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We have incredible potential.

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But how much do we really know

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about what are the most effective ways
for us to extract this potential?

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To overcome obstacles?
To reach our goals?

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To change as we need
to change along the way?

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To learn? To evolve?

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I'm a professor of computer science,

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and my area of research
is quantum computation.

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No, it's not computers
that don't exist yet.

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But imagine computers
that will take one second

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to solve certain computational tasks

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that the fastest
supercomputer in the world

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will take zillions of years to solve.

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Thousands of researchers

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all over the world are now trying
to build those computers,

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and also trying to understand
what you will be able to do with them

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if and when we manage to build them.

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I deal with difficult challenges
on a daily basis.

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I'm really interested
in trying to find ways

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to overcome obstacles, and learning,
which are more effective.

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Now, during my career
I've had ups and downs.

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I was fortunate enough to have
a very, very successful PhD.

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But immediately after my PhD,
I went into this numb period

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in which nothing seemed to actually work,

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even though I was putting
a lot of effort into it.

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My friend came to me and told me

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"Dorit, you've painted
a very beautiful picture in your PhD.

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But you're putting in too much effort.

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Maybe it's time to let go, sign it up,
and move on to the next picture."

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And he was right; I was clinging
to it with all my might.

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I was applying a lot of force.

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That's one way of applying force.

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But we do that all the time
in many, many different contexts

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and many variations.

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Imagine yourself opening a drawer.

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You try to open it.

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It doesn't open.

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It's stuck.

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What do you do?

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You try harder.

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And if it doesn't work,
you try even harder.

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It might even break.

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You tell yourself
you have to finish an exercise,

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so you force yourself to do it.

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You want to go on a diet,
you force yourself to do it.

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You need to finish this book

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that's been lying
near your bed for a month,

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you force yourself to do it.

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I'm not saying that as a criticism,
it's just an observation.

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We see this all around us,
it's something very natural for us to do,

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and that's what we've probably
been told to do

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many times when we were very young.

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But we lose a lot
from this forceful approach.

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We lose a lot in quality.

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We lose our sensitivity, our creativity.

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Imagine a kid who hates mathematics

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and is forced to do
a mathematical exercise.

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It's not a very pretty
sight to see, right?

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It's not inspiring.

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It's as if some other part
of his brain has taken over him,

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and it's doing the job
but it's doing it very, very poorly.

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But there's a different kind
of thinking and learning

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which is much more connected to ourselves,
and much more attentive,

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and of a much higher quality -

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something which is much more connected,
much more attentive;

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it's more sensitive and more creative.

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I want to give you an experience
of such a learning and thinking process

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which is not forced.

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I'm holding a glass of water
here in front of you,

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and I'm going to rotate
this glass around itself

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without spilling the water, and without
detaching my hand from the glass.

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Here, watch me do it.

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Good, worked the first time.

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Now I have a question for you.

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How many times did the glass
rotate around itself?

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I'll let you watch me do it again.


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Watch carefully.

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Okay.

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It doesn't matter;
the answer doesn't matter.

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The point is that my question - if you're
curious and intrigued by the movement -

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my question triggered some spontaneous
thinking process inside you

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that was unforced.

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It was something
connected to your curiosity

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and something that came from within.

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The answer, by the way, is two.

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I'm looking for ways to maintain
those kind of qualities -

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sensitivity, creativity -
those connections within us,

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not only with such simple exercises,

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but also in front of the hardest obstacles
that we want to overcome.

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For that matter, let me
move on to my other passion.

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I've done body-mind methods for years.

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I practice tai chi,
king fu, yoga, Feldenkrais.

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One day, my kung fu teacher came to me -
it was while I was doing this kick -

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and he told me,

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"Dorit, pay attention to how
you return your leg back from the kick."

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Now, actually, I never even knew
I'm returning my leg back from the kick.

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It always seemed to me like my kick
ended with my leg up in the air,

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and the rest didn't exist.

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And then it occurred to me,
it's exactly how I operate in life.

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I throw myself into challenges,

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and then I don't care about
how I come back from them.

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What we do with our physical body,
our physical patterns,

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are actually intimately connected
to how we interact with life in general.

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I want to give you four principles
I've extracted from body-mind methods.

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And those principles, I think,
are very useful for overcoming obstacles

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and learning in general

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while maintaining your sensitivity,
and creativity, and capabilities,

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even in front of very difficult obstacles.

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Now, those principles don't only apply
to physical movement,

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I think they apply to overcoming
challenges in general.

