WEBVTT 00:00:00.825 --> 00:00:02.464 Have you heard the news? 00:00:02.488 --> 00:00:05.438 We're in a clean energy revolution. 00:00:05.462 --> 00:00:07.452 And where I live in Berkeley, California, 00:00:07.476 --> 00:00:11.760 it seems like every day I see a new roof with new solar panels going up, 00:00:11.784 --> 00:00:13.511 electric car in the driveway. 00:00:13.812 --> 00:00:17.027 Germany sometimes gets half its power from solar, 00:00:17.051 --> 00:00:21.544 and India is now committed to building 10 times more solar 00:00:21.568 --> 00:00:22.896 than we have in California, 00:00:22.920 --> 00:00:24.442 by the year 2022. 00:00:24.896 --> 00:00:27.246 Even nuclear seems to be making a comeback. 00:00:27.874 --> 00:00:30.919 Bill Gates is in China working with engineers, 00:00:30.943 --> 00:00:33.740 there's 40 different companies that are working together 00:00:33.764 --> 00:00:37.089 to try to race to build the first reactor that runs on waste, 00:00:37.113 --> 00:00:38.350 that can't melt down 00:00:38.374 --> 00:00:39.692 and is cheaper than coal. 00:00:40.492 --> 00:00:42.797 And so you might start to ask: 00:00:43.430 --> 00:00:45.227 Is this whole global warming problem 00:00:45.251 --> 00:00:48.201 going to be a lot easier to solve than anybody imagined? NOTE Paragraph 00:00:48.504 --> 00:00:50.455 That was the question we wanted to know, 00:00:50.479 --> 00:00:53.721 so my colleagues and I decided to take a deep dive into the data. 00:00:53.745 --> 00:00:55.772 We were a little skeptical of some parts 00:00:55.796 --> 00:00:57.803 of the clean energy revolution story, 00:00:57.827 --> 00:01:00.587 but what we found really surprised us. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:00.611 --> 00:01:04.521 The first thing is that clean energy has been increasing. 00:01:04.545 --> 00:01:08.666 This is electricity from clean energy sources over the last 20 years. 00:01:09.023 --> 00:01:12.741 But when you look at the percentage of global electricity 00:01:12.765 --> 00:01:14.104 from clean energy sources, 00:01:14.128 --> 00:01:18.694 it's actually been in decline from 36 percent to 31 percent. 00:01:18.718 --> 00:01:20.900 And if you care about climate change, 00:01:20.924 --> 00:01:23.070 you've got to go in the opposite direction 00:01:23.094 --> 00:01:26.644 to 100 percent of our electricity from clean energy sources, 00:01:26.668 --> 00:01:28.266 as quickly as possible. 00:01:28.290 --> 00:01:29.447 Now, you might wonder, 00:01:29.471 --> 00:01:33.340 "Come on, how much could five percentage points of global electricity be?" 00:01:33.364 --> 00:01:35.131 Well, it turns out to be quite a bit. 00:01:35.155 --> 00:01:38.298 It's the equivalent of 60 nuclear plants 00:01:38.322 --> 00:01:41.933 the size of Diablo Canyon, California's last nuclear plant, 00:01:41.957 --> 00:01:45.626 or 900 solar farms the size of Topaz, 00:01:45.650 --> 00:01:48.179 which is one of the biggest solar farms in the world, 00:01:48.203 --> 00:01:50.829 and certainly our biggest in California. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:51.587 --> 00:01:54.831 A big part of this is simply that fossil fuels are increasing 00:01:54.855 --> 00:01:56.108 faster than clean energy. 00:01:56.132 --> 00:01:57.371 And that's understandable. 00:01:57.395 --> 00:01:59.110 There's just a lot of poor countries 00:01:59.134 --> 00:02:01.587 that are still using wood and dung and charcoal 00:02:01.611 --> 00:02:03.196 as their main source of energy, 00:02:03.220 --> 00:02:04.671 and they need modern fuels. 00:02:04.695 --> 00:02:06.644 But there's something else going on, 00:02:06.668 --> 00:02:10.723 which is that one of those clean energy sources in particular 00:02:10.747 --> 00:02:14.155 has actually been on the decline in absolute terms, 00:02:14.179 --> 00:02:15.680 not just relatively. 00:02:15.704 --> 00:02:16.918 And that's nuclear. 00:02:16.942 --> 00:02:20.591 You can see its generation has declined seven percent 00:02:20.615 --> 00:02:22.452 over the last 10 years. