:10:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we do to try and work that \None hours to take a climate Dialogue: 0,0:56:10.00,1:06:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,model and to put in the various factors, Dialogue: 0,1:06:42.00,1:02:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we can say with its Dialogue: 0,1:05:43.00,0:56:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blinkered here is a car model Dialogue: 0,1:04:25.00,1:02:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that includes just these natural factors. Dialogue: 0,1:02:57.00,0:56:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is when volcanoes go off Dialogue: 0,1:03:59.00,0:55:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the output from the sun Dialogue: 0,1:02:51.00,1:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see that the Dialogue: 0,1:05:32.00,1:08:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,curve can reproduce Dialogue: 0,0:56:44.00,1:11:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recently well this mid-century warming so Dialogue: 0,0:57:56.00,0:54:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to this point, Dialogue: 0,0:54:57.00,0:55:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could reasonably argue Dialogue: 0,1:05:08.00,1:11:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,climate variation can be explained \Nby natural factors, Dialogue: 0,1:11:01.00,1:02:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as we move on, Dialogue: 0,1:02:43.00,0:56:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see that's no longer true. Dialogue: 0,0:56:55.00,0:57:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you get to the latter part of \N20th century from about 1970 Dialogue: 0,0:59:48.00,1:05:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onwards. Dialogue: 0,1:05:28.00,1:10:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here Dialogue: 0,1:00:09.00,0:59:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see the red curve. Dialogue: 0,0:59:50.00,1:03:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He observed temperatures Dialogue: 0,1:07:01.00,0:57:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the green Dialogue: 0,1:01:52.00,1:06:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really begin to diverge. Dialogue: 0,1:06:24.00,1:07:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the question again is what \Ncaused this recent woman. Dialogue: 0,1:07:57.00,1:01:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we run the model, Dialogue: 0,1:01:38.00,1:02:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again we include human factors particularly \Ninclude greenhouse Dialogue: 0,1:02:21.00,1:07:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,effect Dialogue: 0,0:56:32.00,1:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Dialogue: 0,0:59:33.00,0:58:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mostly from carbon dioxide \Nthat comes to fossil Dialogue: 0,1:00:56.00,0:59:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we get this yellow \Ncard and we can see Dialogue: 0,0:56:49.00,1:11:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as reproducing. Dialogue: 0,1:11:29.00,1:05:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mid-century Dialogue: 0,0:58:31.00,1:03:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,warming Dialogue: 0,0:56:02.00,0:57:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we get this recent Dialogue: 0,1:07:43.00,1:00:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather rapid warming reproduced Dialogue: 0,1:11:05.00,1:11:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that tells us 2 things, Dialogue: 0,1:11:06.00,1:08:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one is that the model Dialogue: 0,1:00:48.00,1:08:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looks realistic looks like the real \Nworld and the second thing, Dialogue: 0,1:08:20.00,1:06:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the model tells us Dialogue: 0,1:10:41.00,1:11:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this recent morning \Nis due to human beings. Dialogue: 0,1:01:15.00,0:55:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there you have it. Dialogue: 0,0:55:47.00,0:59:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There seems little doubt Dialogue: 0,1:03:58.00,1:04:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this recent Dialogue: 0,1:01:00.00,1:08:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rises Dialogue: 0,1:03:01.00,0:58:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the steep rise in temperature Dialogue: 0,1:09:13.00,1:06:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is due to human activity. Dialogue: 0,1:00:17.00,0:56:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at the green line of now. Dialogue: 0,0:57:49.00,1:05:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,True variability. Dialogue: 0,1:05:30.00,0:59:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's clear Dialogue: 0,1:05:11.00,1:07:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that without the action of human beings, Dialogue: 0,1:07:53.00,0:56:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would have been far \Nless temperature change Dialogue: 0,1:00:36.00,1:03:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the 19-7. Dialogue: 0,1:07:05.00,0:58:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are all involved in this, Dialogue: 0,0:58:28.00,0:56:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our whole way of life is structured \Naround the Burmese Dialogue: 0,1:01:01.00,1:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of fossil fuels. Dialogue: 0,1:09:08.00,1:07:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I find it sobering Dialogue: 0,1:12:59.00,1:02:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think Dialogue: 0,1:06:30.00,1:09:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that while I've been traveling \Nthe world trying to record Dialogue: 0,0:57:04.00,1:06:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the complexity and beauty of our planet. Dialogue: 0,1:06:47.00,1:00:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The night to have been making \Nmy own contribution Dialogue: 0,1:06:20.00,1:03:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to global warming Dialogue: 0,1:10:43.00,1:00:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as I recognized when I presented \Nlife on Earth. Dialogue: 0,1:00:07.00,1:12:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All those years ago. Dialogue: 0,1:12:38.00,0:58:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are a flexible and innovative species. Dialogue: 0,1:06:22.00,1:12:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have the capacity to adapt \Nand modify our behavior Dialogue: 0,1:09:46.00,0:58:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now Dialogue: 0,1:03:37.00,1:06:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we most certainly have to do so, Dialogue: 0,1:06:59.00,0:58:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we are to deal with climate change. Dialogue: 0,0:58:13.00,1:06:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the biggest challenge Dialogue: 0,1:13:34.00,0:59:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have yet faced. Dialogue: 0,1:13:08.00,1:02:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This Dialogue: 0,1:08:09.00,1:05:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sea wall Dialogue: 0,1:01:21.00,1:12:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was built Dialogue: 0,1:02:32.00,0:57:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep out Dialogue: 0,1:09:03.00,1:00:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what he Dialogue: 0,1:03:34.00,1:13:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recognized it was a force of nature Dialogue: 0,1:00:37.00,1:08:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something Dialogue: 0,0:57:18.00,1:08:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond our. Dialogue: 0,0:58:31.00,1:08:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We ourselves have become Dialogue: 0,1:11:52.00,1:12:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a force of nature.