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In fact, they also apply
to my scientific research

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and for learning mathematics.

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I'm going to give you an example
coming from a Feldenkrais lesson

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and extract the principles
from it one by one.

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I'm just taking Feldenkrais as an example;

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I could have taken other
body-mind methods as well,

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but this is a particularly
illuminating example.

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You see here my Feldenkrais
teacher, Eilat Almagor,

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and she's giving a lesson
to a child called Yuval.

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Yuval came to the lesson with some kind
of asymmetry in the way he's sitting.

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He finds it difficult to lean
on his left sitting bone.

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He leans on his right sitting bone.

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That means that he can't take his right
leg to the right, like that, while sitting

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because he can't lift
his right sitting bone.

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By the end of the lesson, however,

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Yuval actually brings his right leg
to the right on his own.

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I want to give you the key steps
of what's going on in the lesson,

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and walk you through those key steps,

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and extract the principles one by one.

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(Video) Dorit Aharonov: Eilat starts

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by working with Yuval's
right sitting bone.

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Now this might seem counterintuitive

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because Yuval already knows
how to lean on his right sitting bone.

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(On stage) DA: You might think
that this means

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that he will actually move
further to the right.

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And indeed, a little bit later,
he does move further to the right.

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First principle:

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Start within your comfort zone,
and make it even more comfortable.

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The next thing that Eilat does,


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is now that Yuval is very comfortable
with where he is,

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she inserts one little new ingredient
into his scenario.

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She just lets him feel that he can
be supported in his left sitting bone.

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But this is done within his comfort zone.

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She just picks one
little thing to add to it.

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Pick a challenge which
is interesting, within your reach,

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not too easy, not too hard.

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The next thing that Eilat does
might look a bit weird.

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She lifts Yuval up in the air
and lets him fall,

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and she does it from various directions.

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Now what she actually does,

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is she takes him away
from what he has just learned,

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to lean on both his sitting bones,

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and lets him know that he can return back
to what he just learned

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from different directions.

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Third principle:

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Move away from your desired goal,

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and come back to it
from different directions.

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Now, you might have noticed
that during the whole time,

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Yuval continues to play,
and do various things, and move.

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It's all happening
within his comfort zone.

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He integrates everything
that he's learning into his own life.

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Fourth and last principle:

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Play with it, connect it
to everything you know,

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make it your own.

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A little bit later, Yuval takes his leg
to the right on his own.

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The movement has already become his own.

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I want to repeat those four principles.

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Start within your comfort zone
and make it even more comfortable.

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Second principle:

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Not too easy, not too hard:

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Pick an interesting challenge
within your reach.

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Third principle:

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Move away from your desired goal,
and come back to it from different angles.

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Fourth principle:

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Play with it, connect it,
make it your own.

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Okay, now these principles,
they're effective, as you've seen,

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in the context of movement.

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But I find them to be very, very effective
also in other contexts.

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And in particular,
in my scientific research,

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and in the context
of mathematics in general.

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Now, I want to give you an example

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of how to use those principles
in the context of mathematics,

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in the context of a small riddle.

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Once upon a time, there was a queen.

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The queen ruled her island because
she was the only one on the island

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who knew how to do the following trick.

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She had two cubes;
each cube had six faces,

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and on each face,
there is a digit written.

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Now, what she knew
how to do with those cubes

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00:11:09,643 --> 00:11:15,444
is she knew how to represent
all dates in the month with those cubes.

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00:11:15,928 --> 00:11:20,674
Now, this is a bit confusing because
there are only six faces on each cube,

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and there are ten digits to write on them,

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so how did she do that?

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I want to solve this riddle with you
using the principles that I've just shown,

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and I'll have this place here
at the top corner of the screen

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where the principle
that we're now using will be written.

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So that you can keep track of it.

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We start with what we need to do.

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We need to write six digits on each cube
so I make space for those digits,

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00:11:49,576 --> 00:11:50,796
six for each cube.

201
00:11:51,221 --> 00:11:54,715
Now let's start
with a very, very small step.

202
00:11:54,715 --> 00:11:58,025
Let's just write the first date - 01.

203
00:11:58,556 --> 00:12:02,336
So we need a 0 on the first cube,
and we need a 1 on the second cube

204
00:12:02,336 --> 00:12:03,556
so we do that.

205
00:12:03,916 --> 00:12:07,736
Well that was easy enough,
so let's continue this way.