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:22.476 --> 00:02:25.084 Now, solar and wind have been making huge strides, 00:02:25.108 --> 00:02:28.016 so you hear a lot of talk about how it doesn't really matter, 00:02:28.040 --> 00:02:30.778 because solar and wind is going to make up the difference. 00:02:30.802 --> 00:02:32.658 But the data says something different. 00:02:32.682 --> 00:02:35.727 When you combine all the electricity from solar and wind, 00:02:35.751 --> 00:02:40.550 you see it actually barely makes up half of the decline from nuclear. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:41.758 --> 00:02:44.076 Let's take a closer look in the United States. 00:02:44.100 --> 00:02:47.891 Over the last couple of years -- really 2013, 2014 -- 00:02:47.915 --> 00:02:51.384 we prematurely retired four nuclear power plants. 00:02:51.408 --> 00:02:54.207 They were almost entirely replaced with fossil fuels, 00:02:54.231 --> 00:02:57.737 and so the consequence was that we wiped out 00:02:57.761 --> 00:03:02.687 almost as much clean energy electricity that we get from solar. 00:03:02.711 --> 00:03:05.732 And it's not unique to us. 00:03:06.113 --> 00:03:09.184 People think of California as a clean energy and climate leader, 00:03:09.208 --> 00:03:11.216 but when we looked at the data, 00:03:11.240 --> 00:03:12.741 what we found is that, in fact, 00:03:12.765 --> 00:03:15.968 California reduced emissions more slowly than the national average, 00:03:15.992 --> 00:03:17.835 between 2000 and 2015. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:18.359 --> 00:03:19.594 What about Germany? 00:03:19.618 --> 00:03:21.651 They're doing a lot of clean energy. 00:03:21.675 --> 00:03:23.406 But when you look at the data, 00:03:23.430 --> 00:03:26.708 German emissions have actually been going up since 2009, 00:03:26.732 --> 00:03:29.307 and there's really not anybody who's going to tell you 00:03:29.331 --> 00:03:32.639 that they're going to meet their climate commitments in 2020. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:33.137 --> 00:03:34.889 The reason isn't hard to understand. 00:03:34.913 --> 00:03:38.216 Solar and wind provide power about 10 to 20 percent of the time, 00:03:38.240 --> 00:03:40.288 which means that when the sun's not shining, 00:03:40.312 --> 00:03:41.664 the wind's not blowing, 00:03:41.688 --> 00:03:43.839 you still need power for your hospitals, 00:03:43.863 --> 00:03:46.593 your homes, your cities, your factories. 00:03:46.617 --> 00:03:50.521 And while batteries have made some really cool improvements lately, 00:03:50.545 --> 00:03:53.253 the truth is, they're just never going to be as efficient 00:03:53.277 --> 00:03:54.476 as the electrical grid. 00:03:54.500 --> 00:03:57.627 Every time you put electricity into a battery and take it out, 00:03:57.651 --> 00:04:00.907 you lose about 20 to 40 percent of the power. 00:04:01.470 --> 00:04:04.063 That's why when, in California, 00:04:04.087 --> 00:04:06.801 we try to deal with all the solar we've brought online -- 00:04:06.825 --> 00:04:09.589 we now get about 10 percent of electricity from solar -- 00:04:09.613 --> 00:04:12.255 when the sun goes down, and people come home from work 00:04:12.279 --> 00:04:14.769 and turn on their air conditioners and their TV sets, 00:04:14.793 --> 00:04:16.691 and every other appliance in the house, 00:04:16.715 --> 00:04:19.176 we need a lot of natural gas backup. 00:04:19.200 --> 00:04:20.365 So what we've been doing 00:04:20.389 --> 00:04:23.303 is stuffing a lot of natural gas into the side of a mountain. 00:04:23.616 --> 00:04:25.865 And that worked pretty well for a while, 00:04:25.889 --> 00:04:28.880 but then late last year, it sprung a leak. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:28.904 --> 00:04:30.744 This is Aliso Canyon. 00:04:30.768 --> 00:04:33.782 So much methane gas was released, 00:04:33.806 --> 00:04:36.992 it was the equivalent of putting half a million cars on the road. 00:04:37.016 --> 00:04:40.913 It basically blew through all of our climate commitments for the year. