[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.80,0:00:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Instructor] The western\Nor northwestern coast
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.08,0:00:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of South America has\Nbeen an interesting place
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.84,0:00:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for ancient civilizations.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.80,0:00:10.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We believe it to be one of the places
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.37,0:00:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that agriculture developed independently,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.99,0:00:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as we'll see in this\Nvideo, and we've talked
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.38,0:00:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about in other videos, it's a place where
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.00,0:00:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have many significant cultures
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.31,0:00:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and civilizations and empires developing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.41,0:00:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what's interesting about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.84,0:00:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is not your classic\Nriver valley civilization
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.08,0:00:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like we have in Mesopotamia\Nor in ancient Egypt
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.16,0:00:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or along the Yellow River in China
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.89,0:00:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the Indus River in India and Pakistan.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.84,0:00:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, this area is really defined
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.20,0:00:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the Humboldt Current.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.67,0:00:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Humboldt Current is\Na current that comes up
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.41,0:00:45.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the south and off the coast
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.49,0:00:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what is modern-day\NPeru for the most part,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.47,0:00:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it brings all these nutrients\Nfrom the bottom of the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.38,0:00:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what it does is it makes\Nit a very powerful fishery,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.43,0:00:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there's a lot of fish in the ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.02,0:00:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this part of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.28,0:01:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it also has interesting\Neffects on the climate on land.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.08,0:01:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in this region, you\Ncan see even on this map,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.36,0:01:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's this thin strip of\Ndesert, and then you get
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.24,0:01:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the Andes Mountains,\Nand on the other side
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.90,0:01:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Andes Mountains, you start to
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.85,0:01:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have the tropical rainforest.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.46,0:01:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you go to Peru,\Nespecially on the western part
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.12,0:01:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Peru, the ocean will look like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.55,0:01:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is actually a picture I took
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.68,0:01:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a recent family trip to Peru.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.47,0:01:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, as you get right onto the coast,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.46,0:01:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will be pretty arid\Ndesert, and then when
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.88,0:01:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get up into the mountains,\Nthey're fairly high altitude,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.81,0:01:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll have these mountain valleys,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.23,0:01:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of them are at\N7,000, 8,0000, 9,000 feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.10,0:01:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is actually another\Npicture that I took
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.40,0:01:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from my recent vacation\Nin Peru a few months ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.97,0:01:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what's interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.88,0:01:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the ancient civilizations there is
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.52,0:01:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of them might have\Nsettled on the coast
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.31,0:01:54.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take advantage of the\Nfishing that was available.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.89,0:01:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were some rivers, or there\Ncontinue to be some rivers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.75,0:02:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that go from the mountains\Nthrough the desert,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.56,0:02:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so some early agriculture\Ndeveloped around that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.68,0:02:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's also\Ncivilizations that developed
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.63,0:02:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around these high altitude valleys.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.58,0:02:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what's really interesting\Nabout these civilizations
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.96,0:02:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because of the terrain,\Nthey weren't as unified
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.79,0:02:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as things we might see in Mesoamerica.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.79,0:02:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of the first\Ncivilizations in the all Americas
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.67,0:02:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have archeological evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.07,0:02:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of is the Caral or Norte\NChico civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.43,0:02:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one thing to keep in mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.69,0:02:28.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as I give the names of\Nthese civilizations,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.39,0:02:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is not what they called themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.24,0:02:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The civilizations tend to be named
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.07,0:02:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after the most significant archeological
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.53,0:02:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,locations that people have found.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.34,0:02:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now as we get into\Nthe first millennium BCE,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.54,0:02:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have what's called\Nthe Chavin civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.67,0:02:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once again, it wasn't their name.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.54,0:02:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was about 3,000 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.19,0:02:50.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to be clear, this\Nis when we just start
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.71,0:02:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see that civilization\Ngetting quite advanced.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.37,0:02:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's evidence that\Npeople had been settled
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.33,0:03:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this area around\Nmodern-day Peru and Bolivia
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.72,0:03:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and northern Chile and\NEcuador for potentially
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.42,0:03:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousands of years before that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.38,0:03:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just to get a sense of\Nthe Chavin civilization,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.22,0:03:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here are some archeological\Nartifacts discovered.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.83,0:03:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they were discovered\Nat Chavin de Huantar,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.74,0:03:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thus the name Chavin civilization,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.46,0:03:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes called Chavin culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.32,0:03:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what's interesting is\Nwe have these artifacts,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.19,0:03:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it looks like it was a\Nreligious cultural center.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.41,0:03:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people refer to\Nit as a religious cult
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.66,0:03:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that really took off in this area,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.55,0:03:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we don't believe that\Nit was a formal empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.18,0:03:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't know for certain,\Nbecause we don't have
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.47,0:03:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,written records, so we're\Njust trying to figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.93,0:03:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we can from the\Narcheological evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.94,0:03:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, near the time that the Chavin culture