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00:12:08,376 --> 00:12:13,355
We can also write 02, 03, 04, 05.

207
00:12:15,115 --> 00:12:19,485
Okay, but we can't continue like that
for all dates that start with 0,

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00:12:19,485 --> 00:12:22,126
there's just not enough room
in the right cube.

209
00:12:22,396 --> 00:12:27,465
So now we see that we can
identify a simple goal

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00:12:27,465 --> 00:12:30,608
that is still something interesting
that we don't know how to do.

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00:12:31,330 --> 00:12:36,883
Let's try to represent
all the dates that start with 0 -

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00:12:37,277 --> 00:12:39,316
the left-most column.

213
00:12:40,994 --> 00:12:45,258
We see that we can't just do that
with just one 0 on one cube,

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00:12:45,258 --> 00:12:48,718
but if we add one 0 on the right cube,

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00:12:48,718 --> 00:12:52,458
then you can combine it
with all the digits

216
00:12:52,458 --> 00:12:54,989
by putting all the other digits
on the left cube.

217
00:12:54,989 --> 00:12:57,338
So now we are done with the left column.

218
00:12:58,189 --> 00:13:03,129
But we can take this idea of having
0 on both cubes to the next column.

219
00:13:04,528 --> 00:13:06,346
We can solve now for the next column

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00:13:06,346 --> 00:13:10,147
which consists of all numbers
that start with 1,

221
00:13:10,147 --> 00:13:12,519
by just putting 1 on both cubes.

222
00:13:13,449 --> 00:13:17,019
We can do that because we have more room,
we add a 1 to the left cube,

223
00:13:17,019 --> 00:13:18,529
and now we have 1 on both cubes

224
00:13:18,529 --> 00:13:21,338
and we can do all combinations
with all the other digits.

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00:13:21,738 --> 00:13:24,152
So that's fine for the second column.

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00:13:24,518 --> 00:13:26,489
Now we want to do the third column.

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00:13:27,118 --> 00:13:29,940
So if we can put 2 on both cubes,
that would be great,

228
00:13:29,940 --> 00:13:31,441
but we don't have more room.

229
00:13:31,841 --> 00:13:33,140
So now what do we do?

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00:13:33,420 --> 00:13:38,291
Well, we use the next principle,
and we make a deliberate mistake.

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00:13:38,291 --> 00:13:43,052
We move away from our target and we add 2,
even though we don't have room for that.

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00:13:43,550 --> 00:13:45,260
Maybe we can correct for it later.

233
00:13:45,831 --> 00:13:49,391
Okay, so now we have 2 on the left cube,

234
00:13:49,391 --> 00:13:52,791
and you can check that
you can now write all the 20s,

235
00:13:53,161 --> 00:13:56,120
and you can also see
that you can write 30 and 31.

236
00:13:56,910 --> 00:14:00,491
Great, but now we have
seven digits on the left cube.

237
00:14:00,491 --> 00:14:02,730
So how do we correct for that?

238
00:14:05,520 --> 00:14:09,032
I need all the digits on the left cube,
so what do I do?

239
00:14:09,782 --> 00:14:13,652
Now I want to use the fourth principle:
I want to play with it.

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00:14:15,152 --> 00:14:17,466
So let's get serious with playing.

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00:14:19,284 --> 00:14:23,245
I brought here with me
two colorful cubes from that island,

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and I want to play with them.

243
00:14:26,327 --> 00:14:30,865
I'm going to play with them,
and I can write here -

244
00:14:31,135 --> 00:14:32,771
they're going to break, actually -

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00:14:32,771 --> 00:14:35,965
okay, I have a 2 here;
I can write 20-something.

246
00:14:36,306 --> 00:14:37,485
Let's see.

247
00:14:37,835 --> 00:14:39,600
I can write 21.

248
00:14:39,885 --> 00:14:41,416
I can write 27.

249
00:14:41,781 --> 00:14:44,276
I can write 26.

250
00:14:45,146 --> 00:14:46,286
29!

251
00:14:46,286 --> 00:14:48,545
Right, I can also write 29.

252
00:14:48,784 --> 00:14:51,055
Aha, you've got it already.

253
00:14:51,265 --> 00:14:55,095
I don't need the 6 and 9.

254
00:14:56,670 --> 00:14:58,906
And that's the solution.

255
00:14:59,809 --> 00:15:02,095
Now, you might be thinking,

256
00:15:02,095 --> 00:15:06,285
"Hmm, is this all it takes
to be a quantum computer scientist?