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:41.681 --> 00:04:43.005 Well, what about India? 00:04:43.029 --> 00:04:46.280 Sometimes you have to go places to really get the right data, 00:04:46.304 --> 00:04:48.285 so we traveled to India a few months ago. 00:04:48.309 --> 00:04:51.440 We met with all the top officials -- solar, nuclear, the rest -- 00:04:51.464 --> 00:04:53.005 and what they told us is, 00:04:53.029 --> 00:04:55.083 "We're actually having more serious problems 00:04:55.107 --> 00:04:56.782 than both Germany and California. 00:04:56.806 --> 00:05:00.339 We don't have backup; we don't have all the natural gas. 00:05:00.363 --> 00:05:02.895 And that's just the start of it. 00:05:02.919 --> 00:05:05.808 Say we want to get to 100 gigawatts by 2022. 00:05:05.832 --> 00:05:07.784 But last year we did just five, 00:05:07.808 --> 00:05:09.846 and the year before that, we did five." NOTE Paragraph 00:05:09.870 --> 00:05:12.746 So, let's just take a closer look at nuclear. 00:05:12.770 --> 00:05:15.993 The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 00:05:16.017 --> 00:05:18.988 has looked at the carbon content of all these different fuels, 00:05:19.012 --> 00:05:22.945 and nuclear comes out really low -- it's actually lower even than solar. 00:05:22.969 --> 00:05:26.864 And nuclear obviously provides a lot of power -- 00:05:26.888 --> 00:05:29.441 24 hours a day, seven days a week. 00:05:29.465 --> 00:05:33.399 During a year, a single plant can provide power 92 percent of the time. 00:05:33.423 --> 00:05:35.995 What's interesting is that when you look at countries 00:05:36.019 --> 00:05:38.561 that have deployed different kinds of clean energies, 00:05:38.585 --> 00:05:40.485 there's only a few that have done so 00:05:40.509 --> 00:05:43.364 at a pace consistent with dealing with the climate crisis. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:43.388 --> 00:05:45.439 So nuclear seems like a pretty good option, 00:05:45.463 --> 00:05:47.501 but there's this big problem with it, 00:05:47.525 --> 00:05:49.555 which all of you, I'm sure, are aware of, 00:05:49.579 --> 00:05:52.407 which is that people really don't like it. 00:05:52.431 --> 00:05:55.622 There was a study, a survey done of people around the world, 00:05:55.646 --> 00:05:58.149 not just in the United States or Europe, 00:05:58.173 --> 00:05:59.704 about a year and a half ago. 00:05:59.728 --> 00:06:01.062 And what they found 00:06:01.086 --> 00:06:04.878 is that nuclear is actually one of the least popular forms of energy. 00:06:04.902 --> 00:06:07.332 Even oil is more popular than nuclear. 00:06:07.356 --> 00:06:10.522 And while nuclear kind of edges out coal, the thing is, 00:06:10.546 --> 00:06:14.363 people don't really fear coal in the same way they fear nuclear, 00:06:14.387 --> 00:06:16.804 which really operates on our unconscious. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:16.828 --> 00:06:18.463 So what is it that we fear? 00:06:18.487 --> 00:06:20.037 There's really three things. 00:06:20.061 --> 00:06:22.301 There's the safety of the plants themselves -- 00:06:22.325 --> 00:06:25.130 the fears that they're going to melt down and cause damage; 00:06:25.154 --> 00:06:26.499 there's the waste from them; 00:06:26.523 --> 00:06:29.030 and there's the association with weapons. 00:06:29.562 --> 00:06:30.998 And I think, understandably, 00:06:31.022 --> 00:06:35.064 engineers look at those concerns and look for technological fixes. 00:06:35.088 --> 00:06:38.071 That's why Bill Gates is in China developing advanced reactors. 00:06:38.095 --> 00:06:41.219 That's why 40 different entrepreneurs are working on this problem. 00:06:41.243 --> 00:06:43.474 And I, myself, have been very excited about it. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:43.498 --> 00:06:45.640 We did a report: "How to Make Nuclear Cheap." 00:06:45.664 --> 00:06:48.562 In particular, the thorium reactor shows a lot of promise. 