[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.29,0:00:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consider the classic white t-shirt.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.98,0:00:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Annually, we sell and buy\Ntwo billion t-shirts globally,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.19,0:00:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making it one of the most common\Ngarments in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.48,0:00:20.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how and where is the average\Nt-shirt made,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.87,0:00:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what's its environmental impact?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.52,0:00:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clothing items can vary a lot,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.40,0:00:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a typical t-shirt begins its life\Non a farm in America, China, or India
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.60,0:00:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where cotton seeds are sown, irrigated and\Ngrown for the fluffy bolls they produce.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.90,0:00:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Self-driving machines carefully harvest\Nthese puffs,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.74,0:00:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an industrial cotton gin mechanically\Nseparates the fluffy bolls from the seeds,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.42,0:00:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the cotton lint is pressed \Ninto 225-kilogram bales.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.14,0:00:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cotton plants require a huge quantity\Nof water and pesticides.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.86,0:01:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2,700 liters of water are needed to produce\Nthe average t-shirt,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.60,0:01:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enough to fill more than 30 bathtubs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.17,0:01:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, cotton uses more insecticides\Nand pesticides
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.49,0:01:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any other crop in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.41,0:01:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These pollutants can be carcinogenic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.65,0:01:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,harm the health of field workers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.89,0:01:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and damage surrounding ecosystems.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.49,0:01:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some t-shirts are made of organic cotton\Ngrown without pesticides and insecticides,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.36,0:01:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but organic cotton makes up less than 1%
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.58,0:01:33.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the 22.7 million metric tons \Nof cotton produced worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.95,0:01:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once the cotton bales leave the farm,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.03,0:01:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,textile mills ship them\Nto a spinning facility,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.08,0:01:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,usually in China or India,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.69,0:01:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where high-tech machines blend,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.42,0:01:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,card,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.74,0:01:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comb,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.09,0:01:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pull,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.46,0:01:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stretch,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.98,0:01:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, finally, twist the cotton into\Nsnowy ropes of yarn called slivers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.84,0:01:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, yarns are sent to the mill,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.63,0:01:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where huge circular knitting machines
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.80,0:02:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weave them into sheets \Nof rough grayish fabric
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.98,0:02:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,treated with heat and chemicals\Nuntil they turn soft and white.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.26,0:02:12.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, the fabric is dipped into\Ncommercial bleaches and azo dyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.57,0:02:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which make up the vivid coloring\Nin about 70% of textiles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.06,0:02:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, some of these contain\Ncancer-causing cadmium,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.73,0:02:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lead,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.48,0:02:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chromium,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.30,0:02:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mercury.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.21,0:02:28.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other harmful compounds and chemicals\Ncan cause widespread contamination
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.21,0:02:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when released as toxic waste water\Nin rivers and oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.52,0:02:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Technologies are now so advanced\Nin some countries
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.06,0:02:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the entire process of growing\Nand producing fabric
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.71,0:02:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,barely touches a human hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.26,0:02:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But only up until this point.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.97,0:02:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the finished cloth \Ntravels to factories,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.42,0:02:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often in Bangladesh, China, India,\Nor Turkey,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.41,0:02:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human labor is still required \Nto stitch them up into t-shirts,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.07,0:02:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,intricate work that \Nmachines just can't do.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.19,0:03:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This process has its own problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.84,0:03:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bangladesh, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.40,0:03:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has surpassed China as the world's\Nbiggest exporter of cotton t-shirts,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.44,0:03:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,employs 4.5 million people\Nin the t-shirt industry,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.31,0:03:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they typically face poor conditions\Nand low wages.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.15,0:03:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After manufacture, all those t-shirts\Ntravel by ship, train, and truck
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.67,0:03:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be sold in high-income countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.19,0:03:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a process that gives cotton \Nan enormous carbon footprint.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.30,0:03:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some countries produce \Ntheir own clothing domestically,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.16,0:03:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which cuts out this polluting stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.56,0:03:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but generally, apparel production accounts\Nfor 10% of global carbon emissions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.25,0:03:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's escalating.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.21,0:03:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cheaper garments and the public's\Nwillingness to buy
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.18,0:03:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boosted global production \Nfrom 1994 to 2014 by 400%
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.47,0:03:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to around 80 billion garments each year.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.10,0:03:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, in a consumer's home,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.15,0:04:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the t-shirt goes through one of the most\Nresource-intensive phases of its lifetime.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.66,0:04:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In America, for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.20,0:04:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the average household does nearly\N400 loads of laundry per year
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.68,0:04:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each using about 40 gallons of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.22,0:04:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Washing machines and dryers \Nboth use energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.84,0:04:20.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with dryers requiring five to six times\Nmore than washers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.15,0:04:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This dramatic shift in clothing \Nconsumption over the last 20 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.74,0:04:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,driven by large corporations\Nand the trend of fast fashion
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.72,0:04:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has cost the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.72,0:04:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the health of farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.10,0:04:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and driven questionable \Nhuman labor practices.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.04,0:04:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's also turned fashion into the second\Nlargest polluter in the world after oil.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.48,0:04:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are things we can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.83,0:04:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consider shopping secondhand.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.01,0:04:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Try to look for textiles made from\Nrecycled or organic fabrics.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.24,0:04:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wash clothes less and line dry\Nto save resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.68,0:04:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of throwing them away\Nat the end of their life,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.93,0:05:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,donate, recycle, or reuse them\Nas cleaning rags.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.07,0:05:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, finally, you might ask yourself,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.18,0:05:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many t-shirts and articles of clothing\Nwill you consume over your lifetime,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.26,0:05:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what will be their combined \Nimpact on the world?