0:07:42.000,0:14:35.000 We need to, 0:14:35.000,0:14:26.000 they will give you. 0:15:06.000,0:07:37.000 This 0:13:07.000,0:16:18.000 is our planet. 0:07:17.000,0:15:39.000 It contains an astonishing variety 0:06:50.000,0:09:01.000 of landscapes 0:13:21.000,0:12:22.000 and climates. 0:09:26.000,0:12:37.000 Since life began 0:16:47.000,0:03:49.000 around 4,000 0:08:59.000,0:17:00.000 million years ago, 0:17:00.000,0:15:01.000 it has gone through 0:02:42.000,0:04:54.000 extraordinary changes and its climate 0:10:34.000,0:04:26.000 and in the space that their on it. 0:13:53.000,0:12:24.000 But no, 0:12:24.000,0:15:37.000 it seems that our planet [br]is being transformed 0:01:59.000,0:12:00.000 not by natural events 0:04:11.000,0:08:02.000 the by the actions of. 0:08:42.000,0:07:43.000 One species 0:13:14.000,0:05:55.000 mankind. 0:04:16.000,0:16:27.000 You know I belong to the most 0:06:18.000,0:11:30.000 they spared and dominant [br]species and I more 0:03:51.000,0:14:21.000 or less. 0:10:32.000,0:08:45.000 We live on 27 years ago I presented 0:13:25.000,0:12:06.000 life on Earth. 0:12:06.000,0:14:07.000 A series of traces 0:01:38.000,0:03:59.000 the evolution of life 0:10:39.000,0:02:51.000 from its very beginnings. 0:05:18.000,0:10:10.000 I set out to find them film 0:16:10.000,0:08:42.000 representative species 0:13:02.000,0:03:04.000 of the whole animal kingdom 0:09:04.000,0:14:46.000 in all it's marvelous [br]and wonderful for us. 0:02:33.000,0:05:04.000 In the final program 0:12:34.000,0:09:47.000 I dealt with the arrival of human beings. 0:05:38.000,0:10:51.000 Still a recent event in the [br]history of our planet. 0:06:24.000,0:15:26.000 There is no scientific [br]evidence whatsoever. 0:15:26.000,0:15:07.000 The suppose indeed that 0:03:38.000,0:05:20.000 man will stay on earth [br]should be any longer 0:10:50.000,0:18:20.000 than that 0:05:31.000,0:02:13.000 of the dinosaurs, 0:02:13.000,0:10:43.000 but although 0:05:04.000,0:10:16.000 denying a special place in the world, 0:10:16.000,0:17:56.000 maybe 0:07:47.000,0:18:38.000 becoming a modest. 0:18:38.000,0:14:32.000 The fact remains that man has [br]an unprecedented control 0:05:33.000,0:03:54.000 over the world 0:09:54.000,0:06:06.000 and everything in it. 0:06:06.000,0:13:46.000 And so 0:18:16.000,0:16:48.000 whether he likes it or not. 0:16:48.000,0:11:40.000 What happens next. 0:11:40.000,0:08:51.000 It is very largely 0:02:42.000,0:10:02.000 up to him. 0:10:25.000,0:14:16.000 Up to us. 0:14:16.000,0:04:19.000 Indeed, 0:04:19.000,0:06:11.000 at the time I spoke those words. 0:06:11.000,0:07:43.000 I had no idea that we have been the 0:06:24.000,0:15:55.000 might have unleashed forces 0:05:56.000,0:12:16.000 that in the 0:15:46.000,0:07:08.000 hotel in the climate of fear. 0:14:38.000,0:19:28.000 Good. 0:19:28.000,0:08:11.000 The destruction of towns and cities 0:13:21.000,0:09:53.000 in the southern United States 0:14:03.000,0:07:44.000 be linked 0:12:04.000,0:17:15.000 to the collapse of glasses 0:04:16.000,0:13:16.000 in green. 0:04:16.000,0:06:56.000 If 0:11:06.000,0:18:16.000 going people 0:07:17.000,0:09:48.000 but is the stuff floating around 0:04:49.000,0:14:39.000 if out there. 0:12:23.000,0:11:34.000 Might drought 0:16:24.000,0:11:45.000 in the Amazon 0:17:35.000,0:10:07.000 that killed thousands of fish 0:18:17.000,0:16:50.000 be connected to the intensity [br]of forest fires 0:05:51.000,0:18:11.000 in Australia. 0:04:12.000,0:06:04.000 And are these events related 0:11:24.000,0:05:06.000 to one of Europe's hottest ever 0:08:56.000,0:13:26.000 farmers. 0:19:17.000,0:13:50.000 Which led to the death of 27,000 people. 0:07:34.000,0:04:26.000 In every part of the world. 0:04:26.000,0:12:30.000 New climatic extremes are [br]now being the court. 0:12:30.000,0:04:11.000 Our weather 0:10:51.000,0:06:02.000 is in turmoil. 0:09:46.000,0:16:17.000 During the last 50 years 0:08:38.000,0:05:21.000 I've been lucky enough to [br]spend my time traveling 0:09:21.000,0:06:22.000 around the world 0:13:42.000,0:19:13.000 looking at its wonders 0:09:24.000,0:07:45.000 and its spenders 0:08:36.000,0:20:47.000 during a time of course, 0:20:47.000,0:05:09.000 I've seen many changes 0:09:09.000,0:20:09.000 some good 0:14:00.000,0:09:21.000 many bad 0:07:02.000,0:06:54.000 but it's only in the last decade 0:14:44.000,0:12:55.000 that I've come 0:16:25.000,0:08:07.000 to think about the question 0:12:27.000,0:10:58.000 as to whether or not 0:16:58.000,0:07:11.000 what I or anybody else has been doing 0:16:11.000,0:14:23.000 could have contributed to the change 0:18:03.000,0:13:24.000 in the climate 0:17:24.000,0:20:45.000 of the planet. 0:20:45.000,0:17:17.000 It is undoubtedly taking place. 0:13:51.000,0:05:13.000 In recent years, 0:05:13.000,0:19:34.000 scientists have been collaborating 0:12:15.000,0:15:49.000 on one of the most urgent and ambitious [br]endeavors in our history. 0:15:49.000,0:12:13.000 They're trying to understand the unprecedented [br]changes in our time 0:12:13.000,0:09:57.000 . And they're linking those changes 0:16:17.000,0:19:49.000 to the rising temperatures [br]that they're measuring 0:07:10.000,0:18:52.000 had thousands of weather stations [br]around the world. 0:06:23.000,0:13:23.000 So, 0:13:23.000,0:07:34.000 how much 0:11:04.000,0:14:35.000 have global temperatures 0:18:16.000,0:06:27.000 well 0:10:17.000,0:10:08.000 by just over 0:14:28.000,0:17:41.000 nought-point 6 of one degree Celsius. 0:17:41.000,0:17:12.000 Since 1900 0:13:53.000,0:09:46.000 how can such a seemingly small rise 0:13:16.000,0:19:37.000 create so much havoc 0:11:48.000,0:13:39.000 with the planet's climate. 0:08:23.000,0:06:24.000 Well, 0:06:24.000,0:16:14.000 that figure 0:07:15.000,0:16:46.000 nought-point 6 degrees 0:05:57.000,0:07:28.000 is only an average 0:18:18.000,0:19:20.000 while some places have cooled a little 0:10:41.000,0:17:11.000 some 0:22:01.000,0:22:02.000 like the Arctic 0:08:43.000,0:06:14.000 has warmed 0:10:04.000,0:20:45.000 by up to 3 degrees. 0:20:18.000,0:14:52.000 The frozen surface of the sea [br]creates a highly specialized 0:14:52.000,0:08:53.000 environment. 0:18:36.000,0:06:39.000 And an extraordinary range of animals 0:14:09.000,0:20:02.000 have evolved to live both [br]above and below the ice. 0:09:29.000,0:18:51.000 But the Arctic is now melting so fast 0:07:32.000,0:11:54.000 that the whole intricate web of wildlife 0:15:24.000,0:08:05.000 is under 3. 0:16:37.000,0:18:19.000 And no species is more at risk 0:07:40.000,0:09:03.000 than the animals at the [br]top of the food chain, 0:09:03.000,0:07:04.000 the polar bears. 0:08:36.000,0:07:07.000 The turn of the year, 0:07:07.000,0:20:18.000 that is when females give birth to 0:08:49.000,0:22:39.000 raise their cut. 0:22:21.000,0:16:42.000 By this time 0:22:42.000,0:15:15.000 mothers will not have eaten [br]for many months, 0:15:15.000,0:07:28.000 and yet they now have [br]extra mouths to feed. 0:12:53.000,0:10:15.000 Their main prey are seals 0:22:25.000,0:22:36.000 but they can only hunt 0:14:47.000,0:18:39.000 before the ice melts, 0:18:39.000,0:15:30.000 but it does that 0:22:20.000,0:21:31.000 they must come ashore 0:08:52.000,0:22:14.000 with all the reserves only [br]to raise their cubs. 0:22:05.000,0:23:36.000 And on land. 0:23:36.000,0:17:27.000 There are no 0:09:28.000,0:16:18.000 to hunt. 0:20:29.000,0:08:30.000 Now 0:12:30.000,0:18:02.000 because the ice is melting [br]earlier each year 0:10:53.000,0:12:14.000 mothers are going hungry 0:15:44.000,0:19:16.000 and the less able to provide [br]for their Cup. 0:21:23.000,0:23:24.000 In Hudson's Bay 0:11:45.000,0:15:25.000 Dr. 0:19:05.000,0:14:06.000 Nick to London 0:23:16.000,0:12:18.000 sets out each spring 0:18:08.000,0:20:09.000 to track down the polar 0:23:39.000,0:13:30.000 bears 0:18:20.000,0:18:11.000 and check on their health. 0:18:33.000,0:11:44.000 They been there. 