00:06:48.586 --> 00:06:50.690 So when the climate scientist, James Hansen, 00:06:50.714 --> 00:06:52.983 asked if I wanted to go to China with him 00:06:53.007 --> 00:06:55.391 and look at the Chinese advanced nuclear program, 00:06:55.415 --> 00:06:56.665 I jumped at the chance. 00:06:56.689 --> 00:06:59.880 We were there with MIT and UC Berkeley engineers. 00:06:59.904 --> 00:07:01.580 And I had in my mind 00:07:01.604 --> 00:07:03.916 that the Chinese would be able to do with nuclear 00:07:03.940 --> 00:07:05.987 what they did with so many other things -- 00:07:06.011 --> 00:07:09.940 start to crank out small nuclear reactors on assembly lines, 00:07:09.964 --> 00:07:14.352 ship them up like iPhones or MacBooks and send them around the world. 00:07:14.376 --> 00:07:16.359 I would get one at home in Berkeley. 00:07:17.120 --> 00:07:19.081 But what I found was somewhat different. 00:07:19.105 --> 00:07:22.009 The presentations were all very exciting and very promising; 00:07:22.033 --> 00:07:24.519 they have multiple reactors that they're working on. 00:07:24.543 --> 00:07:27.848 The time came for the thorium reactor, and a bunch of us were excited. 00:07:27.872 --> 00:07:31.271 They went through the whole presentation, they got to the timeline 00:07:31.295 --> 00:07:32.552 and they said, 00:07:32.576 --> 00:07:36.094 "We're going to have a thorium molten salt reactor 00:07:36.118 --> 00:07:38.283 ready for sale to the world 00:07:38.307 --> 00:07:39.869 by 2040." 00:07:40.850 --> 00:07:42.463 And I was like, "What?" NOTE Paragraph 00:07:42.487 --> 00:07:43.502 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:07:43.526 --> 00:07:45.534 I looked at my colleagues and I was like, 00:07:45.558 --> 00:07:47.026 "Excuse me -- 00:07:47.050 --> 00:07:49.380 can you guys speed that up a little bit? 00:07:49.404 --> 00:07:52.478 Because we're in a little bit of a climate crisis right now. 00:07:52.502 --> 00:07:55.228 And your cities are really polluted, by the way." 00:07:55.252 --> 00:07:57.570 And they responded back, they were like, 00:07:57.594 --> 00:08:00.374 "I'm not sure what you've heard about our thorium program, 00:08:00.398 --> 00:08:02.313 but we don't have a third of our budget, 00:08:02.337 --> 00:08:05.449 and your department of energy hasn't been particularly forthcoming 00:08:05.473 --> 00:08:08.954 with all that data you guys have on testing reactors." 00:08:09.382 --> 00:08:11.740 And I said, "Well, I've got an idea. 00:08:11.764 --> 00:08:15.360 You know how you've got 10 years where you're demonstrating that reactor? 00:08:15.384 --> 00:08:16.956 Let's just skip that part, 00:08:16.980 --> 00:08:19.330 and let's just go right to commercializing it. 00:08:19.354 --> 00:08:21.000 That will save money and time." 00:08:21.379 --> 00:08:23.971 And the engineer just looked at me and said, 00:08:23.995 --> 00:08:25.621 "Let me ask you a question: 00:08:25.645 --> 00:08:29.163 Would you buy a car that had never been demonstrated before?" NOTE Paragraph 00:08:29.913 --> 00:08:31.510 So what about the other reactors? 00:08:31.534 --> 00:08:34.986 There's a reactor that's coming online now, they're starting to sell it. 00:08:35.010 --> 00:08:36.796 It's a high-temperature gas reactor. 00:08:36.820 --> 00:08:38.083 It can't melt down. 00:08:38.845 --> 00:08:41.580 But it's really big and bulky, that's part of the safety, 00:08:41.604 --> 00:08:43.892 and nobody thinks it's going to ever get cheaper 00:08:43.916 --> 00:08:45.856 than the reactors that we have. 00:08:45.880 --> 00:08:49.956 The ones that use waste as fuel are really cool ideas, but the truth is, 00:08:49.980 --> 00:08:52.028 we don't actually know how to do that yet. 00:08:52.052 --> 00:08:54.647 There's some risk that you'll actually make more waste, 00:08:54.671 --> 00:08:57.465 and most people think that if you're including 00:08:57.489 --> 00:08:59.571 that waste part of the process, 00:08:59.595 --> 00:09:02.562 it's just going to make the whole machine a lot more expensive, 00:09:02.586 --> 00:09:04.918 it's just adding another complicated step. