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[How will COVID-19 vaccines
be prioritized?]

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The people who are going to be
prioritized to receive the vaccines

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are healthcare workers
who are on the front lines,

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as well as anybody
who works in a hospital,

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and then those who live
in skilled nursing facilities.

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Skilled nursing facilities
account for about 6% of the population,

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but almost 40% of the deaths due to COVID.

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So these are very high-risk individuals
for bad outcomes from COVID.

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[Are there side effects
from a COVID-19 vaccine?]

10
00:00:38,151 --> 00:00:40,908
It looks like it's the same
kind of side effects

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that you would get from influenza
or a tetanus shot.

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You get a sore arm for a day or two,
maybe a headache or fatigue,

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and then that goes away.

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There's no way that you can get COVID
from the coronavirus vaccine.

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So there's absolutely no way.

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It's just a small fragment of the RNA

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that encodes for a small portion
of the spike protein.

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So it doesn't replicate,
it can't replicate,

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and it can't cause COVID.

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[What does a vaccine mean
for masking and social distancing?]

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We're going to have to be masking
and social distancing

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for the foreseeable future.

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When we'll be able to stop masking
and social distancing

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is when we achieve
some level of herd immunity

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within our communities.

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That's going to take 60 to 70%
of the population to be immune.

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Right now, through infection,

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if people are immune after infection,
which we're still not sure,

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there's been less than 10% of people
in the US who have been infected.

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And then when the vaccine comes out,

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it's going to come out
in limited quantities,

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and so we're not going to be able
to vaccinate everybody all at once.

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So we anticipate that we will be able
to achieve that 60 to 70% immunity

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either through infection plus immunization

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in maybe the middle of 2021,
maybe the end of 2021.

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We'll just have to see.

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[How do COVID-19 vaccines work?]

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So there's three main vaccines,

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and two of them
are messenger RNA vaccines,

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mRNA,

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and those are the ones produced
by Pfizer as well as Moderna.

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And so those vaccines, what they are, 
is a fragment of the messenger RNA

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that encodes for a certain portion
of the spike protein of the coronavirus.

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That's the vaccine.

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So when that is given to us,

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then our own cells make that protein,
just a fragment of that protein,

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and then we have an immune
response to that protein,

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and that's how they work
to develop immunity.

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The other vaccine is similar,
the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine.

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It's a nonreplicating adenovirus vector

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that again has a fragment
of the spike protein,

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and so then we get
an immune response to that.