0:21:07.000,0:10:20.000 I've been working on that all of [br]us here in the Churchill area 0:10:20.000,0:12:33.000 since the early 1980s over [br]the last 25 years 0:19:33.000,0:24:34.000 and we're looking at the population 0:11:15.000,0:20:07.000 ecology of polar bears in relation [br]to tie not of change 0:09:58.000,0:17:29.000 is population is the most 0:21:49.000,0:18:31.000 studied population anywhere in the world. 0:13:06.000,0:16:58.000 By tracking the Bears with such regularity 0:08:49.000,0:12:09.000 Miquelon 0:18:59.000,0:14:10.000 and his team 0:19:00.000,0:20:12.000 have discovered that their [br]numbers have declined 0:11:43.000,0:09:54.000 by nearly a quarter 0:18:44.000,0:24:15.000 since he first started stuck. 0:18:18.000,0:15:41.000 First he needs to find the best. 0:15:41.000,0:21:31.000 He then 0:10:32.000,0:09:05.000 tranquilized system so that he [br]can check their body weight 0:14:45.000,0:12:26.000 to assess their health. 0:24:05.000,0:14:39.000 The team has to work quickly to make [br]their checks on their family 0:21:49.000,0:21:30.000 before the mother wakes up. 0:19:52.000,0:13:14.000 24 and a half pounds 0:17:44.000,0:12:55.000 for Cobb one 0:22:46.000,0:25:16.000 fun 0:14:57.000,0:15:18.000 on larger bears 0:16:29.000,0:22:02.000 we take the weight and their length [br]and weak calculate what we 0:22:02.000,0:19:45.000 call a body-body condition index. 0:19:45.000,0:19:08.000 It's essentially the weight of [br]the bear divided by its length 0:20:28.000,0:25:08.000 Square 0:20:09.000,0:23:11.000 and it gives us a means to compare bears 0:16:02.000,0:21:43.000 between years over years 0:21:24.000,0:13:17.000 what condition there and when the [br]come ashore and we found that 0:13:57.000,0:24:08.000 over the past 25 0:23:19.000,0:23:12.000 years or so low that the condition [br]of these bears us declining. 0:17:28.000,0:24:21.000 Cobb 2 straight line leg zero 6-9. 0:24:53.000,0:10:26.000 Here we've got a female [br]with a trip letter. 0:10:26.000,0:16:28.000 It's a very rare sight to find triplets. 0:16:28.000,0:15:39.000 In the fall time 0:20:30.000,0:19:21.000 one of the Cubs is 0:15:12.000,0:14:15.000 a runt of the litter and it's [br]not likely to survive. 0:18:27.000,0:16:38.000 20 years ago. 0:16:38.000,0:20:00.000 It wasn't all that uncommon [br]to find triplets. 0:20:00.000,0:12:01.000 In the fall. 0:12:01.000,0:16:32.000 About 5% of the bears. 0:16:32.000,0:21:54.000 We caught more females with [br]cubs had triplets. 0:21:25.000,0:18:07.000 We're seeing triplets born in the spring, 0:18:07.000,0:12:18.000 but we're not 0:24:38.000,0:15:22.000 one or more of those cubs is not [br]making it through the fall. 0:15:22.000,0:13:15.000 We're seeing reductions in Cup survival, 0:13:15.000,0:15:06.000 things of that nature, 0:15:06.000,0:24:27.000 all related to climb out of form. 0:27:01.000,0:21:43.000 The ice is now melting 0:25:13.000,0:21:54.000 3 weeks earlier 0:10:35.000,0:17:16.000 each year. 0:17:16.000,0:17:40.000 That means that there is 3 weeks [br]less feeding time for pregnant 0:19:00.000,0:21:40.000 mother. 0:13:23.000,0:15:25.000 Once they come ashore in the sea ice melts 0:23:45.000,0:24:48.000 the bears are forced to fast for [br]anywhere from 4 months for most 0:24:48.000,0:18:01.000 parents up to 8 months for a female such 0:26:11.000,0:12:42.000 this 0:17:42.000,0:22:02.000 here. 0:22:02.000,0:11:24.000 Who would have come ashore last summer 0:18:04.000,0:11:47.000 and it's not hard to see all [br]meal since last July. 0:19:33.000,0:12:36.000 If the current warming trend continues 0:21:06.000,0:12:17.000 the future 0:15:57.000,0:12:28.000 looks bleak 0:16:58.000,0:16:49.000 for polar bears. 0:24:13.000,0:17:35.000 It's not just that sea level. 0:24:26.000,0:21:28.000 Is melting at Sutton alarming rate. 0:21:39.000,0:27:42.000 The global temperature rise is also [br]being felt much higher up. 0:15:12.000,0:15:23.000 Mountain glasses 0:20:33.000,0:19:34.000 all over the planet 0:11:45.000,0:23:45.000 also now. 0:15:49.000,0:27:50.000 The mountain ranges of Patagonia 0:22:31.000,0:27:41.000 rundown 0:17:32.000,0:17:24.000 towards a sudden tip of South America. 0:28:17.000,0:19:50.000 This is the, 0:19:50.000,0:14:31.000 in the northern 0:18:41.000,0:19:42.000 Patagonian Ice Field 0:13:43.000,0:15:37.000 it starts almost 2.5 thousand [br]meters above sea level. 0:27:10.000,0:26:02.000 This remote part of Patagonia 0:13:53.000,0:18:16.000 is one of the coldest places on [br]earth outside the poll nobody. 0:18:41.000,0:21:03.000 JC allergist Dr. Stephen Harmison 0:26:13.000,0:28:35.000 has been working in locations [br]like the meth 0:15:56.000,0:18:27.000 for 20 years 0:26:37.000,0:20:00.000 he's been studying how they've [br]changed over that time. 0:23:16.000,0:23:57.000 The Patagonian Ice Field, 0:23:57.000,0:13:39.000 the most dynamic ice fields on Earth. 0:26:11.000,0:28:03.000 To understand climate change [br]in the southern hemisphere. 0:28:14.000,0:23:26.000 We need to go to places like this. 0:23:26.000,0:21:59.000 He gives a very good record of climate [br]change over the whole range 0:21:59.000,0:16:00.000 of time to go. 0:22:02.000,0:24:33.000 The ground I'm standing on 0:21:34.000,0:15:35.000 that last year, 0:15:35.000,0:23:45.000 the net glass. 0:23:45.000,0:22:29.000 It was here in about the 1870s [br]and by about 19 the 1930s 0:13:10.000,0:16:41.000 it will be treated to this 0:23:51.000,0:26:02.000 shoreline the lake shoreline 0:23:13.000,0:17:04.000 and since then, 0:17:04.000,0:21:15.000 since 1930s of courses 0:24:55.000,0:19:06.000 retreated another 0:24:06.000,0:29:48.000 2.5 to 3 kilometers perhaps 2 miles 0:27:19.000,0:27:50.000 back up this valley. 0:26:44.000,0:27:45.000 We were hearing Martin 88 0:18:26.000,0:28:38.000 is this the whole night was completely [br]covered with icebergs. 0:17:09.000,0:23:59.000 All. 0:22:24.000,0:18:25.000 Some fake MySpace 0:27:35.000,0:21:07.000 we hardly get our boats in the ice front 0:28:27.000,0:19:20.000 and yet that's will go on that landscape [br]is completely changed now 0:19:20.000,0:19:52.000 . Russia's 0:21:22.000,0:17:43.000 give us a very 0:25:13.000,0:28:06.000 visual record of climate change [br]and and the they should be no 0:28:06.000,0:29:28.000 doubt the climate change is happening. 0:29:28.000,0:18:31.000 If we look at what glasses and [br]doing all around the world, 0:18:31.000,0:27:43.000 not just these ones on the north [br]Patagonian Ice Field but glasses 0:28:53.000,0:25:44.000 everywhere. 0:25:44.000,0:14:26.000 They're all in recession pretty well 0:21:56.000,0:20:09.000 and and that gives us a very visual [br]record what exactly is going 0:20:09.000,0:17:10.000 on in most one. 0:19:27.000,0:14:39.000 The rate of that class Immelt 0:21:09.000,0:21:40.000 is now accelerating. 0:20:32.000,0:26:03.000 In southern Greenland. 0:26:03.000,0:24:35.000 The amount of ice flowing into the sea 0:29:35.000,0:22:18.000 has doubled in the last 10 years. 0:28:10.000,0:17:01.000 This 0:20:51.000,0:14:53.000 is slowly but steadily 0:19:23.000,0:23:55.000 causing sea levels to rise. 0:17:44.000,0:15:36.000 8,000 miles away. 0:15:36.000,0:22:38.000 The inhabitants of the [br]tiny Pacific islands 0:26:18.000,0:21:59.000 of Tuvalu 0:27:29.000,0:18:33.000 are already facing the realities [br]of an invading sea. 0:19:14.000,0:29:37.000 As temperatures rise so [br]do those of the sea, 0:29:37.000,0:29:59.000 causing oceans to expand 0:21:00.000,0:15:51.000 and that 0:20:51.000,0:28:32.000 coupled with the dresser melt 0:19:33.000,0:30:55.000 means that sea levels will [br]rise even higher. 0:18:57.000,0:17:08.000 Earlier this year 0:21:38.000,0:18:11.000 tides rose to their highest [br]level ever known 0:21:51.000,0:23:03.000 flooding the homes of the islanders. 0:16:30.000,0:30:21.000 They have been troubled by this problem 0:18:02.000,0:26:44.000 for the last few decades, 0:26:44.000,0:28:05.000 but according to 0:16:16.000,0:26:26.000 Diana semi 0:17:07.000,0:16:49.000 it's getting progressively worse. 