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.13,0:03:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started to decline,\Nand what's interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.34,0:03:54.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we believe that a lot of\Nthese cultures declined
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.55,0:03:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either from warfare between themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.75,0:04:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or some type of climate change,\Nwhether it was the El Niño
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.64,0:04:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or some type of drought or\Nfamine and maybe that could
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.38,0:04:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually cause a lot of the conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.15,0:04:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within a society as well, but\Nthose are some of the leading
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.44,0:04:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,theories as to why the Chavin\Nculture ended around 200 BCE.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.81,0:04:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now around that time, we start to see
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.26,0:04:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the emergence of several other cultures.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.65,0:04:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have the famous Nazca culture emerge
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.76,0:04:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right over here in southwest Peru.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.50,0:04:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're most famous,\Nperhaps, for the Nazca Lines,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.82,0:04:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these huge, I guess you say drawings,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.58,0:04:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or patterns, that are made in the land.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.32,0:04:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of them are 300 meters,\Na third of a kilometer,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.53,0:04:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you really can't even\Nappreciate what they represent
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.00,0:04:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless you're looking at it\Nfrom a significant altitude.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.74,0:04:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people have theorized that\Nthis is some type of message
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.67,0:04:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're trying to send to the sky gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.74,0:04:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people have even thought,\Nhey, maybe this has something
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.12,0:04:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do with trying to\Ncommunicate with aliens.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.41,0:04:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is famously called the Space Man.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.18,0:04:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who knows, it's interesting\Nto theorize about that Nazca
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.31,0:05:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,civilization, which started\Nto emerge around 200 BCE.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.69,0:05:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once again, we don't have written record,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.04,0:05:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we can just look at their architecture,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.15,0:05:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these patterns that they created.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.23,0:05:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now a little bit later, we\Nstart to see the emergence
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.52,0:05:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Moche civilization or\Nthe Moche culture in this area
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.73,0:05:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in light blue over here,\Nsometimes called Mochica.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.98,0:05:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is one of the\Nsignificant structures they built,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.73,0:05:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hauca del Sol, known as\Nthe Temple of the Sun,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.08,0:05:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's been damaged a\Nlot, oftentimes by people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.54,0:05:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are trying to loot it or excavate it
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.55,0:05:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in irresponsible ways, but\Nit was the largest structure
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.38,0:05:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have found from pre-Colombian America.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.99,0:05:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we say pre-Colombian America,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.31,0:05:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're saying before Christopher\NColumbus got to America.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.91,0:05:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Moche are really interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.36,0:05:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though they didn't have writing,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.26,0:05:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can learn a lot from their art
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.26,0:05:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is some examples of it and
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.07,0:05:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,frankly this is some of the\Nless graphic examples of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.87,0:05:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, as we get into the first millennium,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.60,0:05:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially the middle part\Nof the first millennium,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.02,0:05:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we start to see some other significant
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.73,0:06:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cultures and civilizations emerge.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.29,0:06:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, around 500\NCE, so roughly 1500 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.17,0:06:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see the Wari civilization emerge,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.86,0:06:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's here in red.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.06,0:06:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's some debates and you'll see
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.49,0:06:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these debates a lot as\Nwe study ancient history.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.99,0:06:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was it an empire or was it just
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.90,0:06:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a culture that had a lot of influence?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.32,0:06:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the arguments for empire are
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.15,0:06:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it seemed like there was\Nwealth, it seemed like
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.70,0:06:29.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were able to build\Nlarge infrastructure works,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.91,0:06:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was consistency across\Ndifferent settlements.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.74,0:06:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there's also the Tiwanaku,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.02,0:06:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we believe it was truly an empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.83,0:06:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we can say the Tiwanaku civilization,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.10,0:06:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right over here in yellow, really centered
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.25,0:06:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at off the coast of Lake Titicaca,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.76,0:06:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is right in that\Narea right over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.39,0:06:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the big take away here is this is
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.09,0:06:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a sample of some of the civilizations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.66,0:06:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you had in this part of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.89,0:06:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what's really interesting\Nis, as I mentioned,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.39,0:06:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of them weren't able\Nto form formal empires,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.53,0:07:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people think because of\Nthe valley, the mountains,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.55,0:07:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the terrain, that were keeping\Npeople from maybe trading or
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.34,0:07:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being able to control each other\Na little bit more strongly.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.81,0:07:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But eventually we do have the emergence
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.75,0:07:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of fairly strong empires,\Nas we see in the Incas,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.01,0:07:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which emerges in the 15th\Ncentury, around 1438.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.16,0:07:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the Inca empire ends
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.61,0:07:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the European\Ncolonization of the Americas.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.64,0:07:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we also believe that the Tiwanaku
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.24,0:07:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were a significant empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.14,0:07:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite some of the geographical hurdles.