[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.49,0:00:12.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What gives the trumpet its clarion ring
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.53,0:00:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the tuba its gut-shaking \N"omm pah pah?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.18,0:00:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what makes the trombone so jazzy?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.32,0:00:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer lies not in the brass\Nthese instruments are made of,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.98,0:00:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the journey air takes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.75,0:00:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the musician's lungs\Nto the instrument's bell.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.90,0:00:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like any sound, music consists\Nof vibrations traveling through air.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.90,0:00:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instruments are classified based on\Nhow those vibrations are produced.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.27,0:00:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Percussion instruments are struck.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.22,0:00:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,String instruments are plucked or bowed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.24,0:00:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Woodwinds have air blown \Nagainst a reed or sharp edge.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.52,0:00:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For brass instruments, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.15,0:00:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the vibration come directly \Nfrom the musician's mouth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.40,0:01:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the first things a brass player\Nmust learn is to breathe in deeply,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.63,0:01:05.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until every possible particle of air\Nis crammed into the lungs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.97,0:01:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once all that air is inside,\Nit must come out through the mouth,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.40,0:01:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there, an internal battle takes place
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.55,0:01:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the musician simultaneously tries\Nto hold their lips firmly closed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.99,0:01:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while blowing enough air \Nto force them open.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.16,0:01:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The escaping air meets resistance\Nfrom the lip muscles,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.21,0:01:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forms an opening called the aperture
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.08,0:01:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and creates the vibration \Nthat brass players call "the buzz."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.21,0:01:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When a mouthpiece is held up\Nto those vibrating lips,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.16,0:01:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it slightly refines the buzz,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.74,0:01:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amplifying the vibration \Nat certain frequencies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.04,0:01:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But things get really interesting\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.75,0:01:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on what instrument\Nis attached to that mouthpiece.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.48,0:01:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A brass instrument's body \Nis essentially a tube
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.50,0:01:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that resonates with the air \Ncolumn blowing through it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.61,0:01:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way that sound waves\Ntravel through this column
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.99,0:01:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forms a limited pattern of pitches\Nknown as the harmonic series,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.77,0:02:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with notes spaced far apart\Nat the lower end,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.76,0:02:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but coming closer together\Nas the pitch increases.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.48,0:02:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The musician can alter \Nthe pitch of the note
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.67,0:02:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through slight contractions of the lips\Nand alterations to air volume and speed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.67,0:02:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Slower, warm sighing air \Nproduces lower pitches,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.40,0:02:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and faster, cool, flowing air\Nproduces higher pitches in the series.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.99,0:02:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But any single harmonic series has gaps\Nwhere pitches are missing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.17,0:02:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the versatility of brass instruments
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.45,0:02:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lies in their ability to switch \Nbetween multiple series.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.37,0:02:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On instruments like the trumpet,\Nvalves can be lowered
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.35,0:02:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to increase the length of tubing \Nthe air travels through,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.08,0:02:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while on a trombone, \Nthis is done by extending its slide.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.22,0:02:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lengthening the tube stretches\Nthe vibrating air column,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.22,0:02:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reducing the frequency of vibrations\Nand resulting in a lower pitch.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.90,0:02:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is why the tuba, \Nthe largest brass instrument,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.85,0:03:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is also the one capable of playing\Nthe lowest notes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.93,0:03:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So changing the instrument length\Nshifts its harmonic series,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.83,0:03:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while slight variations of the air flow\Nand the player's lips
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.14,0:03:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produce the different notes within it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.96,0:03:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those notes finally emerge through\Nthe flared bell opening at the end.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.36,0:03:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What started as a deep breath\Nand a vibrating buzz on the lips
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.18,0:03:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has now been transformed\Ninto a bold and brassy tune.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.32,0:03:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The musician's skillful manipulation\Nof every part of the process
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.96,0:03:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.20,0:03:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to lips,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.27,0:03:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the mouthpiece,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.43,0:03:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the instrument itself creates\Nan amazing palette of pitches
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.16,0:03:38.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can be heard in musical genres\Nacross the globe.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.91,0:03:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By harnessing the power \Nof natural resonance
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.68,0:03:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a flexible and controllable way,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.03,0:03:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brass instruments are great examples\Nof the fusion of human creativity
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.37,0:03:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the physics of our world.