0:21:41.000,0:28:04.000 Most of the people now experiencing [br]this high tide is much higher 0:29:04.000,0:16:35.000 than 0:23:15.000,0:25:35.000 it 0:29:05.000,0:16:26.000 hasn't 0:21:06.000,0:27:56.000 won and. 0:20:22.000,0:23:25.000 If next year is going to happen [br]like this and much higher than 0:20:46.000,0:28:36.000 this year 0:18:17.000,0:22:07.000 then 0:28:57.000,0:29:49.000 I don't think there's any [br]future for him to. 0:16:38.000,0:31:28.000 Through Mario Silva 0:20:39.000,0:26:40.000 is now 2 values 0:31:50.000,0:19:52.000 disaster coordinator. 0:19:56.000,0:21:36.000 The 0:28:16.000,0:27:57.000 prediction for tomorrow. 0:27:57.000,0:26:58.000 The highest, 0:26:58.000,0:19:59.000 but now 0:31:49.000,0:31:21.000 looking at this time. 0:31:21.000,0:22:12.000 Boats 0:28:12.000,0:19:13.000 he flooded. 0:19:14.000,0:25:04.000 And so, 0:25:04.000,0:20:15.000 so it's them 0:17:46.000,0:26:47.000 all their properties is [br]they have been cowed 0:30:57.000,0:19:38.000 tour 0:23:49.000,0:33:00.000 guide binning in all those would be 0:24:31.000,0:27:42.000 damaged by this. 0:27:42.000,0:19:13.000 See what I. 0:28:18.000,0:20:49.000 You can see that 0:24:19.000,0:22:50.000 our rubbish everywhere 0:17:21.000,0:25:22.000 and you're you seeing that 0:29:52.000,0:33:03.000 the kids swimming 0:27:44.000,0:18:05.000 and those 0:28:45.000,0:18:27.000 waste area, 0:18:27.000,0:23:07.000 I think 0:27:47.000,0:32:27.000 a big 0:22:28.000,0:23:09.000 health problem for kids 0:29:09.000,0:24:40.000 and especially his 0:29:41.000,0:18:23.000 people thing these houses and. 0:27:38.000,0:21:49.000 Very worried 0:28:51.000,0:18:02.000 flood 0:29:43.000,0:22:04.000 they have 0:28:15.000,0:29:45.000 at 0:18:26.000,0:23:46.000 door 0:20:37.000,0:20:08.000 climbing outside 0:29:48.000,0:24:49.000 inside, 0:24:49.000,0:17:31.000 but the flow this company here. 0:30:43.000,0:22:34.000 Yes. 0:22:34.000,0:29:04.000 All my 0:18:05.000,0:22:55.000 really. 0:30:25.000,0:18:26.000 PC 0:29:16.000,0:31:07.000 fear well you here 0:27:18.000,0:31:08.000 only 0:18:09.000,0:21:20.000 here and at times, 0:21:20.000,0:32:02.000 calling them but now this year as they 0:19:03.000,0:24:53.000 really 0:31:23.000,0:23:14.000 high time 0:32:14.000,0:27:16.000 inside the house. 0:27:16.000,0:29:27.000 This is the first time 0:19:38.000,0:31:18.000 I think to 0:33:09.000,0:19:52.000 to move out because and freight. 0:26:14.000,0:33:44.000 I don't 0:21:45.000,0:22:16.000 know placed move. 0:29:29.000,0:25:13.000 But on the islands where the highest [br]point is less than 5 meters 0:25:13.000,0:28:54.000 above sea level. 0:28:54.000,0:22:17.000 There is nowhere else to go. 0:22:17.000,0:26:28.000 There are already plans 0:30:38.000,0:18:20.000 for some of the population 0:23:10.000,0:22:11.000 to be evacuated 0:26:11.000,0:22:32.000 to New Zealand. 0:22:27.000,0:26:37.000 But 0:30:17.000,0:29:08.000 warming seas 0:33:48.000,0:31:19.000 don't only mean 0:18:50.000,0:27:01.000 rising seas. 0:27:01.000,0:20:53.000 They have other implications, 0:20:53.000,0:25:53.000 too. 0:20:12.000,0:18:34.000 In August 2005 0:29:24.000,0:25:58.000 Hurricane Katrina struck the [br]coastline of Louisiana, 0:25:58.000,0:19:59.000 Mississippi. 0:31:12.000,0:24:06.000 Wasn't the high sea temperatures [br]that many Katrina so intense. 0:26:40.000,0:34:41.000 A typical hurricane, 0:34:41.000,0:30:33.000 an atmospheric disturbance over Africa 0:32:54.000,0:31:16.000 but it's here in the Gulf of Mexico 0:19:47.000,0:21:59.000 that they grow to their [br]full destructive power. 0:20:50.000,0:33:21.000 How you can expert Greg Holland 0:21:22.000,0:24:05.000 has been investigating what [br]fueled Katrina's force. 0:28:15.000,0:29:08.000 The process requires that the oceans [br]be warmer than about 26 0:30:08.000,0:26:00.000 degrees Celsius. 0:26:00.000,0:33:40.000 The tropical 0:22:21.000,0:26:02.000 to get the hurricane started and 0:30:02.000,0:33:32.000 Jordanian 0:23:23.000,0:23:25.000 from the surface high up [br]into the atmosphere 0:20:36.000,0:20:27.000 and what this means 0:25:07.000,0:28:48.000 the ocean heat energy 0:32:28.000,0:28:42.000 is used to fuel the development [br]of the immensely powerful winds 0:24:23.000,0:20:15.000 and it is so powerful, 0:20:15.000,0:20:58.000 he could run the entire electric [br]grid of the United States for 0:20:58.000,0:31:58.000 several weeks. 0:22:54.000,0:35:45.000 Really destructive winds [br]are in the region. 0:35:45.000,0:31:07.000 Just outside the eye of the hurricane 0:27:28.000,0:29:21.000 and this is how strong they shred [br]the surface of the ocean into a 0:29:21.000,0:36:12.000 morass of sea and spray 0:27:43.000,0:25:34.000 to become so think 0:33:44.000,0:22:57.000 that the Mitchell becomes impossible [br]to tell a difference between 0:24:27.000,0:20:08.000 air and water. 0:26:10.000,0:27:12.000 And the one the tropical oceans, 0:27:12.000,0:24:04.000 the more destructive the [br]hurricane can out. 0:26:49.000,0:35:22.000 When Harry can Katrina breached [br]the levees of New Orleans 0:26:33.000,0:32:06.000 sea temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico [br]and the Atlantic were the 0:32:06.000,0:21:48.000 highest ever recorded. 0:35:12.000,0:29:04.000 In the United States. 0:29:04.000,0:30:47.000 The intensity and sheer destructiveness [br]of the Heineken 0:36:07.000,0:26:29.000 became the turning point 0:31:49.000,0:25:51.000 in the debate about global warming. 0:35:01.000,0:35:12.000 Although scientists 0:22:23.000,0:28:56.000 will not say that one particular [br]had can is caused by climate 0:30:36.000,0:27:27.000 change. 0:27:27.000,0:31:30.000 Many are now making the connection [br]between global warming 0:37:20.000,0:33:54.000 rising sea temperatures and the [br]increasing strength of Vatican. 0:35:41.000,0:28:34.000 2005 it was the worst season 0:33:24.000,0:30:35.000 ever recorded. 0:33:49.000,0:36:20.000 And Greg Holland 0:25:01.000,0:33:32.000 is one of those who believes 0:21:13.000,0:37:34.000 that worse is yet to come. 0:35:17.000,0:32:41.000 As you can see there's a massive [br]rebuilding program underway, 0:32:41.000,0:31:33.000 but unfortunately this [br]stretch of coast song 0:21:34.000,0:21:36.000 will certainly be revisited by hurricanes, 0:21:36.000,0:33:26.000 like a trainer 0:30:47.000,0:30:09.000 and because of global climate change 0:37:39.000,0:28:01.000 we going to be more intense 0:23:02.000,0:35:12.000 more destructive 0:28:03.000,0:31:24.000 and possibly more frequent. 0:31:18.000,0:33:49.000 It's a grim warning 0:31:40.000,0:32:33.000 but is global warming of the [br]changes we're now seeing 0:22:14.000,0:27:24.000 really 0:32:04.000,0:32:15.000 a new phenomenon 0:37:35.000,0:21:57.000 in the Earth's history. 0:30:33.000,0:31:14.000 These days, 0:31:14.000,0:30:56.000 when we talk of climate change, 0:30:56.000,0:23:27.000 we tend 0:28:47.000,0:28:08.000 to mean changes 0:33:28.000,0:22:01.000 that we ourselves have brought about, 0:22:01.000,0:36:22.000 but of course the climate of the Earth 0:25:23.000,0:25:45.000 has always been changing, 0:25:45.000,0:33:06.000 either because of some great, 0:33:06.000,0:31:47.000 cosmic event 0:36:37.000,0:29:09.000 like a collision with a meteorite 0:37:49.000,0:33:11.000 or else because of some more slower 0:22:52.000,0:26:43.000 gradual change 0:34:23.000,0:37:35.000 in the amount of energy [br]that the Earth receives 0:24:26.000,0:35:56.000 from the sun. 0:29:08.000,0:30:28.000 The 0:34:08.000,0:37:01.000 reborn rearguard. 0:25:38.000,0:38:28.000 It's the sun 0:27:59.000,0:37:01.000 that provides our planet [br]with warmth and light. 0:37:43.000,0:24:44.000 Why 0:36:14.000,0:38:34.000 when 0:34:16.000,0:24:57.000 you know. 0:37:10.000,0:23:42.000 Not the amount amenities 0:31:32.000,0:27:04.000 that the Earth receives from the sun 0:32:44.000,0:37:54.000 there. 