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Just rotate colorful cubes

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00:15:08,976 --> 00:15:12,765
and lift your right and left
sitting bone once in a while,

259
00:15:12,765 --> 00:15:15,696
and follow your butt once in a while?"

260
00:15:15,696 --> 00:15:17,966
Well, the answer is...

261
00:15:18,386 --> 00:15:19,836
honestly, yes.

262
00:15:22,506 --> 00:15:25,046
Now seriously, I strongly believe

263
00:15:25,046 --> 00:15:30,855
that all scientific discoveries,
great or small,

264
00:15:30,855 --> 00:15:34,286
can be boiled down
to a very small, little step

265
00:15:34,286 --> 00:15:37,715
of maybe a twist or a rotation
around what you thought before,

266
00:15:37,715 --> 00:15:40,935
or looking at things
from a different angle,

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00:15:40,935 --> 00:15:43,515
or making an unexpected connection.

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00:15:44,065 --> 00:15:48,255
And playing with it
will reveal those things.

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00:15:48,746 --> 00:15:53,387
And this is exactly what we're doing now
in the area of quantum computation.

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00:15:53,387 --> 00:15:57,927
In this area, we are actually at the state
of Yuval in the beginning of the lesson.

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We don't know yet
how to build those computers.

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00:16:00,499 --> 00:16:04,057
And we don't know yet
what we will be able to do with them,

273
00:16:04,057 --> 00:16:06,267
if and when they're built.

274
00:16:06,267 --> 00:16:10,948
But what we're doing is,
we start within our comfort zone,

275
00:16:10,948 --> 00:16:14,299
we look around to see
where we can expand it,

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00:16:14,299 --> 00:16:16,083
where we can find challenges

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00:16:16,083 --> 00:16:18,382
within our reach
that are still interesting,

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00:16:18,382 --> 00:16:20,628
and once we find them
and manage to get them,

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00:16:20,628 --> 00:16:22,450
we try to understand it further,

280
00:16:22,450 --> 00:16:25,491
we try to go back and forth
in order for it to be reliable.

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00:16:25,491 --> 00:16:27,751
We try to fall on it
from different directions,

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00:16:27,751 --> 00:16:29,960
and we keep continuing to play.

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00:16:30,230 --> 00:16:34,160
And that is something
that has already been very useful,

284
00:16:34,160 --> 00:16:36,780
even without reaching
our goals, our big goals,

285
00:16:36,780 --> 00:16:39,060
we already found very,
very interesting things

286
00:16:39,060 --> 00:16:43,042
and many new areas have been opened,
and many new connections,

287
00:16:43,042 --> 00:16:44,513
just by this approach.

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00:16:44,783 --> 00:16:50,436
Do you have a goal in your life
that you haven't managed to move

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00:16:50,686 --> 00:16:53,913
or make progress on for a long time?

290
00:16:54,128 --> 00:16:56,404
I invite you to check - maybe...

291
00:16:56,594 --> 00:16:57,903
maybe...

292
00:16:57,903 --> 00:17:00,734
you're putting just too much energy

293
00:17:00,734 --> 00:17:04,284
in a direction that you expect
things to move.

294
00:17:04,544 --> 00:17:10,476
And maybe by reducing the amount of force
and letting it move in other directions,

295
00:17:10,476 --> 00:17:12,654
you might find yourself
in a different place

296
00:17:12,654 --> 00:17:15,224
which could be very close
to where you are now,

297
00:17:15,224 --> 00:17:18,666
but it will be a different place
from which things will look different.

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00:17:19,626 --> 00:17:25,496
I find that resisting the temptation
of using the forceful approach

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00:17:25,496 --> 00:17:27,975
is a lifelong process of awareness,

300
00:17:27,975 --> 00:17:29,595
but I think it's worthwhile

301
00:17:29,595 --> 00:17:33,686
because you gain your sensitivity,
your creativity, your liveliness,

302
00:17:33,686 --> 00:17:35,607
in front of difficult obstacles.

303
00:17:35,607 --> 00:17:38,037
And even if you don't reach
what you wanted,

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well, you reach other places
which could be as interesting.

305
00:17:42,567 --> 00:17:43,946
Thank you for listening.

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00:17:43,946 --> 00:17:46,475
(Applause)

307
00:17:46,475 --> 00:17:47,627
(Whistles)

308
00:17:47,627 --> 00:17:49,237
(Cheers)