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:05.765 --> 00:09:07.059 The truth is, 00:09:07.695 --> 00:09:10.845 there's real questions about how much of that we're going to do. 00:09:10.869 --> 00:09:13.755 I mean, we went to India and asked about the nuclear program. 00:09:13.779 --> 00:09:16.177 The government said before the Paris climate talks 00:09:16.201 --> 00:09:19.257 that they were going to do something like 30 new nuclear plants. 00:09:19.281 --> 00:09:21.352 But when we got there and interviewed people 00:09:21.376 --> 00:09:23.457 and even looked at the internal documents, 00:09:23.481 --> 00:09:25.933 they're now saying they're going to do about five. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:25.957 --> 00:09:28.503 And in most of the world, especially the rich world, 00:09:28.527 --> 00:09:30.813 they're not talking about building new reactors. 00:09:30.837 --> 00:09:33.125 We're actually talking about taking reactors down 00:09:33.149 --> 00:09:34.815 before their lifetimes are over. 00:09:34.839 --> 00:09:37.627 Germany's actually pressuring its neighbors to do that. 00:09:37.651 --> 00:09:39.458 I mentioned the United States -- 00:09:39.482 --> 00:09:43.825 we could lose half of our reactors over the next 15 years, 00:09:43.849 --> 00:09:46.666 which would wipe out 40 percent of the emissions reductions 00:09:46.690 --> 00:09:49.034 we're supposed to get under the Clean Power Plan. 00:09:49.058 --> 00:09:52.125 Of course, in Japan, they took all their nuclear plants offline, 00:09:52.149 --> 00:09:54.502 replaced them with coal, natural gas, oil burning, 00:09:54.526 --> 00:09:58.088 and they're only expected to bring online about a third to two-thirds. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:58.112 --> 00:10:00.657 So when we went through the numbers, 00:10:00.681 --> 00:10:02.004 and just added that up -- 00:10:02.028 --> 00:10:05.149 how much nuclear do we see China and India bringing online 00:10:05.173 --> 00:10:07.135 over the next 15 years, 00:10:07.159 --> 00:10:10.715 how much do we see at risk of being taken offline -- 00:10:10.739 --> 00:10:13.028 this was the most startling finding. 00:10:13.052 --> 00:10:16.543 What we found is that the world is actually at risk 00:10:16.567 --> 00:10:22.031 of losing four times more clean energy than we lost over the last 10 years. 00:10:22.055 --> 00:10:25.405 In other words: we're not in a clean energy revolution; 00:10:25.429 --> 00:10:27.539 we're in a clean energy crisis. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:28.992 --> 00:10:33.164 So it's understandable that engineers would look for a technical fix 00:10:33.188 --> 00:10:35.142 to the fears that people have of nuclear. 00:10:35.166 --> 00:10:37.942 But when you consider that these are big challenges to do, 00:10:37.966 --> 00:10:40.251 that they're going to take a long time to solve, 00:10:40.275 --> 00:10:42.021 there's this other issue, which is: 00:10:42.045 --> 00:10:45.352 Are those technical fixes really going to solve people's fears? NOTE Paragraph 00:10:45.828 --> 00:10:47.386 Let's take safety. 00:10:47.410 --> 00:10:49.895 You know, despite what people think, 00:10:49.919 --> 00:10:53.052 it's hard to figure out how to make nuclear power much safer. 00:10:53.076 --> 00:10:55.394 I mean, every medical journal that looks at it -- 00:10:55.418 --> 00:10:58.526 this is the most recent study from the British journal, "Lancet," 00:10:58.550 --> 00:11:01.003 one of the most respected journals in the world -- 00:11:01.027 --> 00:11:03.546 nuclear is the safest way to make reliable power. 00:11:03.570 --> 00:11:05.351 Everybody's scared of the accidents. 00:11:05.375 --> 00:11:07.669 So you go look at the accident data -- 00:11:07.693 --> 00:11:09.188 Fukushima, Chernobyl -- 00:11:09.212 --> 00:11:11.915 the World Health Organization finds the same thing: 00:11:11.939 --> 00:11:15.914 the vast majority of harm is caused by people panicking, 00:11:15.938 --> 00:11:18.258 and they're panicking because they're afraid. 00:11:18.282 --> 00:11:19.507 In other words, 00:11:19.531 --> 00:11:23.064 the harm that's caused isn't actually caused by the machines 00:11:23.088 --> 00:11:24.469 or the radiation. 