0:31:29.000,0:34:59.000 You know. 0:26:50.000,0:24:54.000 In cycles of tense and often hundreds [br]of thousands of years 0:30:24.000,0:38:44.000 the earth 0:26:25.000,0:22:58.000 tilts and changes it orbits around the sun 0:31:08.000,0:32:19.000 and with each cycle 0:37:39.000,0:23:22.000 the patterns of light [br]energy playing on the 0:33:32.000,0:26:43.000 changes. 0:34:54.000,0:23:36.000 These natural changes 0:28:16.000,0:25:27.000 have contributed 0:29:37.000,0:36:29.000 to dramatic shift in my client 0:27:41.000,0:25:53.000 in the time of the dinosaurs. 0:25:53.000,0:37:14.000 It was much warmer than it is now. 0:36:35.000,0:27:27.000 He would have found dinosaurs 0:33:47.000,0:23:29.000 roaming in forests, 0:23:29.000,0:37:40.000 close to the north and south poles. 0:31:23.000,0:26:35.000 70 million years after that 0:33:05.000,0:30:37.000 much of our Paris was freezing. 0:30:37.000,0:32:00.000 It's become locked in a [br]cycle of success if ice 0:35:40.000,0:25:41.000 ages. 0:30:34.000,0:33:57.000 If the city of New York had existed 160. 0:36:17.000,0:36:18.000 Thousand years ago 0:26:39.000,0:33:49.000 it would have. 0:33:59.000,0:34:42.000 Been on the edge of an ice pack [br]some 2 kilometers high 0:27:13.000,0:36:16.000 and yet global temperatures were [br]only 4 degrees lower than they 0:36:16.000,0:28:47.000 are today. 0:32:30.000,0:29:02.000 30 thousand years later, 0:29:02.000,0:26:53.000 the same city 0:30:33.000,0:36:05.000 would have been under 5 meters of water 0:33:26.000,0:33:19.000 yet global temperatures were [br]less than 2 degrees warmer. 0:30:12.000,0:34:04.000 This see-sawing in the Earth's climate 0:40:24.000,0:38:16.000 was driven by natural forces 0:25:27.000,0:30:08.000 long before mankind 0:33:48.000,0:38:48.000 appear. 0:38:25.000,0:35:46.000 But there's another 0:25:27.000,0:33:19.000 powerful influence on our climate. 0:33:19.000,0:40:00.000 If we have to take into account 0:40:11.000,0:34:32.000 among the 0:38:42.000,0:34:45.000 many glasses that make [br]up the air we breathe, 0:34:45.000,0:29:16.000 there is one 0:32:56.000,0:25:58.000 that is particularly important 0:30:38.000,0:30:09.000 carbon dioxide 0:25:10.000,0:29:40.000 it 0:33:20.000,0:24:52.000 traps the sun's energy 0:28:42.000,0:33:43.000 and so keeps a panic. 0:26:27.000,0:36:09.000 Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide 0:26:50.000,0:40:01.000 act as a blanket around the earth 0:29:32.000,0:32:15.000 prevent in the sun's energy from [br]reflecting back into space. 0:36:45.000,0:28:06.000 Left. 0:41:10.000,0:37:54.000 It's called the greenhouse effect [br]and it prevented the planet from 0:37:54.000,0:28:55.000 freezing 0:32:25.000,0:34:36.000 since the earth began 0:32:57.000,0:39:47.000 without 0:30:48.000,0:25:01.000 the global temperature would be minus 19 0:25:02.000,0:28:32.000 subsidies. 0:32:48.000,0:28:49.000 On the face fit 0:32:49.000,0:36:51.000 carbon dioxide seems to be a good thing 0:29:12.000,0:39:55.000 it stops our planet from freezing [br]and so sustains life on Earth 0:29:26.000,0:27:57.000 and without it, 0:27:57.000,0:33:30.000 no plant could grow because they [br]need carbon to build their 0:33:30.000,0:38:30.000 tissues. 0:40:26.000,0:29:19.000 Leaves absorb the gas from the atmosphere 0:36:29.000,0:32:50.000 through their pores. 0:39:07.000,0:38:00.000 They then break down on the [br]carbon dioxide molecules 0:31:52.000,0:32:13.000 released the oxygen 0:39:23.000,0:40:24.000 and retain the Cup. 0:39:20.000,0:28:13.000 Over hundreds of millions of years 0:34:23.000,0:34:04.000 the great forests 0:29:15.000,0:41:56.000 so much carbon dioxide. 0:41:56.000,0:42:17.000 Out of the atmosphere 0:34:28.000,0:40:28.000 that they 0:27:19.000,0:28:42.000 reduce the greenhouse effect [br]and cool the planet down. 0:32:33.000,0:38:24.000 When the trees died. 0:38:24.000,0:33:15.000 They were buried 0:40:35.000,0:34:36.000 and overtime 0:41:06.000,0:36:18.000 crushed and compressed 0:40:38.000,0:31:10.000 with the carbon still within 0:27:42.000,0:39:53.000 in the ages that followed. 0:39:53.000,0:36:15.000 These layers are slowly buried 0:39:45.000,0:28:47.000 beneath the earth's surface. 0:30:00.000,0:31:13.000 At this open cast coal mine in China, 0:31:13.000,0:34:25.000 you can descend for 500m 0:38:55.000,0:36:27.000 through layer upon layer of rock 0:42:27.000,0:34:50.000 representing 10s of millions of years. 0:38:35.000,0:29:47.000 Right at the bottom, 0:29:47.000,0:34:07.000 a layer 0:39:27.000,0:38:19.000 of what was once would and leaves 0:29:10.000,0:42:40.000 and is now 0:32:11.000,0:41:01.000 coal and. 0:42:06.000,0:33:48.000 It's an ideal place 0:38:48.000,0:35:40.000 for Professor Bob Spicer 0:41:00.000,0:43:01.000 to studies appliances 0:32:32.000,0:37:53.000 influence the climate. 0:37:53.000,0:39:04.000 All that time ago. 0:38:49.000,0:34:10.000 These leaves 0:38:00.000,0:43:31.000 blast saw the light of day. 0:43:31.000,0:33:33.000 Some 50 million years ago 0:28:34.000,0:36:24.000 when they were 0:41:44.000,0:37:55.000 on the trees 0:37:36.000,0:29:20.000 taking in carbon dioxide and [br]using the energy of the sun 0:39:20.000,0:41:01.000 the fix that carbon 0:28:42.000,0:37:32.000 into 0:28:53.000,0:37:16.000 their tissues and leaves [br]and twigs and the like. 0:37:16.000,0:35:07.000 Now the original 0:36:50.000,0:42:30.000 had a 0:35:41.000,0:40:33.000 cooling effect on the atmosphere [br]because they were 0:31:14.000,0:39:25.000 taking carbon dioxide out 0:39:06.000,0:32:07.000 and where we 0:38:17.000,0:42:57.000 Burnley 0:36:29.000,0:30:10.000 the call 0:34:30.000,0:43:01.000 on the carbon. 0:43:01.000,0:31:33.000 That's nice one, 0:31:33.000,0:28:45.000 and put it back into the atmosphere. 0:28:45.000,0:36:15.000 Today 0:42:35.000,0:36:18.000 we have the opposite effect [br]we warm up the atmosphere. 0:36:34.000,0:43:24.000 Now 0:31:25.000,0:40:47.000 all the coal is being carried [br]up to the surface 0:29:28.000,0:30:30.000 to be burned in the power station, 0:30:30.000,0:38:23.000 which provides electricity for hundreds [br]of thousands of people. 0:31:08.000,0:34:19.000 Oil and gas 0:42:19.000,0:41:30.000 Nicol also 0:31:21.000,0:29:02.000 fossil fuel. 0:42:56.000,0:38:08.000 When such fuels averting 0:31:19.000,0:36:11.000 the carbon re combines with oxygen 0:28:32.000,0:43:03.000 and is released back into the atmosphere 0:32:54.000,0:36:35.000 as carbon dioxide. 0:36:03.000,0:31:28.000 The carbon dioxide spreads evenly [br]through the Earth's atmosphere. 0:31:28.000,0:40:38.000 Sickening. 0:40:38.000,0:30:10.000 The greenhouse blanket the 0:37:20.000,0:29:01.000 the world 0:35:32.000,0:32:24.000 and further warming the planet. 0:43:30.000,0:29:04.000 That blanket extends for [br]miles above the earth's 0:36:55.000,0:38:27.000 as you climb up away from the Earth the. 0:43:37.000,0:32:19.000 Is become thinner. 0:32:19.000,0:42:59.000 The temperature. 0:42:59.000,0:40:40.000 As a result, 0:40:40.000,0:33:01.000 becomes colder. 0:34:22.000,0:45:35.000 It was while I was making the living [br]planet in the mid 1980s 0:35:26.000,0:37:09.000 the tide began to appreciate the [br]crucial role of the atmosphere 0:41:19.000,0:45:20.000 in shaping our climate. 0:33:33.000,0:40:03.000 We are 0:45:03.000,0:29:55.000 very close to the top 0:29:36.000,0:33:56.000 of 0:32:47.000,0:45:07.000 our environment 0:39:59.000,0:36:50.000 for all the 0:31:31.000,0:39:51.000 goes on 0:32:12.000,0:41:42.000 within the 0:41:23.000,0:29:24.000 5 0:43:14.000,0:31:06.000 brief Miles this 0:44:26.000,0:37:07.000 envelope 0:36:18.000,0:40:19.000 of atmosphere that wrapped 0:44:29.000,0:44:20.000 around the world, 0:44:20.000,0:46:01.000 it's here, 0:46:01.000,0:37:32.000 but the weather 0:32:33.000,0:41:23.000 is manufactured. 0:38:55.000,0:31:17.000 When I spoke those words 0:34:57.000,0:36:40.000 scientists were already detecting [br]crucial changes in the 0:36:40.000,0:32:42.000 composition of the atmosphere. 0:32:42.000,0:33:23.000 In particular, 0:33:23.000,0:36:54.000 changes in the level 0:43:24.000,0:29:56.000 of carbon dioxide. 0:30:30.000,0:46:00.000 All over the planet 0:33:11.000,0:43:04.000 they were recording rising levels [br]of that particular gas in there 0:43:04.000,0:39:51.000 . The first regular 0:39:51.000,0:37:23.000 measurements were started 48 0:42:03.000,0:40:14.000 years ago, 0:40:14.000,0:37:37.000 from the top of the extinct [br]volcano of money on lower 0:45:27.000,0:41:28.000 in Hawaii. 0:31:21.000,0:36:24.000 And it is the rate at which the [br]carbon dioxide blanket is 0:36:24.000,0:41:14.000 thickening 0:33:35.000,0:46:46.000 that is causing so much concern. 0:39:34.000,0:39:46.000 When I was a boy in the 1930s 0:31:17.000,0:37:50.000 . The carbon dioxide back [br]it was still below 300 0:41:40.000,0:32:51.000 parts 0:37:01.000,0:46:01.000 per million. 0:30:56.000,0:39:36.000 This year 0:45:16.000,0:38:39.000 the thickness reached 382 0:36:10.000,0:35:41.000 the highest figure 0:40:21.000,0:33:33.000 for hundreds of thousands. 0:43:20.000,0:32:04.000 But how can we possibly know [br]that carbon dioxide levels 0:36:14.000,0:34:25.000 are higher now 0:38:05.000,0:32:27.000 than they were thousands of years ago. 0:43:18.000,0:36:30.000 In Patagonia is ice fields 0:43:40.000,0:39:03.000 huge gaps open up in the summer months, 0:39:03.000,0:33:46.000 giving scientists a chance to investigate 0:37:16.000,0:31:18.000 far below the glasses. 0:37:51.000,0:35:12.000 Stephen Harrison 0:42:32.000,0:44:16.000 is taking the opportunity to descend [br]deep into a pair of us in the 0:44:16.000,0:37:42.000 . It's risky. 0:43:02.000,0:32:53.000 You, 0:32:53.000,0:37:33.000 you know. 0:39:23.000,0:45:25.000 The glasses a melting so fast. 0:45:25.000,0:41:18.000 The potentially invaluable [br]records of the past 0:48:08.000,0:37:39.000 artists. 0:45:10.000,0:32:41.000 Yes. 0:32:41.000,0:45:32.000 Ice cap in which his glasses flow from 0:36:23.000,0:48:15.000 is melting more quickly probably [br]than any other comparable ice 0:32:16.000,0:48:26.000 mass on Earth. 0:48:26.000,0:32:58.000 You can see them out of water, 0:32:58.000,0:32:09.000 which is around us. 0:32:39.000,0:41:09.000 Stephen 0:45:09.000,0:41:02.000 has spent the last 20 years studying 0:44:42.000,0:39:55.000 Latinos and past climates, 0:39:55.000,0:44:28.000 he knows that ice can preserve [br]valuable evidence. 0:47:17.000,0:40:31.000 Carbon dioxide is a as an important [br]driver of climate change. 0:40:31.000,0:48:21.000 In other words, 0:48:21.000,0:43:33.000 is that important factor in in 0:47:53.000,0:42:35.000 in changing the global climate. 0:42:35.000,0:37:58.000 You have to see how come not citing [br]changed with the pattern 0:35:49.000,0:35:21.000 periods and warm period [br]throughout her history. 0:47:52.000,0:47:34.000 You can see the ice here [br]is absolutely full 0:35:05.000,0:36:06.000 of of of bubbles 0:39:46.000,0:36:17.000 from the bubbles informed 0:41:17.000,0:34:08.000 when the ice 0:42:08.000,0:48:59.000 was formed. 0:48:59.000,0:36:21.000 And of course the bubbles contain 0:43:01.000,0:47:13.000 atmosphere oxygen and carbon dioxide 0:45:15.000,0:42:18.000 if we want to understand the [br]the role of carbon dioxide 0:46:18.000,0:43:31.000 as a sort of as a thermal [br]blanket over the earth. 0:43:31.000,0:44:14.000 We need to know about how come [br]a dark side has changed the 0:44:14.000,0:39:46.000 concentrations of change in the atmosphere 0:44:06.000,0:39:48.000 over hundreds of thousands of years. 0:39:48.000,0:38:30.000 An analysis of bubbles such as these 0:42:30.000,0:39:03.000 in places like Antarctica and Greenland [br]gives us that that that's 0:39:03.000,0:34:54.000 fantastic record. 0:44:49.000,0:50:13.000 That record is now also preserved [br]thousands of miles away. 0:50:13.000,0:38:34.000 Not 0:43:44.000,0:48:36.000 in the ice fields as originally [br]contained it 0:37:27.000,0:38:58.000 but in Denver, 0:38:58.000,0:49:58.000 Colorado. 0:47:30.000,0:40:34.000 In this store room of the United [br]States national ice core 0:40:34.000,0:35:55.000 laboratory 0:42:25.000,0:46:38.000 hundreds of thousands of years' [br]worth of ice core records 0:35:39.000,0:48:59.000 are maintained 0:36:20.000,0:37:42.000 at minus 36 degrees. 0:47:50.000,0:35:15.000 These ice cores have been extracted [br]from as much as 3 kilometers 0:40:05.000,0:44:37.000 beneath the polar ice caps. 0:44:37.000,0:44:59.000 I mean for Professor marks a rare as 0:48:29.000,0:49:52.000 each one provides a valuable [br]source of information 0:38:13.000,0:50:24.000 about a particular moment in the past. 0:38:49.000,0:43:59.000 Well, 0:43:59.000,0:48:19.000 this 0:37:50.000,0:46:10.000 particular 0:49:40.000,0:44:13.000 chunk of ice was about 16,000 years old 0:49:13.000,0:42:15.000 come from the Greenland ice sheet. 0:44:57.000,0:45:09.000 What we see here are layers of fossils 0:48:39.000,0:38:10.000 snow 0:49:00.000,0:44:52.000 every year on the top of Greenland, 0:44:52.000,0:35:34.000 there's an accumulation of snow 0:43:44.000,0:50:44.000 and 0:37:45.000,0:39:16.000 this is a good compacted 0:43:16.000,0:51:08.000 you're through years layer [br]after layer of snow 0:40:19.000,0:40:31.000 eventually before these layers of ice 0:46:01.000,0:43:53.000 and it's within these layers of ice 0:48:43.000,0:48:36.000 that we can tell all kinds of things [br]about deep that the Earth's 0:48:36.000,0:40:47.000 past 0:49:27.000,0:44:59.000 what we find today is at the carbonate 0:49:49.000,0:36:13.000 oxide concentrations in the atmosphere [br]are higher than anything 0:38:43.000,0:38:06.000 we've seen in the past 600,000 years. 0:38:06.000,0:36:49.000 It's telling us that human activities [br]are having a strong him. 0:38:49.000,0:37:20.000 Back on the claim it's, 0:37:20.000,0:40:00.000 it's. 0:50:35.000,0:45:18.000 It if we measure this in parts [br]per million of carbon 0:49:18.000,0:42:20.000 oxides in the atmosphere, 0:42:20.000,0:42:43.000 what we call the pre-industrial [br]output before he wins were 0:43:53.000,0:39:04.000 starting to have a team 0:37:45.000,0:40:47.000 with around 27280 0:44:18.000,0:51:28.000 Premier League. 0:49:42.000,0:39:24.000 What we've seen now. 0:39:24.000,0:41:47.000 The most recent record today are [br]telling us that it's up to about 0:41:47.000,0:39:58.000 380 0:45:29.000,0:50:59.000 for the. 0:52:41.000,0:43:25.000 So you can see that today if levels [br]are far beyond anything that 0:43:25.000,0:45:45.000 we. 0:49:21.000,0:46:53.000 If you talk to be 5 years ago 0:37:54.000,0:37:45.000 I would have been 0:41:35.000,0:41:36.000 kind of a fence sitter 0:46:06.000,0:46:37.000 on this whole idea 0:52:37.000,0:39:18.000 of 0:42:58.000,0:48:20.000 greenhouse gases involved [br]in climate change 0:37:41.000,0:36:52.000 no war. 0:36:52.000,0:42:23.000 The changes that we've seen 0:48:53.000,0:41:57.000 seem to be much too strong much [br]too radical to be just simply 0:41:57.000,0:48:19.000 explained by natural climate cycles. 0:52:43.000,0:48:06.000 What we're seeing now is [br]the impact of humans 0:52:56.000,0:41:09.000 humans are starting to change [br]the climate itself. 0:53:42.000,0:52:53.000 Those changes 0:41:34.000,0:45:55.000 could now be occurring. 0:45:55.000,0:46:46.000 Even in places 0:50:16.000,0:53:07.000 which are absorbing 0:40:28.000,0:51:59.000 huge amounts of cotton dioxide. 0:46:42.000,0:38:53.000 The Emerson 0:43:33.000,0:38:56.000 is often referred to as [br]the lungs of the world 0:48:36.000,0:40:41.000 for here plants taken vast volumes [br]of carbon dioxide and give out 0:40:41.000,0:49:21.000 oxygen 0:48:52.000,0:38:36.000 to appreciate the immensity of the [br]greenery where this gaseous 0:38:36.000,0:50:37.000 exchange takes place. 0:50:37.000,0:51:09.000 You have to get up into the branches, 0:51:09.000,0:50:21.000 some 50m about the ground. 0:40:24.000,0:43:24.000 I'm 0:47:24.000,0:45:25.000 up in the canopy 0:52:45.000,0:49:26.000 of the jungle. 