00:11:24.493 --> 00:11:26.222 It's caused by our fears. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:26.573 --> 00:11:28.018 And what about the waste? 00:11:28.042 --> 00:11:29.634 Everyone worries about the waste. 00:11:29.658 --> 00:11:31.841 Well, the interesting thing about the waste 00:11:31.865 --> 00:11:33.284 is how little of it there is. 00:11:33.308 --> 00:11:34.685 This is just from one plant. 00:11:34.709 --> 00:11:38.086 If you take all the nuclear waste we've ever made in the United States, 00:11:38.110 --> 00:11:40.309 put it on a football field, stacked it up, 00:11:40.333 --> 00:11:42.556 it would only reach 20 feet high. 00:11:42.580 --> 00:11:45.854 And people say it's poisoning people or doing something -- 00:11:45.878 --> 00:11:48.777 it's not, it's just sitting there, it's just being monitored. 00:11:48.801 --> 00:11:50.188 There's not very much of it. 00:11:50.212 --> 00:11:54.035 By contrast, the waste that we don't control from energy production -- 00:11:54.059 --> 00:11:57.183 we call it "pollution," and it kills seven million people a year, 00:11:57.207 --> 00:12:00.036 and it's threatening very serious levels of global warming. 00:12:00.060 --> 00:12:04.012 And the truth is that even if we get good at using that waste as fuel, 00:12:04.036 --> 00:12:06.311 there's always going to be some fuel left over. 00:12:06.335 --> 00:12:10.206 That means there's always going to be people that think it's a big problem 00:12:10.230 --> 00:12:13.534 for reasons that maybe don't have as much to do with the actual waste 00:12:13.558 --> 00:12:14.827 as we think. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:14.851 --> 00:12:16.596 Well, what about the weapons? 00:12:17.052 --> 00:12:20.345 Maybe the most surprising thing is that we can't find any examples 00:12:20.369 --> 00:12:22.322 of countries that have nuclear power 00:12:22.346 --> 00:12:24.774 and then, "Oh!" decide to go get a weapon. 00:12:24.798 --> 00:12:26.500 In fact, it works the opposite. 00:12:26.524 --> 00:12:28.690 What we find is, the only way we know 00:12:28.714 --> 00:12:31.166 how to get rid large numbers of nuclear weapons 00:12:31.190 --> 00:12:33.990 is by using the plutonium in the warheads 00:12:34.014 --> 00:12:36.466 as fuel in our nuclear power plants. 00:12:36.490 --> 00:12:40.404 And so, if you are wanting to get the world rid of nuclear weapons, 00:12:40.428 --> 00:12:43.090 then we're going to need a lot more nuclear power. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:43.955 --> 00:12:46.828 (Applause) NOTE Paragraph 00:12:49.515 --> 00:12:50.881 As I was leaving China, 00:12:50.905 --> 00:12:54.094 the engineer that brought Bill Gates there kind of pulled me aside, 00:12:54.118 --> 00:12:56.899 and he said, "You know, Michael, I appreciate you interest 00:12:56.923 --> 00:12:59.630 in all the different nuclear supply technologies, 00:12:59.654 --> 00:13:02.576 but there's this more basic issue, 00:13:02.600 --> 00:13:05.139 which is that there's just not enough global demand. 00:13:05.163 --> 00:13:08.088 I mean, we can crank out these machines on assembly lines, 00:13:08.112 --> 00:13:09.856 we do know how to make things cheap, 00:13:09.880 --> 00:13:12.278 but there's just not enough people that want them." NOTE Paragraph 00:13:12.302 --> 00:13:17.244 And so, let's do solar and wind and efficiency and conservation. 00:13:17.268 --> 00:13:19.552 Let's accelerate the advanced nuclear programs. 00:13:19.576 --> 00:13:22.729 I think we should triple the amount of money we're spending on it. 00:13:23.054 --> 00:13:25.443 But I just think the most important thing, 00:13:25.467 --> 00:13:27.623 if we're going to overcome the climate crisis, 00:13:27.647 --> 00:13:32.260 is to keep in mind that the cause of the clean energy crisis 00:13:32.922 --> 00:13:35.181 isn't from within our machines, 00:13:35.205 --> 00:13:37.013 it's from within ourselves. NOTE Paragraph 00:13:37.557 --> 00:13:38.808 Thank you very much. NOTE Paragraph 00:13:38.832 --> 00:13:42.426 (Applause)