0:49:26.000,0:47:18.000 The tropical rainforest, 0:47:18.000,0:52:18.000 here 0:40:59.000,0:46:10.000 there is a greater bulk 0:53:30.000,0:54:23.000 of life both animal and plant [br]and the greater diversity too 0:46:24.000,0:42:05.000 and can be found 0:46:45.000,0:47:36.000 anywhere else at all 0:38:17.000,0:44:58.000 and this huge proliferation 0:51:58.000,0:50:50.000 comes from 2 main courses 0:42:01.000,0:47:41.000 warmth 0:38:12.000,0:49:42.000 and witness 0:41:43.000,0:42:46.000 the wetness comes from the [br]abundant Equatorial rains 0:49:46.000,0:41:27.000 for warmth 0:48:47.000,0:46:48.000 from the tropical sun 0:39:49.000,0:53:49.000 and between them. 0:53:49.000,0:54:01.000 Those 2 factors have created the jungle 0:45:02.000,0:50:03.000 which stretches in a broken 0:38:34.000,0:51:44.000 green band 0:41:05.000,0:51:25.000 Wright round. 0:39:50.000,0:38:21.000 20 years later 0:45:11.000,0:45:03.000 and in spite of intensive logging 0:49:13.000,0:54:35.000 vast areas of this phone is still survive. 0:40:26.000,0:52:00.000 Bridgestone Youzhny. 0:54:01.000,0:43:43.000 But scientists like 0:47:33.000,0:51:23.000 down 0:55:03.000,0:48:24.000 next had 0:43:15.000,0:50:47.000 in covering an even more sinister threat 0:54:17.000,0:53:18.000 to the health of the John. 0:53:58.000,0:39:59.000 Go 0:44:49.000,0:43:40.000 them deforestation 0:51:02.000,0:51:23.000 he has discovered 0:39:04.000,0:40:46.000 that many of the largest traders 0:45:16.000,0:39:47.000 are dying. 0:52:29.000,0:44:30.000 What I think 0:54:00.000,0:44:04.000 is for me the most scary part about [br]the future of the Amazon 0:47:35.000,0:39:36.000 is drought 0:45:36.000,0:40:49.000 because when a drought comes often [br]with very little warning 0:51:19.000,0:40:41.000 it affects not just 0:52:11.000,0:53:42.000 one or 2% 0:45:13.000,0:45:34.000 of the basin, 0:45:34.000,0:49:55.000 it's an effect 30% 0:40:46.000,0:48:46.000 for us 0:41:57.000,0:43:10.000 in ways that we are just now learning [br]can be quite devastating to 0:43:10.000,0:52:30.000 the forest. 0:42:44.000,0:49:35.000 In 2005 0:41:46.000,0:40:50.000 the Amazon region suffered its [br]worst drought in 60 years. 0:45:02.000,0:48:33.000 The lack of rain, 0:48:33.000,0:40:36.000 led to a catastrophic fall in river levels 0:49:56.000,0:40:28.000 decimating the fish popular. 0:52:22.000,0:44:34.000 6 months after the drought 0:52:44.000,0:40:27.000 Dan never stat is finding that the trees 0:44:37.000,0:51:38.000 have still not recovered. 0:45:59.000,0:40:31.000 Right now we're measuring how much 0:50:21.000,0:44:53.000 water stress the tree that 0:49:23.000,0:54:03.000 this leaf 0:42:54.000,0:55:35.000 growing on who was under when we cut it. 0:47:41.000,0:52:43.000 Last year's drought caught [br]assault by surprise 0:44:34.000,0:50:24.000 they've had 0:53:54.000,0:47:48.000 devastating effects and the people [br]who live in the Amazon. 0:47:48.000,0:44:20.000 We're just right now getting a handle on 0:49:40.000,0:44:14.000 how many hundreds of thousands [br]of square kilometers of forest 0:50:14.000,0:44:17.000 were severely damaged by a drought killing 0:48:27.000,0:54:48.000 enormous trees, 0:54:48.000,0:43:11.000 which are the key organisms [br]in these ecosystems 0:52:51.000,0:43:23.000 could be the 2006 0:48:33.000,0:42:17.000 is it your full of forest fire because [br]of the drought of 2005. 0:51:30.000,0:42:05.000 The drought was linked to the abnormally [br]warm seas in the Atlantic 0:42:05.000,0:50:58.000 , which disrupted the rainfall [br]patterns in the forests. 0:41:40.000,0:53:21.000 It's particularly worrisome because. 0:48:32.000,0:48:25.000 It's the type of ocean heating and [br]it seems to cause the drought 0:49:25.000,0:42:37.000 in the Amazon last year that is 0:46:47.000,0:54:28.000 exactly what is predicted, 0:54:28.000,0:50:09.000 and their scenario 0:50:10.000,0:42:21.000 hopeful who worry. 0:44:01.000,0:49:21.000 Yes. 0:50:56.000,0:47:17.000 But the Amazon 0:53:07.000,0:47:10.000 is not the only rich ecosystem 0:51:00.000,0:46:11.000 now at risk. 0:42:27.000,0:49:20.000 The world's coral reefs and other [br]marine equivalent of the 0:52:10.000,0:54:33.000 rainforest teeming with countless [br]different species. 0:53:08.000,0:55:08.000 That 0:46:49.000,0:50:09.000 you know. 0:55:39.000,0:46:33.000 Warming sea temperatures are already [br]putting the oceans and the 0:46:33.000,0:45:24.000 life within them 0:49:04.000,0:43:26.000 under increasing strain. 0:46:58.000,0:43:02.000 The 2000 kilometer long Great [br]Barrier Reef in Australia 0:53:22.000,0:52:54.000 is one of the wonders of the world. 0:48:46.000,0:51:58.000 Early in the life on Earth series 0:57:28.000,0:52:30.000 I examined it for myself. 0:50:54.000,0:57:04.000 The reason 0:47:45.000,0:47:37.000 may look like some fantastic 0:52:57.000,0:44:48.000 multicolored 0:48:28.000,0:42:51.000 jungle of plants and flowers. 0:42:51.000,0:55:21.000 But when you touch, 0:55:21.000,0:52:32.000 one, 0:52:32.000,0:45:44.000 it has a hard being incongruous 0:53:44.000,0:45:15.000 crunch 0:52:15.000,0:44:46.000 the stone. 0:44:10.000,0:57:41.000 Then 27 years ago 0:50:42.000,0:58:02.000 the reef 0:44:53.000,0:53:06.000 seemed won a huge unblemished [br]and healthy world of its own. 0:50:52.000,0:55:34.000 I described the intimate relationship 0:48:25.000,0:55:57.000 between the tiny animal coral polyps 0:43:48.000,0:49:40.000 and the alchemy that shelter inside them. 0:53:20.000,0:43:11.000 Lately. 0:43:51.000,0:46:04.000 A relationship established hundreds [br]of millions of years ago 0:54:44.000,0:48:38.000 that eventually produced Greece [br]so immense that they're visible 0:51:38.000,0:49:49.000 from space. 0:52:20.000,0:46:12.000 So it may well be the river 0:55:22.000,0:54:54.000 passing astronaut came this way, 0:54:54.000,0:49:15.000 several hundred 0:56:55.000,0:52:47.000 million years ago, 0:52:47.000,0:50:38.000 you might have noticed. 0:58:12.000,0:58:14.000 But at the time I was making the series 0:48:45.000,0:50:48.000 I was unaware of a new and [br]disturbing phenomenon. 0:56:15.000,0:51:56.000 Now, 0:51:56.000,0:49:08.000 in early 2006 0:57:48.000,0:59:00.000 the state of the car on the Barrier Reef 0:46:31.000,0:45:44.000 is worrying marine biologist [br]Ove Hoegh Guldberg. 1:00:07.000,0:45:49.000 In recent years. 0:45:49.000,0:52:30.000 He and other scientists 0:56:10.000,0:53:03.000 have found that the reefs a far more [br]sensitive to see temperatures 0:51:44.000,0:53:15.000 than they had previously. 0:52:12.000,0:59:42.000 This year 0:50:23.000,0:44:46.000 has seen temperatures are abnormally high. 0:46:45.000,0:54:26.000 Everywhere and up. 0:54:26.000,0:58:36.000 Well, 0:58:36.000,0:58:48.000 I can say it isn't blitz Carl's 0:46:09.000,0:52:19.000 Carlson 0:58:19.000,0:54:00.000 Adobe proudly 0:57:41.000,1:00:01.000 Anelka 0:52:02.000,0:54:42.000 existing 0:45:33.000,0:48:14.000 a brilliant bike. 0:48:14.000,0:55:45.000 This is the cost of the out, 0:55:45.000,0:59:36.000 you have a lot of that this is 0:48:48.000,0:47:59.000 all that's left of the 0:54:59.000,0:46:30.000 absolutely 0:52:50.000,0:48:21.000 reflect the skeletons 0:58:42.000,0:47:44.000 okay I'm here, 0:47:44.000,1:00:44.000 I just saved 0:47:46.000,0:58:17.000 and later after they don't 0:48:58.000,0:54:49.000 the time glitz golf 0:49:20.000,0:58:11.000 and silicone struggling, 0:58:11.000,0:52:15.000 but I think I said it really [br]quite like this before. 0:52:15.000,0:44:56.000 If you cut off. 0:59:49.000,0:51:51.000 What is particularly unsettling 0:56:41.000,0:51:02.000 scientist 0:56:12.000,0:50:05.000 is that this reaching is [br]becoming more frequent 0:53:26.000,0:52:49.000 is sea temperatures remain [br]high for too long. 0:52:49.000,1:00:50.000 Then the out he won't return 0:51:01.000,0:52:52.000 and the call may die 0:46:04.000,0:54:34.000 Ove Hoegh 0:49:25.000,0:47:06.000 is using approved 0:56:26.000,0:45:38.000 to discover how stressed 0:49:18.000,0:45:49.000 this Congress. 0:49:31.000,0:55:22.000 I tells me that you know 0:50:53.000,1:00:53.000 most of the 0:54:44.000,0:56:54.000 Algeria, 0:56:54.000,1:01:35.000 who left in these corals 0:53:46.000,0:54:47.000 are severely damaged 1:00:47.000,0:55:29.000 and I've been terrorized by combination 0:46:00.000,0:45:51.000 of heat and likely. 0:59:48.000,0:47:29.000 Away. 0:55:49.000,0:48:11.000 When I come here and see this 0:55:02.000,0:51:14.000 said it really stressed out rescue 0:46:06.000,0:57:57.000 a former self getting really concerned 0:58:48.000,1:01:09.000 it's another reminder 0:58:30.000,0:53:03.000 that there are a huge changes on [br]the way with climate change 0:47:44.000,0:51:05.000 in the, 0:51:05.000,0:47:57.000 this is the 3rd bleaching event 0:51:27.000,1:00:19.000 in the last 90 years of the Great [br]Barrier anything and everything 0:45:50.000,0:50:00.000 they had 0:52:51.000,0:56:01.000 and 0:49:02.000,0:48:03.000 as predicted if 0:59:03.000,1:01:24.000 they getting more frequent 0:51:55.000,0:54:55.000 and 0:49:56.000,0:49:07.000 and more severe head 0:55:58.000,0:52:41.000 and I called customer funds [br]that you rather frightening 0:57:21.000,0:56:12.000 movement 0:52:23.000,0:54:54.000 in the area. 0:58:46.000,0:59:56.000 Of 0:50:49.000,0:51:49.000 of. 0:51:30.000,0:51:41.000 Devastating thought 0:49:52.000,1:01:43.000 but if the warming continues. 1:01:43.000,0:55:55.000 Some of our richest environment. 0:57:25.000,0:46:37.000 Some species that live in them 0:56:47.000,0:55:49.000 will be under threat. 0:55:49.000,1:01:51.000 And it's not just the non-human. 1:01:51.000,0:54:15.000 We as a species will not be immune either. 0:54:15.000,0:47:09.000 How can we possibly know [br]what the future holds. 0:47:09.000,0:49:12.000 Scientists don't pretend that they [br]can predict specific changes to 0:49:32.000,0:58:14.000 the climate with absolute certainty. 0:58:14.000,0:55:15.000 But they can do 1:03:15.000,0:56:27.000 his calculate the likelihood 1:00:47.000,0:54:08.000 that they will occur. 1:01:14.000,0:54:48.000 It's here at the Met Office's [br]Hadley Centre in Exeter 1:00:28.000,1:01:11.000 that we can't find the answer [br]to some of the big questions. 0:55:33.000,0:49:56.000 This super computer can perform 10 billion 0:55:56.000,0:56:48.000 calculations per second 0:52:59.000,1:00:59.000 each one 0:48:50.000,0:47:54.000 contributing to a model that scientists [br]like Peter Cox can use to 0:47:54.000,0:51:35.000 protect our future climber. 0:53:18.000,0:56:38.000 Climate 1:00:08.000,0:56:49.000 models that essentially 0:54:00.000,1:01:31.000 come out of weather forecasting models 0:54:12.000,1:03:04.000 they run for much longer periods [br]around own for hundreds of years 0:47:25.000,1:00:15.000 rather than days 0:51:16.000,0:51:59.000 but they contain older complex they [br]contain clouds they contain 0:59:29.000,0:59:21.000 rainfall patterns they contain winds 0:57:32.000,0:56:55.000 and Clark models have to contain [br]slower components like how the 0:59:45.000,0:57:38.000 vegetation on the soil respond [br]to changing how the oceans 1:02:08.000,0:50:19.000 change. 0:54:50.000,1:03:20.000 The model 0:50:31.000,0:58:54.000 is like a virtual world a [br]sort of flight simulator. 0:49:15.000,1:03:47.000 Where everything from the melting [br]ice in the Arctic to the 0:49:08.000,1:02:59.000 formation of clouds in the atmosphere 0:51:10.000,1:01:41.000 and the temperatures of the oceans 0:49:32.000,1:04:15.000 are represented by solemnly leap, 1:04:15.000,1:00:37.000 it can give us the probability 0:48:58.000,1:04:29.000 that future events may happen. 1:01:32.000,1:04:03.000 For instance, 1:04:03.000,0:48:07.000 one of the chances of are having [br]another major heatwave 0:56:47.000,1:00:09.000 like the one of summer 2003 0:48:30.000,1:04:51.000 . And 1:04:51.000,0:52:33.000 as the planet warms up 1:01:03.000,0:57:04.000 can we expect 1:01:24.000,0:51:26.000 heatwaves more often. 0:55:00.000,0:56:13.000 It's impossible to put any particular [br]climatic or weather event 1:01:23.000,0:57:15.000 down to climate change alone. 0:57:15.000,0:57:18.000 But what you can do is say that climate [br]change affects the chance 0:57:18.000,0:56:49.000 of an event occurring 0:49:10.000,0:55:13.000 and though it to the very extreme [br]2003 summer we've suffered in 0:55:13.000,0:52:15.000 Europe. 0:52:15.000,0:50:17.000 He killed many people [br]in France for example 0:57:37.000,0:55:58.000 is a case in point. 0:55:58.000,0:57:59.000 That's something that is a, 0:57:59.000,0:59:20.000 a rare event now 0:49:51.000,0:59:43.000 is a one in 200 year type of event, 0:59:43.000,0:57:44.000 but that 0:50:35.000,1:02:37.000 is twice as likely as it was before [br]we started to click change the 1:02:37.000,0:53:18.000 climate 1:02:58.000,1:04:31.000 and by 20-40 because of [br]future climate change, 1:04:31.000,0:55:53.000 it will become a one in 2 year event 1:04:23.000,1:04:15.000 almost the norm by 20-80 0:55:06.000,0:58:17.000 will consider that call you. 0:54:11.000,0:58:54.000 One place where the Hadley model [br]is predicting increasing 1:01:14.000,0:54:55.000 temperatures 0:54:56.000,0:52:47.000 is the next year 0:56:47.000,0:49:39.000 province in northern China. 1:01:04.000,0:53:26.000 Not good news for a land 0:57:46.000,1:04:57.000 where the desert is expanding. 1:01:53.000,0:56:15.000 Over the last 20 years, 0:56:15.000,0:59:17.000 there's been a marked decline in Maine. 1:03:08.000,1:01:01.000 Powerful winds have driven [br]the thin soil into dues 0:52:22.000,0:54:04.000 smothering fields and villages. 1:00:57.000,1:02:48.000 In soup will drink 0:52:39.000,0:57:02.000 many villages have deserted [br]their homes for the cities. 1:02:39.000,0:59:52.000 Those who are left behind like one lane 0:53:03.000,1:04:05.000 must endure a daily battle [br]with the encroaching 0:56:16.000,1:00:36.000 dealings. 0:54:38.000,0:56:29.000 Yeah, 0:56:29.000,1:05:21.000 there wasn't so much sand here before. 1:05:21.000,0:52:02.000 Okay. 0:52:02.000,0:52:33.000 Now the wind is blowing. 0:52:33.000,0:57:14.000 More and more sensitive and. 0:54:16.000,1:00:37.000 So what do you know she also. 1:00:37.000,0:53:39.000 I remember when I was a child. 0:53:39.000,0:55:29.000 The 1:01:29.000,1:06:11.000 environment was really good. 1:06:11.000,0:51:23.000 And in 1973 1:04:13.000,0:56:54.000 went dry 1:06:54.000,1:06:55.000 the grass struck growing 0:55:56.000,1:06:56.000 but dust storms 1:01:07.000,1:01:58.000 the sand covered everything 0:51:59.000,0:51:51.000 and began to affect our lives in every way 0:58:21.000,1:05:41.000 Chi white. 0:56:39.000,1:04:09.000 If you go, 1:04:09.000,0:58:52.000 if you go you know and I get home [br]if I don't brush I sand away 1:01:02.000,1:01:03.000 account gets into my house. 1:04:46.000,0:56:47.000 Then if you, 0:56:47.000,1:01:09.000 if there is takes a lot of time [br]so it affects my work. 1:02:57.000,0:55:58.000 But they require 1:02:18.000,0:52:31.000 a lot of people have left [br]the village already. 0:52:31.000,1:06:21.000 There was also sold 0:57:52.000,0:52:05.000 securities would you might they [br]want to improve their lives. 0:52:05.000,0:58:45.000 So you know 1:02:35.000,1:00:28.000 moved to a better place with water [br]and much better conditions 0:52:59.000,0:54:19.000 you 0:57:39.000,0:59:09.000 not 1:02:39.000,1:06:39.000 Georgia. 1:03:07.000,1:07:07.000 But the 0:54:58.000,0:57:38.000 group. 0:51:29.000,1:03:39.000 Those villages 1:07:49.000,1:03:11.000 that aren't swamped by sand 0:53:32.000,1:06:43.000 are suffering from severe drought 1:01:44.000,0:56:15.000 this village 1:03:05.000,1:06:05.000 ego 0:58:46.000,0:55:38.000 has not had a harvest for 3 years. 1:06:13.000,1:08:04.000 Professor Lin that 0:57:25.000,0:57:07.000 is working for the Chinese government 0:53:58.000,0:54:01.000 trying to discover how badly affected [br]the local people are. 1:08:06.000,0:58:07.000 You know, 0:58:07.000,1:07:08.000 until that can you remember when you were 0:54:29.000,1:01:09.000 younger. 1:01:09.000,1:07:19.000 You know what. 1:07:19.000,0:59:41.000 At the same situation to do 1:07:21.000,1:04:34.000 and when I was a child who it was [br]also sometimes very trying 1:08:34.000,0:59:25.000 IVF. 0:59:25.000,1:01:56.000 But it's become more serious. 1:01:56.000,1:00:57.000 In recent years. 0:52:40.000,0:56:51.000 So you know it's not on the radar 0:57:12.000,0:58:53.000 for troops being on recently 0:54:14.000,1:02:15.000 from the harvest was very bad 0:54:26.000,1:06:06.000 why was that 1:01:37.000,0:54:08.000 there's been a 0:59:48.000,0:54:19.000 rifle. 0:54:19.000,1:06:00.000 There's been no rain for 3 years 0:53:11.000,1:04:41.000 called White out 0:54:22.000,1:04:23.000 of work well by, 1:04:23.000,0:56:16.000 we can only depend on the food [br]given by the government 1:07:46.000,1:08:57.000 and without crops. 1:08:57.000,1:05:38.000 We have no income 0:57:29.000,1:00:20.000 we can't buy anything 1:08:50.000,0:58:02.000 and we have no money to spend. 0:56:24.000,1:00:05.000 When the winds pick up 1:06:25.000,1:06:26.000 the dry soil 0:53:27.000,1:03:38.000 completely create a standstill. 0:59:00.000,0:58:53.000 Such storms are already afflicting [br]cities like Beijing 0:55:04.000,1:03:54.000 if the dying 1:07:44.000,0:56:57.000 continues this will only get worse. 1:08:50.000,1:04:03.000 The bleak realities of climate change 1:09:03.000,1:02:25.000 are being felt all over the world. 1:03:38.000,0:54:39.000 And yet 1:01:19.000,0:59:43.000 despite so much evidence some people [br]refused to believe that human 0:59:43.000,0:53:34.000 activity 0:57:44.000,0:59:36.000 is the cause of the changes we're seeing 1:09:06.000,1:07:17.000 the climate models 0:54:28.000,0:56:59.000 at the Hadley Centre, 0:56:59.000,1:08:00.000 believe that they have put. 1:09:13.000,1:00:34.000 They sat 1:06:54.000,0:55:27.000 both natural climate variations 0:59:37.000,1:03:10.000 and our carbon dioxide emissions [br]into their model 0:54:11.000,1:01:14.000 to see which best explains the [br]changes in temperature. 1:01:14.000,0:55:27.000 Over the last 120 years. 1:08:28.000,0:58:50.000 The key question of course 0:55:41.000,0:59:55.000 is how can we distinguish between [br]variations due to natural causes 0:58:16.000,0:56:28.000 and those variations of the climate 1:06:18.000,1:05:02.000 that are induced by human activity. 1:05:02.000,0:55:33.000 And 1:01:33.000,1:03:14.000 the key thing 1:07:14.000,1:10:04.000 that 0:59:25.000,1:04:16.000 convinced me it anyway 1:10:06.000,0:58:48.000 was a graph like 1:04:58.000,1:00:30.000 this one that we marked out on the floor 1:07:50.000,0:55:02.000 that have been prepared from 1:00:32.000,1:01:13.000 climate scientists 1:04:43.000,1:09:13.000 like 0:56:54.000,0:56:55.000 Professor Peter Cox 1:00:25.000,1:05:17.000 now explain to us the significance 1:08:57.000,1:01:18.000 of this squad. 1:10:38.000,0:58:49.000 Okay. 0:58:49.000,0:58:31.000 What we're gonna do is to [br]take a walk through time 1:03:01.000,1:05:22.000 and the first thing to note, 1:05:22.000,1:06:05.000 as we walk through its a bit the [br]climate is naturally variable. 1:06:05.000,1:09:46.000 It's a spiky based 0:59:07.000,1:06:19.000 occasionally there's a downward trend [br]that's associated a volcano 1:06:19.000,0:56:12.000 going off the coast of system [br]down because of the dust, 0:56:12.000,1:05:02.000 it throws up 1:08:52.000,1:04:03.000 the general it just 1:09:23.000,1:05:34.000 isolates around 0:54:35.000,0:55:16.000 and then we get to a period 1:03:16.000,1:02:57.000 around about 1910 1:08:07.000,1:00:09.000 where you can start to see an upward trend 0:57:20.000,1:00:52.000 a warming of the climate [br]and global warming, 1:00:52.000,1:03:53.000 if you like, 1:03:53.000,0:58:54.000 and the issue is 1:03:24.000,0:57:55.000 what caused that 1:07:25.000,0:55:46.000 was that 0:59:06.000,1:04:17.000 humans are was that natural. 1:04:17.000,1:10:59.000 So what we do to try and work that [br]one hours to take a climate 0:56:10.000,1:06:42.000 model and to put in the various factors, 1:06:42.000,1:02:03.000 what we can say with its 1:05:43.000,0:56:15.000 blinkered here is a car model 1:04:25.000,1:02:57.000 that includes just these natural factors. 1:02:57.000,0:56:09.000 So this is when volcanoes go off 1:03:59.000,0:55:11.000 and the output from the sun 1:02:51.000,1:00:32.000 and you can see that the 1:05:32.000,1:08:53.000 curve can reproduce 0:56:44.000,1:11:05.000 recently well this mid-century warming so 0:57:56.000,0:54:57.000 up to this point, 0:54:57.000,0:55:18.000 you could reasonably argue 1:05:08.000,1:11:01.000 climate variation can be explained [br]by natural factors, 1:11:01.000,1:02:43.000 but as we move on, 1:02:43.000,0:56:55.000 we can see that's no longer true. 0:56:55.000,0:57:08.000 If you get to the latter part of [br]20th century from about 1970 0:59:48.000,1:05:28.000 onwards. 1:05:28.000,1:10:08.000 Here 1:00:09.000,0:59:50.000 you can see the red curve. 0:59:50.000,1:03:01.000 He observed temperatures 1:07:01.000,0:57:12.000 in the green 1:01:52.000,1:06:24.000 really begin to diverge. 1:06:24.000,1:07:57.000 And the question again is what [br]caused this recent woman. 1:07:57.000,1:01:38.000 So we run the model, 1:01:38.000,1:02:21.000 again we include human factors particularly [br]include greenhouse 1:02:21.000,1:07:51.000 effect 0:56:32.000,1:01:02.000 from 0:59:33.000,0:58:25.000 mostly from carbon dioxide [br]that comes to fossil 1:00:56.000,0:59:18.000 and then we get this yellow [br]card and we can see 0:56:49.000,1:11:29.000 as well as reproducing. 1:11:29.000,1:05:50.000 The mid-century 0:58:31.000,1:03:31.000 warming 0:56:02.000,0:57:33.000 we get this recent 1:07:43.000,1:00:15.000 rather rapid warming reproduced 1:11:05.000,1:11:06.000 and that tells us 2 things, 1:11:06.000,1:08:37.000 one is that the model 1:00:48.000,1:08:20.000 looks realistic looks like the real [br]world and the second thing, 1:08:20.000,1:06:51.000 the model tells us 1:10:41.000,1:11:43.000 but this recent morning [br]is due to human beings. 1:01:15.000,0:55:47.000 So there you have it. 0:55:47.000,0:59:18.000 There seems little doubt 1:03:58.000,1:04:39.000 that this recent 1:01:00.000,1:08:50.000 rises 1:03:01.000,0:58:23.000 the steep rise in temperature 1:09:13.000,1:06:45.000 is due to human activity. 1:00:17.000,0:56:59.000 If you look at the green line of now. 0:57:49.000,1:05:30.000 True variability. 1:05:30.000,0:59:41.000 It's clear 1:05:11.000,1:07:53.000 that without the action of human beings, 1:07:53.000,0:56:46.000 they would have been far [br]less temperature change 1:00:36.000,1:03:07.000 since the 19-7. 1:07:05.000,0:58:28.000 We are all involved in this, 0:58:28.000,0:56:31.000 our whole way of life is structured [br]around the Burmese 1:01:01.000,1:02:42.000 of fossil fuels. 1:09:08.000,1:07:09.000 I find it sobering 1:12:59.000,1:02:40.000 to think 1:06:30.000,1:09:53.000 that while I've been traveling [br]the world trying to record 0:57:04.000,1:06:47.000 the complexity and beauty of our planet. 1:06:47.000,1:00:10.000 The night to have been making [br]my own contribution 1:06:20.000,1:03:41.000 to global warming 1:10:43.000,1:00:07.000 as I recognized when I presented [br]life on Earth. 1:00:07.000,1:12:38.000 All those years ago. 1:12:38.000,0:58:32.000 We are a flexible and innovative species. 1:06:22.000,1:12:05.000 And we have the capacity to adapt [br]and modify our behavior 1:09:46.000,0:58:37.000 now 1:03:37.000,1:06:59.000 we most certainly have to do so, 1:06:59.000,0:58:13.000 if we are to deal with climate change. 0:58:13.000,1:06:24.000 It's the biggest challenge 1:13:34.000,0:59:46.000 we have yet faced. 1:13:08.000,1:02:19.000 This 1:08:09.000,1:05:30.000 sea wall 1:01:21.000,1:12:11.000 was built 1:02:32.000,0:57:33.000 to keep out 1:09:03.000,1:00:04.000 what he 1:03:34.000,1:13:26.000 recognized it was a force of nature 1:00:37.000,1:08:07.000 something 0:57:18.000,1:08:08.000 beyond our. 0:58:31.000,1:08:12.000 We ourselves have become 1:11:52.000,1:12:13.000 a force of nature.